5.

1 # 1 - 20

1. The difference between self - fertilization and cross-fertilization is that self-fertilization

involves one individual when on the other hand cross-fertilization involves two different
individuals of the same species.
2. A hybrid is a mix of two different species for example when a Tiger and Lion mate their
baby will be a hybrid a mix of both called a Liger.
3. Homozygous is when both alleles are the same and heterozygous is when both of the
alleles are different. For example for heterozygous one parent has red hair and the other
has brown hair and an example for homozygous is when one parent has brown hair and
the other parent also has brown hair.
4. The difference between phenotype and genotype is that phenotype is the traits that
show up in a person and genotype is the trait that are only present in genes.
5. Dominant allele because it hides the recessive trait.
6. The purpose of a test trait is to identify whether it's a homozygous dominant or a
heterozygous.
7. The gametes separate during the process of meiosis according to the law of
segregation.
8. Pea plants help us find how we are different from our parents and help us figure out
phenotype and genotype.
9. True-breeding means that when a parent makes an offspring that carries the same
phenotype. It was necessary to use these particular plants during crossing because then
each train is controlled by 1 gene with two different alleles.
10. It helps because it shows us what our genes are or where we got them from, in other
words, if a parent’s phenotype gene is not in their offspring’s gene it’s considered a
genotype that comes from their parents or their grandparents.
11. Dihybrid is two different types of traits from a gamete and monohybrid is when we only
use 1 trait in the gamete.
12. Monohybrid crossing is a cross between 2 parents differing in one single trait for
example (AA) and (aa).
13. Punnett square is helpful because it shows us all the possible genotypes and
phenotypes in an offspring.
14. AaBb: Gametes AB, ab, Ab, aB
15. Mendel counted the numbers of the P2 (second generation) with recessive or dominant
traits and he found a 3:1 ratio of dominant to recessive and that’s how he showed that
the traits were not blended into the offspring.
16.
T T

t Tt Tt

T TT TT
 Using the punnett square to create crossing possibilities would determine how we can
see the exact genotype of this plant.
17. The probability of their first child having cystic fibrosis is 25%

F f

F FF Ff

f Ff ff

18. The ratio will be 50 %: 25%

h = not Huntington’s disease
H = Huntington’s disease

H h

h Hh hh

h Hh hh

19. 50% black and 50%chocolate so phenotype = B : b 2 : 2

genotype = homob:hetroB:homoB 2:2:0

b b

B Bb Bb

b bb bb

20. Ba Ba bA ba x BA BA BA BA

BA Ba bA ba

BA BBAA BBAa BbAA BbAa

BA BBAA BBAa BbAA BbAa

BA BBAA BBAa BbAA BbAa

BA BBAA BBAa BbAA BbAa

 5.2 #1 - 13
1. Complete dominance is when the dominant allele fully (completely)masks the recessive
one.
2. a) Codominance: An example of codominance is when a white cow mates with a red
cow and they have an offspring who is both red and white.
b) Incomplete dominance: An example of incomplete dominance could be the crossing
between a white flower and a purple flower and creating a pink phenotype.
c) polygenic inheritance:
3. A and B alleles are codominant and the O is recessive.
4. Our height, weight, skin colour and height are influenced by the environment.
5. None of the parents could pass either A or B to their child because they are both O
therefore the possibility is 0%.
6. Incomplete dominance is the form of inheritance in which a heterozygous individual
has a phenotype that is in between the parental phenotypes.
7.

8. White snapdragon: RR
Pink snapdragon: rr
Red: Rr
R r

R RR Rr

r rr rr
Phenotype : white:pink: red 1:2:1
9. The reason why hydrangeas have different phenotypes is because they have the ability
to indicate soil acidity and the bloom of their colour also relives the pH of the soil.
10. The use of punnett square could be a great way to determine the mode of inheritance for
wing length in the fruit flies.
11. A reason for two pink flowers to produce white, pink and red flowers could be that the
first parent is PP which is a pink flower and the second could be pp for recessive white
which could produce all 3 types of offspring.
White: pp
Pink: PP
Red: Pp
P1: PP x pp
P p

P PP Pp

p pp pp

12. A = a blood
B= b blood
 AB= AB blood

A B

A AA BA

B AB BB

13. RR = red colour appearance

rr= white colour appearance
Rr=pink colour appearance
rR= pink colour appearance
RR x rr
Homo red x homo white

5.3 # 1-10
1. Chromosome impacts the way cells functions as the two alleles from each parent are the
gene pair that is inherited. The way these alleles interact with one another is what is
referred to as an inheritance pattern.

2. A relationship between an allele and a gene is that an allele is a variant form of a gene.
3. The main difference between the X and Y chromosomes is that the Y chromosome is the
male sex-determining chromosome and the X chromosome is a female determining sex
chromosome.
4. The sex-linked trait is when a gene is present or located on a sex chromosome.
5. It’s related because when two genes are located close or located on the same
chromosome that makes a greater chance of being inherited together and if the genes
were located on the same chromosome but were far from each other then they are most
likely to separate from each other.
6. Infertile, Swyer syndrome
7. X chromosome carriers the most gene for sex-linked traits because it’s bigger in size
and contains more genes.
8. a) The father’s genotype are XhY
b) Their is a 100% chance that one of the daughter will inherit the allele for hemophilia

XH Xh

XH XHXH XHXy

Y XHY XhY
 d)50% chance that the women will pass down the hemophilia allele to her children
e) Only one of the sons will have the conditions or be affected
9. D = not Duchenne muscular dystrophy
d= Duchenne muscular dystrophy
X=X chromosome
Y=Y chromosome

XDY x XDXd
XD Y

XD XDXD XDY

Xd XDXd XdY

Phenotype
Normal male:1
Normal female: 1
Affected male: 1
Affected female: 0
Normal female carrier:1

The probability of each phenotype is 25% for a normal male, affected male, normal female and
normal male, affected male, normal female and normal female who is a carrier. There is 0%
possibility for the phenotype of an affected female to occur.