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for Learners
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
Fourth Quarter-Week 1- Day 1-4
Lesson Objectives:
Compare and contrast the following processes in plants and animals:
reproduction, development, nutrition, gas exchange, transport-
circulation, regulation of body fluids, chemical and nervous control,
immune system and sensory and motor mechanism.
 Differentiate asexual from sexual reproduction
 Describe different modes of sexual and asexual reproduction
 Describe human reproductive organ systems
 Describe the different stages of animal development.
 Differentiate the developmental process in monozygotic and
dizygotic twins;
 Explain processes in human development.
 Enumerate the different types of reproductive cycles.
 Illustrate the life cycles of moss, fern, and flowering plant
 Describe double fertilization in flowering plants.
 Explain processes in plant development.
Written by:
Ruvimarie P. Molina- Kabasalan Science & Technology High School

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 I. MINI LESSON- DAY 1
Reproduction in Plants and Animals

Biological process in the generation of new young ones or offspring from an

organism is called reproduction. The young produced attain similar characteristics to
the individual giving birth to its offspring. Thus, reproduction is a part of the cycle
where birth, growth and death take place. It enables for the continuity of the species,
one generation after another. As all organisms have limited lifespan and are bound
to die and reproduction ensures the survival of species in all generations. All
organisms undergo reproduction be it microorganisms, plants or animals.

Types of Reproduction in Organisms

1. Sexual Reproduction - mode of reproduction that involves the use of

gametes or sex cells. It is a type of reproduction in which the genetic materials from
two different cells combine, producing an offspring.

Advantages of Sexual Reproduction

 Diverse offspring – there is genetic variation among offspring. Half of the

DNA comes from mom and the other half comes from dad.

 Due to genetic variation, individuals within a population have slight

differences;

 Plants – resist diseases.

 Traits can develop to resist harsh environments that allows an
organism survive.

 Selective breeding

 Used to develop many types of plants and animals that have desirable
traits
 Agriculture/Farming: better plants, larger animals
 Desirable pets

Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction

 Time and Energy

 Organisms have to grow and develop until they are old enough to
produce sex cells
 Search and find a mate
 Searching can expose individuals to predators, diseases, or harsh
environmental conditions
 Fertilization cannot take place during pregnancy, which can last as
long as 2 years for some mammals.

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2. Asexual Reproduction - mode of reproduction that does not involve the use of
gametes or sex cells. It is a one parent organism which produces offspring
without fertilization. It has a uniform offspring, because offspring inherit all of
their DNA from one parent, they are genetically identical to each other and to
their parent.

Types of Asexual Reproduction

1. Fission - Type of asexual reproduction involving the division of body into two or
more equal parts. Example; Paramecium.

2. Fragmentation - Type of asexual reproduction where the body breaks into two or
more parts, with each fragment capable of becoming a complete individual; in
animals, fragmentation is usually followed by regeneration where the missing
parts are produced. For example, a lost arm of the starfish may be
regenerated by mitotic cell divisions.

3. Budding - Type of asexual reproduction where a new individual arises as an

outgrowth (bud) from its parent, develops organs like those of the parent, and
then detaches itself. Example; Hydra.

4. Sporulation - Type of asexual reproduction where a new individual forms from an

aggregation of cells surrounded by a resistant capsule or spore, which later
on germinates. Example; Fungus.

ACTIVITY 1: IDENTIFY ME
Instructions: Identify each organism as to which type of asexual reproduction it
belongs.

_______________

Source: Teaching Guide for Senior High School GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

2
 __________________

Source: Teaching Guide for Senior High School GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

_________________

Source: Teaching Guide for Senior High School GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

_________________
.
Source: Teaching Guide for Senior High School GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

3
Parthenogenesis

The more complex the species, the more likely they are to undergo sexual
reproduction as opposed to asexual reproduction. However, there are some complex
animals and plants that can reproduce via parthenogenesis when necessary. This is
not the preferred method of reproduction for most of these species, but it may
become the only way to reproduce for some of them for various reasons.

Parthenogenesis is when an offspring comes from an unfertilized egg. Lack of

available partners, an immediate threat on the female's life, or other such trauma
may result in parthenogenesis being necessary to continue the species. This is not
ideal, of course, because it will only produce female offspring since the baby will be a
clone of the mother. That will not fix the issue of lack of mates or carrying on the
species for an indefinite period of time.

Some animals that can undergo parthenogenesis include insects like bees and
grasshoppers, lizards such as the komodo dragon, and very rarely in birds.

II. GUIDED PRACTICE ACTIVITY

ACTIVITY 2: COMPARE AND CONTRAST

I. Problem: What is the difference between asexual reproduction and sexual

reproduction?

II. Hypothesis: Sexual reproduction involves the use of gametes or sex cells. It
involves two parent organisms. Asexual Reproduction does not involve the use of
gametes or sex cells. It is a one parent organism which produces offspring without
fertilization.

III. Materials: Selection on the Reproduction of Plants and Animals

IV. Procedures:
1. Use a Venn diagram to compare and contrast sexual and asexual
reproduction using the given words below.

Offspring Type of Reproduction Budding

Diverse Identical 1 parent

Uniform Different 2 parents

Trait Flowers

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V. Questions:

1. What are the common features that are present in both sexual and asexual
reproduction?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. Given a choice, what would you prefer asexual reproduction or sexual

reproduction for human beings? Why?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Conclusion:
Therefore/ I conclude,

III. INDEPENDENT PRACTICE ACTIVITY

ACTIVITY 3: READING TO LEARN - ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

I. Problem: What are the different types of asexual reproduction?

II. Hypothesis: The different types of asexual reproduction are fission,

fragmentation, budding and sporulation.

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 III. Materials: Selection on the Reproduction of Plants and Animals

IV. Procedure:
1. Read the article below and answer the activity.
2. Complete the chart below.

Binary fission is the simplest method of reproduction. In binary fission, a

parent cell splits in half and produces two new cells. During another type of asexual
reproduction, an organism grows a bulge, which eventually breaks off the parent cell.
This method is called budding.

Have you ever seen a potato with small, green buds growing on the outside of
it? Potatoes have small spots called "eyes" which can bud and grow into an entirely
new plant. The potato itself is an undergrown stem or tuber that stores food. Cutting
up and planting pieces of the potato with eyes can produce new potato plants.
Other vegetables, like onions and garlic, can grow new green shoots from bulbs at
the top of the stem. Some plants, like strawberries and grasses, grow runners that
can sprout shoots and roots to produce new plants. Growing a new plant from a
piece of a plant is called vegetative propagation and is similar to yeast reproducing
by budding. Both types of asexual reproduction require only one parent and produce
offspring that are exactly like the parent.

Another type of asexual reproduction is called regeneration. Regeneration

allows an organism to grow back parts that may become missing or worn away.
Some organisms can generate a whole new organism from just one part.

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Source: Teaching Guide for Senior High School GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

V. Guide Questions:
1. What is vegetative propagation?
_____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________

2. Which type of asexual reproduction is involved in the reproduction of an ivy

plant?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

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 3. What organism exhibiting parthenogenesis in one of the 8 organisms that was
presented?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

Conclusion:
Therefore/ I conclude,

VI. EVALUATION
Instruction: Read the questions carefully and encircle the letter that answers
correctly the question in each item.

1. What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

A. It is complicated.
B. Can increase populations rapidly
C. Does not require a mate for reproduction to take place
D. Lack of diversity and the offspring looks the same as the parent.
2. When a starfish grows a new body off a broken arm, what kind of reproduction is
this?
A. Sexual C. Differentiation
B. Asexual D. Specialization
3. What are the facts about sexual reproduction?
A. Takes two mates to reproduce and takes a longer time to reproduce.
B. Takes one mate to reproduce and takes a shorter amount of time to reproduce.
C. Takes two mates to reproduce and takes a shorter amount of time to reproduce.
D. Takes one mate to reproduce and takes a shorter amount of time to reproduce.
4. Which of following organisms can reproduce sexually and asexually
A. Starfish, Aphids and Monkeys
B. Fish, Monkeys and Seahorses
C. Cactus, Mice and Sea Anemones
D. Aphids, Sea Anemones and Starfish
5. Which reproductive method is involved in the production of new organisms in the
species below?

Source: Teaching Guide for Senior High School GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

A. budding C. artificial selection

B. inbreeding D. vegetative propagation

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I. MINI LESSON - DAY 2

Human Reproduction

The structures of the human reproductive systems are specialized for the
production of offspring. Every child is genetically related to one male and one female
parent. Unlike other animals, humans can CHOOSE when they want to reproduce.

Male Reproductive System

Adult males have many body characteristics that differ from adult females.
Men usually have more body hair, deeper voices, and larger, more muscular bodies
than women do. These features develop as boys get older and their reproductive
systems grow toward maturity.

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6569849
Testis- Where sperms are produced.
Epididymis- Where sperms are temporarily stored
Scrotal sac/scrotum - Supports the testis and epididymis
Vas deferens - Where the sperm passes through from the testis before it joins the
urethra
Urethra - Connected to the urethra and the urinary bladder; serves as passageway
of both sperm and urine and terminates in the external urinary meatus of the
penis
Seminal vesicle - Secretes fluid that forms part of the semen; secretion gives the
semen its alkaline characteristic to counteract the acidity of the vaginal tract
and therefore protect the sperm; the fluid also contains sugars like fructose
Prostate gland - Secretes fluid that also provides alkalinity to the semen; it also
contains proteolytic enzymes, citric acid, phosphatases, and lipids
Bulbourethral glands- Paired glands that produce clear, viscous secretion known
as pre-ejaculate that helps to lubricate the urethra for sperm to pass through,
neutralizing traces of acidic urine in the urethra, and helps flush out any
residual urine or foreign matter

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Female Reproductive System

A female’s reproductive system produces eggs. This system is also the place
where a fertilized egg can grow and develop into a baby. Recall that a male begins
producing sperm when he reaches puberty. A female begins producing eggs before
she is born.

Source:https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/WikiJournal_of_Medicine/
Medical_gallery_of_Blausen_Medical_2014

Clitoris- The homologue (equivalent) of the penis in females

Vagina- Main entrance to the female reproductive tract; receives the penis during
sexual intercourse

Cervix- Where the vagina ends; projection of the uterus into the vagina; leads to the
uterus

Uterus- Also known as the womb; where the embryo develops; with thick muscular
walls, blood vessels; and the endometrial lining

Endometrial lining/endometrium- Innermost lining of the uterus where the embryo

implants and develop

Fallopian tubes- Also known as oviducts; paired tubes that are connected to the
uterus and terminate near the ovaries; this is where fertilization takes place

Ovaries- Female gonads that release the oocytes during ovulation, which are then
caught by the fimbriae of the fallopian tubes in order for the oocytes to pass
on to the fallopian tubes.

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ACTIVITY 1: COMPLETE ME
Instructions: Complete the statements with the following words:
(fusion-sperms-zygote-fertilization-ova)
 The male gametes, produced by testes, are known as _________.
 The female gametes, produced by ovary, are known as _______.
 In the process of reproduction, the first step is the ____________ of a sperm
and an ovum (egg).
 Fusion of the egg and the sperm is known as ________________.
 During the fertilization, the nuclei of the sperm and the egg fuse together and
form a single nucleus that result into the formation of a
_____________________.

Animal Development

Your body consists of over 30 trillion cells, but you began as a single cell: a
fertilized egg, or zygote. How did you become the large, organized multicellular
individual that you are today? Development!

Development- involves formation of sex cells, zygote formation, and subsequent

stages in one’s life span. Development is terminated by death.

Relevant Vocabulary

1. Haploid (n) condition- When a cell has only half the chromosome number or only
one set of chromosomes.

2. Diploid (2n) condition- When a cell has the full chromosome number or two sets
of chromosomes.

3. Totipotent cell- A cell that is capable of differentiating to become any kind of cell.

4. Gametogenesis- Stage of development that yields haploid gametes.

5. Fertilization- Stage of development that results in a unicellular diploid zygote.

6. Cleavage- Stage of development involving a series of mitotic divisions to produce

a multicellular blastula from a unicellular zygote.

7. Gastrulation- Stage of development involving morphogenetic movements of the

cells to produce a gastrula with distinct germ cell layers; in vertebrates, this
will result in three layers: the outermost ectoderm; the inner endoderm, and
the middle layer, the mesoderm

8. Organogenesis- Stage of development where the different germ layers

differentiate into specific organ systems.

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9. Growth- Stage of development characterized by an increase in size of an
individual

10. Morula- A human blastula made up of a solid ball of cells.

11. Blastocyst- A human blastula composed of the inner cell mass, which becomes
the embryo, and the trophoectoderm, which becomes the placenta.

12. Implantation- Process where the blastocyst implants itself in the endometrium;
this signals the start of pregnancy

13. Gestation- Carrying of the embryo inside the female reproductive tract,
specifically the uterus; can last up to 9 months in humans.

14. Human embryo- Corresponds to the first two months of gestation

15. Human fetus- Corresponds to the months 3-9 of human gestation

TWINS

Identical twins result from an accident during cleavage when totipotent cells,
whose fates have not yet been determined, are separated and continue with their
development independently of each group of cells.

Identical twins should have identical gender, whereas fraternal twins may have
different biological sex.

1. Monozygotic twins- Also known as identical twins; result from the union of a
sperm and egg to form a single zygote that splits up during the first cleavage
stage.
2. Dizygotic twins - Also known as fraternal twins; results from the development of
two or more separate fertilization events where the resulting zygotes develop
almost simultaneously.

II. GUIDED PRACTICE ACTIVITY

ACTIVITY 2: ARRANGE MY STORY

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I. Problem: What is the role of sperm in human reproduction?

II. Hypothesis: The male sperm has to meet up with the female egg in order to be
fertilized and form into a zygote.

III. Materials: Selection on Human Reproduction

IV. Procedure:
1. Below is a story. The events are all out of order. Rewrite it in a clean sheet of
paper. Find a topic sentence to begin your paragraph. Put the sentences in
chronological order. Make sure the last sentence is a good concluding
statement.

I am produced in the testicles.

I go from the vas deferens to the urethra.
The Life of a Sperm Cell
I go through the cervix and the uterus and into the fallopian tubes, in search of an
egg cell.
I develop for two or three months in the epididymis.
When the penis becomes erect, I leave the epididymis and travel up into the body
through the vas deferens.
As I pass the prostate gland, the seminal vesicles, and the Cowper's glands, fluids
are added so that I can live longer and swim more easily.
Without me, an egg cell couldn't begin the amazing process of reproduction.
The urethra carries me (along with about 200 million other sperm) out of the penis in
a process called ejaculation.
If I can find the ovum before the other sperm do, I will be the winner: part of a
fertilized egg!

V. Questions:

1. What do you think is the title of the story?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. What is the male reproductive organ that transfers sperm to a female’s

reproductive tract?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Conclusion:
-Is the hypothesis correct? If yes, why? If no, why?
Therefore/ I conclude,

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III. INDEPENDENT PRACTICE ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY 3: FRUIT FLY (DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER) LIFE CYCLE

I. Problem: What is the life cycle of a fruit fly?

II. Hypothesis: Fruit flies undergo three stages of development before emerging as
adults: egg, larva and pupa. At room temperature, fruit flies can develop into adults
within one to two weeks. The egg and larval stages span approximately eight days,
while the pupal stage lasts six days. The adult fruit fly lives for several weeks.

III. Materials:
• Wide-mouthed glass bottles
• Potatoes or sweet potatoes or bananas
• Paper
• Rubber bands
• Shallow basin

Source: Teaching Guide for Senior High School GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

IV. Procedure:
1. This experiment will be carried out for the next two weeks.

l. Collecting wild fruit flies

1. Prepare a clean glass bottle with a wide mouth (i.e. Gatorade).
2. Place banana peels inside the bottle.
3. Leave the bottle open and set aside for a day in a cool, dry place.
4. When there are enough flies, cover the bottle with a piece of paper secured by a
rubber band.

II. Culturing fruit flies

1. Boil sweet potatoes or potatoes. Remove the skin, and mash. (Alternatively,
bananas may be used, but do not boil them.) This will serve as the
medium/ food for the fruit flies.
2. Add a small amount of the food medium into a bottle. (The bottle should only be
approximately 1/10 full.) Use the same type of bottle as that used to catch fruit flies
so that the mouth openings will be the same. Be sure to flatten the medium at the
bottom of the bottle so that the medium will not fall off if the bottle is placed upside
down.
3. Transfer the fruit flies from the catch bottle to the culture bottle. Do this by placing
the culture bottle on top of the catch bottle with their mouths touching each other.

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Remove the paper cover of the catch bottle and let the flies move to the medium
bottle. When there are at least 10 flies in the culture bottle, immediately cover the
bottle with paper secured with rubber bands.
4. Store the culture bottles in a cool, dry place. Place the bottles on a shallow basin
with water to prevent ants from going into the medium.

III. Observing the life cycle of the fruit flies (Use clean sheet for your pictures and
observations.)
1. Take note of the date when the flies were cultured. This is indicative of the
approximate time the eggs will be laid.
2.Record the date when the larvae first emerged. These will appear as small
maggots crawling on the medium or at the inner side of the bottle. Draw or take
pictures of the larvae.
3. Record the date when the pupae first emerged. These will appear as small
cocoons sticking at the inner side of the bottle. Draw or take pictures of the pupae.
4. Record the date when the adult flies first emerged. Draw or take pictures of the
adult flies.
5. Draw the life cycle of the fruit fly. Include the approximate number of days it takes
for each stage to emerge based on observations.

V. Questions:
1. How many days since the fruit fly culture started when the larvae first
emerged?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes. How many pairs of chromosomes

does a fruit fly has?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Conclusion:
-Is the hypothesis correct? If yes, why? If no, why?
Therefore/ I conclude,

15
VI. EVALUATION
Instruction: Read the questions carefully and encircle the letter that answers
correctly the question in each item.

1. What path does the egg travel?

A. Ovary, uterus, fallopian tube, vagina
B. Uterus, ovary, fallopian tube, vagina
C. Vagina, ovary, fallopian tube, uterus
D. Ovary, fallopian tube, uterus, vagina

2. Which statements are NOT true about the sperm and egg?
A. The both contain DNA.
B. Both produced by Meiosis.
C. Both produced by Mitosis.
D. They need each other to reproduce.

3. Which term refers to human offspring after fertilization has occurred but before
implantation?
A. fetus C. zygote
B. embryo D. blastocyst

4. When is the best time for a doctor to conduct an ultrasound to determine the
development of the baby?
A. third trimester C. first part of the first trimester
B. last part of the first trimester D. middle of the second trimester

5. Which part of the female reproductive organ does fertilization occurs?

A. labia c) vagina
B. uterus D. fallopian tubes

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I. MINI LESSON - DAY 3

PLANT LIFE CYCLE

The life cycle of all plants is complex because it is characterized by
alternation of generations. Plants alternate between diploid sporophyte and
haploid gametophyte generations, and between sexual and asexual reproduction.
The ability to reproduce both sexually and asexually gives plants the flexibility to
adapt to changing environments. Their complex life cycle allows for great variation.
The diagram below illustrates the general life cycle of a plant.

Generalized Life Cycle of Plants

Source: Teaching Guide for Senior High School GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

The mature, multicellular organism is a diploid sporophyte. Later, some cells

undergo meiosis to produce haploid gametes which are then released. Gametes
fuse and form the zygote which develops by mitosis to become the multicellular
diploid sporophyte.

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 In some plants, the dominant part of the life cycle is a multicellular, haploid
gametophyte (all cells have a haploid chromosome number). Mitosis releases
individual cells that can act like gametes (gamete are produced by mitosis).

Relevant Vocabulary

1. Gametophyte - Stage of the life cycle of a plant that is haploid; stage that
produces gametes via mitosis; these gametes fuse to form a zygote that
develops into a sporophyte.

2. Sporophyte - Stage of the life cycle of a plant that is diploid; it is the most
recognizable structure in most flowering plants; it produces haploid spores by
meiosis in structures called sporangia.

3. Haplontic life cycle - Life cycle where the haploid stage (gametophyte) is
multicellular and the only diploid stage is the fertilized egg cell.

4. Haplodiplontic life cycle - Life cycle that includes multicellular diploid

(sporophyte) and haploid (gametophyte) generations.

5. Diplontic life cycle - Life cycle where the diploid stage (sporophyte) is
multicellular and the haploid stage (gametophyte) is represented by the
single-celled gametes.

6. Angiosperms - Also known as flowering plants; group of plants that produce

reproductive structures called flowers in their sporophyte stages.

7. Flower - Reproductive structure in flowering plants; made up of four major

whorls.

8. Sepals - The outermost whorls of a flower; collectively called the calyx.

9. Petals - Whorl inner to the sepals; may be brightly colored in some; collectively
called the corolla.

10. Stamen - Whorl inner to the petals; the male reproductive structure of the
flower; bears the male sporangia (also known as microsporangia)

11. Anther - Part of the stamen that contains the microsporangia that develops into
pollen grains.

12. Filament - Part of the stamen that serves as the stalk of the anther

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13. Pistil or carpels - Innermost whorl of the flower; the female reproductive
structure of the flower; bears the female sporangia (also known as the
megasporangia).

14. Stigma - Part of the pistil where the pollen grain derived from the
microsporangium attaches during pollination.

15. Style - Part of the pistil that serves as the stalk of the stigma; leads to the ovary.

16. Ovary - Found at the base of the pistil; contains one or more ovules; eventually
becomes the fruit.

17. Ovule - Contains the female sporangia or megasporangia; eventually becomes

the seed.

18. Complete flower - A flower with sepals, petals, stamens and carpels

19. Incomplete flower - A flower that lacks one or more of the floral whorls.

20. Perfect flower - A flower that has both stamens and carpels; a bisexual
structure.

21. Imperfect flower - A flower that has only either the stamens (staminate flower)
or the carpels (carpellate flower); also known as a unisexual flower.

22. Monoecious plant - A plant having perfect flowers or both staminate and
carpellate flowers on the same individual.

23. Dioecious plant - A plant having only either the staminate or carpellate flower.

24. Pollination - The placement of the pollen grain from the anther to the stigma of
a carpel

25. Pollen grain - The immature male gametophyte that develops within the
anthers of stamens; derived from the microsporocytes inside the
microsporangia of anthers. Inside the mature pollen grain, there is a tube cell
and a generative cell. The tube cell develops into the pollen tube as it enters
the style and eventually enters the micropyle of the ovule. The generative cell
divides into two sperm nuclei and traverses the pollen tube.

26. Embryo sac - The female gametophyte found inside the ovule; derived from the
megasporocyte inside the megasporangia; a mature embryo sac contains 8
nuclei. Eventually, these nuclei become enveloped by membranes to become
real cells. These are the one egg cell; two synergids that flank the egg; two

19
 polar cells that are often fused; and three antipodals opposite the synergids
and egg.

27. Micropyle - The opening through the integuments of the ovule that surrounds
the embryo sac; this is where the pollen tube enters in order to reach the
embryo sac.

28. Endosperm - Part of the mature seed that is derived from the fusion of the
sperm nucleus and the two polar nuclei of the embryo sac. This becomes a
nutritive tissue with triploid cells that serves to store food for the developing
embryo.

29. Zygote - Part of the mature seed that forms as a result of the fusion of the egg
and one of the sperm nuclei.

30. Cotyledon - Embryonic leaf that forms inside the seed.

31. Monocot - A plant with only one cotyledon inside its seed (monocotyledonous).

32. Dicot - A plant with two cotyledons inside its seed (dicotyledonous)

33. Seed germination - Process that transforms a seed into a seedling

34. Imbibition - The first step in seed germination; absorption of water

35. Radicle - Embryonic root that emerges from the seed.

36. Plumule - Embryonic shoot that emerges from the seed and breaks through the
soil surface.

37. Epicotyl - Part of the plumule above the cotyledon.

38. Hypocotyl - Part of the plumule below the cotyledon.

ACTIVITY 1: CONCEPT MAPPING

Instructions: Complete the concept map by using the following terms: pistil,
microspore, anther, stamen, ovary, megaspores.

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Different types of life cycles:

I. Haplontic life cycle (life cycle of the green alga Chara)

Chara is a multicellular green alga related to higher plants because it has
both chlorophyll a and b and produce plant starch. Its dominant stage is a
multicellular haploid stage which produces gametes that eventually fuse to form
unicellular zygotes.

Each zygote then undergoes meiosis to become haploid, after which it

undergoes mitosis to become the multicellular organism.

Source: https://kiddymath.com/worksheets/vegetative-propagation

21
II. Haplodiplontic life cycle (life cycle of a moss)

A moss has a multicellular haploid (gametophyte) stage that produces

gametes. These gametes fuse to produce a zygote that undergoes mitosis to
produce a multicellular sporophyte. Within a part of the sporophyte called the
capsule, cells undergo meiosis to produce meiospores. These spores are eventually
released and germinate by dividing mitotically to become a multicellular
gametophyte.

Source: https://kiddymath.com/worksheets/vegetative-propagation

22
III. Diplontic life cycle

A type of life cycle found in flowering plants (and in most animals). The
organism is in the diploid stage (all cells are diploid in chromosome number) except
for mature, haploid sex cells which are called gametes.

The Flower

PARTS OF A GENERALIZED FLOWER

Source: https://kiddymath.com/worksheets/vegetative-propagation

I. The four major whorls

1. Sepals
2. Petals
3. Stamen with Anther and Filament
4. Carpels- with Stigma, Style, Ovary and Ovule

II. Types of flowers based on the presence of the whorls

1. Complete
2. Incomplete

III. Types of flowers based on the presence of reproductive whorls

1. Perfect / Bisexual
2. Imperfect / Unisexual
3. Staminate flower
4. Carpellate flower

23
 Plant types based on the presence of reproductive structures: Monoecious or
Dioecious

Development in flowering plants

I. Gametophyte - Development through gametogenesis

Source: https://kiddymath.com/worksheets/vegetative-propagation

A. Male gametophyte - The microsporangium in the anther contains numerous

microsporocytes. Each microsporocyte will undergo meiosis to produce four
haploid microspores each microspore develops into a pollen grain (containing
two sperm nuclei and one tube nucleus)

B. Female gametophyte - The megasporangium in the ovule contains

megasporocytes. One megasporocyte will undergo meiosis to produce four
haploid megaspores three megaspores degenerate remaining megaspore
divides mitotically three times, an embryo sac with eight haploid nuclei
membranes partition to make the embryo sac multicellular

II. Pollination
A. Transfer of pollen grain from the anther to the stigma
B. May be animal-aided or wind-aided

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III. Double fertilization

A. Inside a pollen grain there is a tube cell and generative cell generative cell divides
to produce two sperm cells while the tube cell becomes pollen tube pollen
tube elongates along the style and penetrates the ovule in the ovary via the
micropyle (an opening) pollen tube discharges the sperm cells into the
embryo sac inside the ovule one sperm unites with the egg to form the zygote
while the other sperm fuses with the polar nuclei to become the endosperm,
which serves as food of the early embryo.

DOUBLE FERTILIZATION IN FLOWERING PLANTS

Source: https://kiddymath.com/worksheets/vegetative-propagation

IV. Embryo development (embryogenesis)

LIFE CYCLE OF FLOWERING PLANTS

Source: https://kiddymath.com/worksheets/vegetative-propagation

25
 A zygote divides mitotically to produce the proembryo and suspensor, which
anchors the proembryo and transfers nutrients from the parent plant to it cotyledons
appear on the proembryo (monocots have only one cotyledon whereas dicots have
two) proembryo elongates into an embryo.

V. Maturation of ovary and ovule

Ovary matures into fruit while the ovule becomes the seed. The seed may
become dormant for some time.

VI. Seed germination

A. Transformation of seed to seedling
B. Seed undergoes imbibition to break dormancy nutrients stored in the
endosperm or cotyledons are digested and transferred to the growing regions
of the embryo to primary meristems (protoderm, ground meristem,
procambium) develop to radicle emerges to plumule breaks through the soil
surface
i. Epigeal germination occurs when the cotyledon emerges above ground,
thereby exposing the hypocotyl of the plumule.
ii. Hypogeal germination occurs when the cotyledon remains below ground,
thereby concealing the hypocotyl.

VII. Seedling growth to mature plant

Primary meristems differentiate to become the different plant tissues.

TYPES OF GERMINATION
Source: https://kiddymath.com/worksheets/vegetative-propagation

II. GUIDED PRACTICE ACTIVITY

ACTIVITY 2: MOSSES AND FERNS

I. Problem: What traits do mosses and ferns share?

II. Hypothesis: Most of the traits that are presented in the data table are shared by
mosses and ferns.

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III. Materials: Diagram

IV. Procedure:
1. Complete the table using “yes” and “no” answers.

Data Table
Trait Moss Fern
Has alteration of generations.
Film of water needed for fertilization.
Dominant gametophyte.
Dominant sporophyte.
Sporophyte is photosynthetic.
Produces seeds.
Produces sperm.
Produces pollen grains.
Produces eggs.

V. Questions:

1. While on a woodland trail, could you easily observe a fern

gametophyte/sporophyte? Explain.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. Using information from your table, summarize the reproductive similarities and
differences among mosses and ferns.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Conclusion:
-Is the hypothesis correct? If yes, why? If no, why?
Therefore/ I conclude,

III. INDEPENDENT PRACTICE ACTIVITY

ACTIVITY 3: EXERCISE ON PLANT REPRODUCTION

I. Problem: What are the parts of a flower that involved in plant reproduction?

II. Hypothesis: As plant’s reproductive part, a flower contains a stamen (male flower
part) or pistil (female flower part) or both, plus accessory parts such as sepals,
petals, and nectar glands. An ovary is found at the base of the pistil which contains

27
one or more ovules that eventually becomes the fruit while an anther is a part of the
stamen that contains the microsporangia that develops into pollen grains.

III. Materials: 1. Gumamela flower

2. Sharp pencil
3. Optional: other available flowers

IV. Procedure:
1. Get a flower of gumamela (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis).
2. Locate the outermost floral whorl. You can find it at the base of the flower and
resembles a green crown. These are the sepals, collectively called the calyx.
Inner to the sepals but extending beyond them are the prominent petals,
collectively known as the corolla.
3. At the center of the flower is a prominent tube. This is called the staminal tube.
Surrounding the tube are minute stalks with yellow bulbous tips. These are the
stamens. The bulbous tips are the anthers containing the microsporangia while
the stalks are the filaments.
4. At the very tip of the staminal tube are five bulbous structures, each borne on a
stalk that fuses with the other stalks as they go down the staminal tube. The
structures at the tips are the stigmas of the carpels while the stalks are the
style.
5. Remove the petals carefully so as not to damage the base. Using the sharp end of
a pencil, make an incision from the tip of the staminal tube down to the base.
Carefully open the staminal tube to reveal the rest of the fused styles. Follow
the styles until they terminate at the base. This base is the ovary.
6. In a separate sheet, draw the flower and label the following parts: petals, sepals,
stamens, anther, filament, carpels, stigma, style, and ovary.

V. Questions:

1. What is the role of a stamen in reproduction?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. Describe your personal thoughts while doing this exercise.

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Conclusion:
-Is the hypothesis correct? If yes, why? If no, why?
Therefore/ I conclude,

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IV. EVALUATION
Instruction: Read the questions carefully and encircle the letter that answers
correctly the question in each item.

1. What is importance of flowers to a plant?

A. They give pleasant scents.
B. They help a plant with reproduction
C. They help a plant with germination.
D. They are brightly colored and look beautiful.

2. When can flowering plants produce flowers?

A. Never C. When they are adults
B. Right away D. Right before they die

3. Which gas do plants provide that help us in breathing?

A. Air C. Nitrogen
B. Oxygen d. Carbon Dioxide

4. Julie wants to grow carrot plants. She planted several seeds. What will happen to
the seeds when they germinate?
A. They grow seeds.
B. They will reproduce.
C. They will begin to sprout.
D. They will go through the process known as photosynthesis

5. How plants depend on animals for survival?

A. Animals provide sunlight to the plants
B. Animals anchor the plant roots in the soil
C. Animals can carry the plants’ pollen or spread their seeds
D. Animals make sure the plants will receive enough water.

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PERFORMANCE TASK - DAY 4

Assisted reproductive technology (ART) has made it possible for many

women and men who could not have children naturally to reproduce. Investigate one
of the following methods of assisted reproduction. Write it in a bond paper.

a) IVF
b) GIFT
c) ICSI
d) Donor or Partner Insemination
e) FET

RUBRICS (PERFORMANCE TASK)

Technical Content Topic mastery, including technical correctness

(50%) Appropriate level of detail and thoroughness of
documentation
Organization Clearly identified purpose and approach.
(30%) Content is clearly organized and supports the
objective.
Transitions between topics.
Presentation Easy to read
(20%) Grammatically and stylistically correct
Uniform writing style

REFERENCES:

 Teaching Guide for Senior High School GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

Pp147-168
 https://kiddymath.com/worksheets/vegetative-propagation
 https://www.vedantu.com/biology/reproduction-in-organism
 https://www.thoughtco.com/types-of-asexual-reproduction-1224623
 https://organismalbio.biosci.gatech.edu/growth-and-reproduction/animal-
development-i/
 Concepts, C.-12: B. (2021, March 6). Plant Life Cycles. Retrieved March
9, 2021, from https://chem.libretexts.org/@go/page/6661

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