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Unit 2 Main
Unit 2 Main
Unit II
Process Control Architecture
• Process Control /Process Control Paradigms:
reference value.
• The flow of data comes from a set of variables called process variable , which
them.
Process Control Architecture
Process Control Architecture
Types of Subsystems
A process control architecture would have a processing unit for changing the process
control variables and a controller unit for calculating the amount of changes.
Controlled Variable − Controlled Variable provides values for the underlying system and
Input Variable − Measures an input to the process. For example, temperature of return air
controller.
Process variables − It includes mechanisms for manipulating some process variables.
Sensor − Obtains values of process variables pertinent to control and can be used as a feedback
Open Loop Systems: If the process is completely defined, repeatable, and the process runs
without surveillance
Space Heater
Closed Loop Systems: Output is used to control the inputs to maintain a monitored value
Embedded system software design, where the system is manipulated by process control
variable data.
Applications, which aim is to maintain specified properties of the outputs of the process
at given reference values.
Real-time system software to control automobile anti-lock brakes, nuclear power plants,
car-cruise control System
Temperature control System
A software Paradigm for Process Control
Compute outputs (or execute continuous systems) solely on the basis of the inputs.
When the software is operating a physical system, the purely algorithmic model breaks down.
When the execution of a software system is affected by external disturbances, forces or events
This is an indication that a control paradigm should be considered for the software architecture.
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A software Paradigm for Process Control
The elements of this pattern incorporate the essential parts of a process control loop, and the
Computational Elements
Data Elements
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Computational elements: separate the process of interest from the control policy.
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Data elements: continuously updated process variables and sensors
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• The control loop paradigm establishes the relation that the control
actual and intended states of the process and tunes the process
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The result is a particular kind of dataflow architecture.
data is available.
processes and pacing that depends on the rates at which the processes
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Other Familiar Architectures
Distributed processes: Distributed systems have developed a number of
organizations.
systems mirrors the programming language in which the system is written. For
organized around a main program and a set of subroutines. The main program
acts as the driver for the subroutines, typically providing a control loop for
systems.
the state transition system . These systems are defined in terms a set of states
and a set of named transitions that move a system from one state to another.
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Heterogeneous Architectures
most systems typically involve some combination of several styles.
There are different ways in which architectural styles can be combined. One
internally using virtually any style— including, of course, another pipe and
filter, system.
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Heterogeneous Architectures
mixture of architectural connectors.
For example, a component might access a repository through part of its interface,
but interact through pipes with other components in a system, and accept control
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