Egyptian Journal of Petroleum xxx (2018) xxx–xxx

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Egyptian Journal of Petroleum

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Review

Applications of guar gum and its derivatives in petroleum industry:

A review
Abdulraheim M.A. Hasan, Manar E. Abdel-Raouf ⇑
Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, 1 Ahmed El-zomor Street, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Green chemistry approach is growing rapidly and the replacement of petroleum derived materials with
Received 29 October 2017 bio-based materials is greatly enhanced for environmental and health concerns. Polymers from renew-
Revised 25 February 2018 able natural resources have attracted an increasing amount of attention over the last three decades, pre-
Accepted 18 March 2018
dominantly due to two main reasons: firstly environmental concerns, and secondly the realization that
Available online xxxx
our petroleum resources are finite. Natural polymers are available in large quantities from different
renewable sources, while synthetic polymers are produced from non-renewable petroleum resources.
Keywords:
They include proteins and polysaccharides. Among the most important polysaccharides is Guar gum
Natural polymers
Guar gum
which has been extensively used in a wide range of applications due to its unique properties. The objec-
Chemical modification tive of this review is to focus the light on Guar Gum and its derivatives. The chemical structure, sources,
Drilling fluids chemical modification, physical properties (mechanical properties and thermal stability), and some
Thickening agents potential industrial applications are reviewed and discussed.
Ó 2018 Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open
access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
2. Physical, chemical and biological properties of guar gum [8–10] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
3. Derivatives of guar gum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
4. Some industrial applications of guar gum and its derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
4.1. Green corrosion inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
4.2. Fracturing fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
4.3. Viscosity modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
4.4. Guar gum derivatives as demuslifiers for Water-in-Oil emulsions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5. Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00

1. Introduction plant Cyanaposis tetragonolobus, family Leguminosae family,

is a natural nonionic branched polysaccharide with b-D-
Natural and synthetic polymers have changed the face of the mannopyranosyl backbone linked (1–4) with single membered
world since they are now used in various applications. Currently, a-D-galactopyranosyl units occurring as side branches with even
many natural polysaccharides such as starch [1], cellulose [2], or random distribution (Figs. 1 and 2) [5]. The ratio of mannose
chitosan [3] and alginate [4] etc., and their derivatives have been to galactose unit (M/G) ranges from 1.8:1 to 2:1 due to variation
adopted to prepare vast number of materials for different in geographical origins. Guar gum also called Guaran, Cluster bean,
applications. Guar gum (GG) derived from the seeds of guar Calcutta lucern, Gum cyamposis, Cyamopsis gum. . .etc. Guar gum
and its derivatives have been extensively used in a wide range of
Peer review under responsibility of Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute.
applications because of their unique ability to alter the rheological
⇑ Corresponding author. properties [6,7]. They can be used as thickening agent, ion
E-mail address: drmanar770@yahoo.com (M.E. Abdel-Raouf). exchange resin and dispersing agent. In petroleum industry, they

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2018.03.005
1110-0621/Ó 2018 Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Please cite this article in press as: A.M.A. Hasan, M.E. Abdel-Raouf, Applications of guar gum and its derivatives in petroleum industry: A review, Egypt. J.
Petrol. (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2018.03.005
2 A.M.A. Hasan, M.E. Abdel-Raouf / Egyptian Journal of Petroleum xxx (2018) xxx–xxx

Fig. 1. Chemical structure of Guar Gum.

Fig. 2. Sequence of Galactose on the mannose backbone in Guar Gum [7].

find great importance in the drilling fluids formulations, green
corrosion inhibitors, dispersants, and other applications.
2. Physical, chemical and biological properties of guar gum
[8–10]
 Guar gum is one of the highest molecular weight polysaccha-
rides with molecular weight ranging from 1 to 2MDa.
 Guar gum has outstanding property of high viscosity i.e. the
result of its large hydrodynamic volume in solution and the
nature of its particular intermolecular connections
(entanglements).
 Guar gum products show an evident temperature reduction
effect when their solutions are heated. This is may be due to
the loss of water of hydration around the polymer molecule.
 It forms highly viscous so1ution. Guar gum solutions have
buffering capacity and are very stable in the pH 4.5–10 range.
 It is insoluble in all organic solvents but soluble in hot and cold
water.
 Resistant to oils, chemicals and greases.
 Gel and Film forming ability.
 Excellent water binding capacity.
 Numerous hydroxyl groups for hydrogen bonding formation.
 High ability for chemical modification and crosslinking.
 Biocompatible, biodegradable and non-toxic.
3. Derivatives of guar gum
GG can be chemically modified into various derivatives by sub-
stituting the reactive hydrogen from free hydroxyl groups along
the macromolecular backbone with different reactive functional
groups [11,12]. This modification is achieved not only to overcome
its inherent difficulties such as the viscosity reduction due to
uncontrolled rate of hydration, pH-dependent solubility, turbidity
in aqueous dispersion and high susceptibility to microbial attack
which limits its long term application and also improves its solu-
bility and its overall characteristics [13]. Thus chemical modifica-
tion of GG broadens its outlook in numerous applications such as

Please cite this article in press as: A.M.A. Hasan, M.E. Abdel-Raouf, Applications of guar gum and its derivatives in petroleum industry: A review, Egypt. J.
Petrol. (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2018.03.005
 A.M.A. Hasan, M.E. Abdel-Raouf / Egyptian Journal of Petroleum xxx (2018) xxx–xxx 3

Table 1 Table 2
The most common derivatives of Guar Gum. Some green corrosion inhibitors.

Derivative Structure of Ionic The metal The green inhibitor source Refs.
substituent charge No.
Hydroxy Propyl Guar (HPG) CH2-CH(OH)CH3 Nonionic Steel Eucalyptus oil [28]
Carboxy Methyl Guar (CMG) CH2-COO-Na+ Anionic Steel Guar gum [2]
Carboxy Methyl Hydroxy Propyl Guar CH2-COO-Na+ Anionic Steel Gum exudates [29]
(CMHPG) CH2-CH(OH)CH3 Mild steel and Aluminum Gum Arabic [30]
Aluminium Gum Arabic [26]
Mild steel Gum acasia [31]
Mild steel Albizia gum [32]
in food, paint and pigments, oil field, mining, paper, water treat-
ment, personal care, pharmaceutical and new types of superab-
sorbent [14]. The chemical modification of GG involves 4. Some industrial applications of guar gum and its derivatives
etherification, esterification, and crosslinking reactions of hydroxyl
groups. Some of the derivatives of the guar gum are listed below: Guar gum and its derivatives are very important in numerous
applications as summarized in Fig. 3. However, this review sheds
I. Carboxymethyl guar gum [6,15]. the light on application of guar gum in petroleum industry.
II. Hydroxymethyl guar gum [16].
III. Hydroxypropylethyl guar gum [17]. 4.1. Green corrosion inhibitors
IV. O-carboxymethyl- O-hydroxypropyl guar gum (CMHPG)
[18]. The presence of water in oil causes several problems in the han-
V. Ammonium hydroxyl propyl trimethyl chloride of guar gum dling and processing stages such as corrosion, fouling in pipelines,
[19]. equipment, and poisoning of catalysts in the refinery processes.
VI. O-carboyxymethyl-O-2 hydroxy-3-(trimethylammonia pro- Some chemical compounds are added to protect the equipments
pyl) guar gum (CMHTPG) [9]. and inhibit the corrosion processes, known as corrosion inhibitors.
VII. Acryloyloxy guar gum [20]. A corrosion inhibitor is a substance which when added in very
VIII. Methacryloyl guar gum [21]. minute concentrations to a corrosive environment minimizes or
IX. Guar gum esters [22,23]. prevents corrosion [24]. These substances when adsorb either
physically and chemically at the metal-solution interface, it
The most common derivatives of guar gum (Table 1) include: obstructs the contact surface between the metal and the corrosive
Carboxy Methyl-Guar (CMG), Hydroxy Propyl Guar (HPG), Carboxy agents [25–27]. Effective inhibitors generally have multiple
Methyl Hydroxy Propyl Guar (CMHPG). hetero atoms on their backbone. Green corrosion inhibitors are

Paints

Battery Agriculture

Pharmaceuti-
Textiles
cals Guar Gum
and Its
Derivatives

Ceramic Cosmetics

Food Petroleum

Fig. 3. Major industrial applications of guar gum and its derivatives.

Please cite this article in press as: A.M.A. Hasan, M.E. Abdel-Raouf, Applications of guar gum and its derivatives in petroleum industry: A review, Egypt. J.
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4 A.M.A. Hasan, M.E. Abdel-Raouf / Egyptian Journal of Petroleum xxx (2018) xxx–xxx

Fig. 4. Types of emulsions.

eco-friendly because they are derived from natural polymers, most
commonly, polysaccharides. Some green inhibitors are listed in
table 2. Generally, they act as following [26,27]:
(1) Complex formation through their functional group with
metal ions and on the metal surfaces.
(2) Gum metal complexes take up a large surface area and
shield the metal from corrosive agents present in the
solution.
(3) The presence of numerous oxygen atoms act as center of
adsorption.
The first ever corrosion inhibition potential of guar gum was
reported by Abdulla on carbon steel corrosion in 1 M H2SO4 solu-
tion by using weight loss and electrochemical methods. The data
revealed that Guar Gum increases resistance for pitting corrosion
of carbon steel in 1 M H2SO4 solution containing NaCl [1,2]. The
simultaneous adsorption of oxygen atoms directs the guar gum
molecule to be horizontally oriented at the metal surface, which
enhances the surface coverage and consequently protection effi-
ciency even in very low inhibitor concentrations. Furthermore,
Lucia et al. [33] obtained new eco-friendly anti-corrosion/anti-
scaling products from some herbs and herbal extracts such as guar

Fig. 5. Processes of emulsion breakdown and separation.

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 A.M.A. Hasan, M.E. Abdel-Raouf / Egyptian Journal of Petroleum xxx (2018) xxx–xxx
Fig. 6. Surfactant ethoxylated glucose amine, Where, R = C8, C10 or C12 and n = 9, 13
or 22.
seeds, Juglandis folium and Agrimoniae herba extracts. Some Guar
Gum derivatives can be used as corrosion inhibitors. For instance,
the graft copolymerization of 4-vinyl pyridine [34] onto guar
gum initiated by potassium peroxymonosulphate/ascorbic acid
redox pair in an aqueous medium was studied gravimetrically
under a nitrogen atmosphere. The thermal analysis data showed
that the synthesized graft-copolymer was more thermally stable
than the un-grafted guar gum by considering the value of FDT
and char yield. It was concluded that the synthesized graft-
copolymer can be used as a coating material when protection from
excessive heat and corrosive materials is needed.
4.2. Fracturing fluids
Hydraulic Fracturing Technology (HFT) as used in crude oil and
natural gas production is approximately fifty years-old. The tech-
nique is usually used in the oil and gas industry to improve or
enhance the recovery of hydrocarbons from underground
formations.
Guar gum and cellulosic derivatives are the most common types
of polymers used in fracturing fluids. The first patent (US Patent
3058909) on guar crosslinked by borate was issued to Loyd Kern
with Sinclair (later ARCO) on October 16, 1962 [35]. Metal-based
crosslinking agents developed by DuPont for plastic explosive
applications were found to be useful for manufacturing fracturing
fluids for high temperature applications. Guar gum and its deriva-
tives account for possibly 90% of all gelled fracturing fluids because
they are easily and effectively dispersed. Strong oxidizing
agents such as Sodium or Ammonium persulfate are added to the
Fig. 7a. Some Glucose amine surfactants.
Please cite this article in press as: A.M.A. Hasan, M.E. Abdel-Raouf, Applications of guar gum and its derivatives in petroleum industry: A review, Egypt. J.
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5
fracturing fluids to break the polymer as it reaches temperature.
Its success in this area led to extensive research in guar derivatives.
Guaran was transformed into Guaran Grafted Polystyrene (G-G-
Ps) Copolymer using vinyl monomer [36]. The grafting was initi-
ated through the formation of free radical centers on the polymer
backbone by oxidation of guaran with cerium (IV) in nitric acid
medium. It was concluded that the guaran offers a very regular lin-
ear matrix suitable for incorporating the desired physical and
chemical properties through appropriate grafting and crosslinkage.
The viscosity, hydrophilic-hydrophobic nature of the graft, degree
of grafting and chain length of the graft was found of great signif-
icance in mineral processing and petroleum industries.
For fracturing fluid formulations, a new class of Guar derivatives
has been developed which known as hydrophobically modified
Guar Gum (HMGG) [37]. This development gave a class of guar
gum based polymers possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
parts. The mechanism for action of these nonionic polymers is sim-
ilar to that for surfactant micellization, namely it is the tendency to
reduce the contact of the alkyl chains with the surrounding water
molecules that drives their self-association. Guar derivatives such
as hydroxypropyl guar are hydrophobic polysaccharides that may
be used as good fracturing fluid during EOR operations [38].
Ahmed and William prepared [39] some grafted Poly(oxyalky-
lene) Guar Gum and applied them in Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids
formulations. They introduced an alternate route to produce guar
derivatives with comparable properties to the system developed
by Young and coworkers [40]. They have found that treatment of
methyl carboxymethyl guar gums with polyalkoxyalkyleneamines
is an effective method for preparing the desired guar graft
copolymers.
Combining guar with other polysaccharides (e.g. xanthan) may
produce synergetic EOR fluids with controllable rheology and mor-
phology [41]. Furthermore, Torres et al. [42] have shown that guar
derivatives had excellent surfactant characteristics such as low
surface tension and anti-foaming at severe conditions of salinity
and temperature.
4.3. Viscosity modifiers
Natural polysaccharides are attractive biopolymers for viscosity
improvement in petroleum exploitation operations due to their
6 A.M.A. Hasan, M.E. Abdel-Raouf / Egyptian Journal of Petroleum xxx (2018) xxx–xxx
Fig. 7b. Dehydroabietic based surfactants.
relatively low cost, high resistance to mechanical and thermal
degradation and their biodegradability which ensures that they
will not remain in the environment. In oil recovery operations,
biopolymers have been employed in enhanced oil recovery and
as part of the formulation of drilling muds [43]. Xanthan/guar
gum mixtures are widely used as viscosity enhancement agents
in petroleum industry due to the synergy that they provide: mix-
ture solution viscosities are higher than those of either of the
two pure polymers at the same total polymer concentration [44].
Samenta et al. [45] studied the applicability and efficiency of
natural surfactant and polymer for enhanced oil recovery. A
detailed investigation was made on interfacial and rheological
Fig. 7c. Chitosan based surfactants.
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properties of natural guar gum polymer and surfactant obtained
from extracted soapnut shell. Based on the physicochemical prop-
erties of the surfactant and polymer solutions, optimum composi-
tions were designed for flooding experiments. Modification of
either guar gum or hydroxyopropyl guar was achieved in a three-
step process [46]: carboxymethylation with sodium chloroacetate,
esterification with dimethyl sulfate (DMS) and amidation with a
series of polyalkoxyalkylene amines by Bahamdan. It was con-
cluded that the solutions of the new derivatives possessed viscosi-
ties of approximately ten times less than the viscosities of the
parent materials.
Olatunde et al. [47] developed water based drilling fluid using
bentonite, guar gum, polyanionic cellulose PAC and gum arabic.
The rheological behavior and the filtration loss property of each
drilling fluid developed were measured using API recommended
standard procedures. Guar gum showed the highest gel strength
and the most stable rheological properties.
Oscar [48] studied the rheological properties of borate- guar
gum crosslinked fluids and he found that anionic galactomannans,
which are derived from guar gum, have been claimed to be suitable
as thickeners. They are capable enhancing viscosities when used
either alone or in combination with a cationic polymer and dis-
tributed in a solvent.
4.4. Guar gum derivatives as demuslifiers for Water-in-Oil emulsions
Generally, crude oil is a water-in-oil emulsion, Fig. 4. In addi-
tion, it contains some components such as asphaltene, resin, wax,
and naphthenic acids may accumulate at the water–oil interface
[49] and form a rigid stable film around the droplets that hinder
the water droplets to coalescence and give thigh stability to the
emulsion [50].
The stability of the emulsion depends on the several factors,
including intrinsic factors related to the oil itself such as the heavy
material in crude oil, solids (e.g., clays, scales and corrosion prod-
ucts), viscosity, interfacial tension and difference in density
between two phases and other important external factors such as
temperature, pH, oil to brine ratio [51,52]. The encountered water
 A.M.A. Hasan, M.E. Abdel-Raouf / Egyptian Journal of Petroleum xxx (2018) xxx–xxx 7

Fig. 8a. Hydroxy propyl Guar Gum.

Fig. 8b. Stearoyl cationic guar.

with crude oil during its production cause several problems to the
pipelines and equipments [53]. Thus, it is necessary to break the
emulsion and separate water from crude oil [54]. Among the fre-
quent methods to break petroleum emulsions, chemical demulsifi-
cation is the common method for destabilizing the emulsion by the
surface-active compounds that known as demulsifiers. They
replace the emulsifier molecules at the interface and destroy the
firm film around the water droplets [55]. The entire mechanism
of emulsion breakdown is given in Fig. 5.
Surfactants may be obtained from natural or synthetic sources.
The first category includes naturally occurring amphiphiles such as
lipids and sugar-based surfactants. This is one reason why sugar-
based surfactants, including sugar esters, sugar amides, glycosides,
and similar sugar-based surfactants, were being evaluated [56,57].
In this regard, many studies have been reported. Rondo et al.
investigated the effect of chemical demulsification on the water
in oil emulsion via bottle test and microscopic examinations [58].
Rogers et al. investigated the demulsifying performance of a bio-
demulsifier to break water in heavy crude oil emulsion [59]. In
our previous work [60] several ethoxylated sugar-based amine
surfactants have been synthesized and characterized by IR and
1
HNMR spectroscopy. Fig. 6 shows the chemical structure of those
surfactants which were used as demulsifiers for water-in-oil
emulsions. Furthermore, Zhang and Merchant [61] prepared a ser-
ies of nonionic saccharide surfactants with an amide group linking
hydrophilic saccharide segment to hydrophobic alkyl segment and
investigated their surface active properties. They studied the
effects of hydrophobic and hydrophilic chain lengths on the surface
active properties and correlate the results to structural differences
in the saccharide surfactants. N-Alkylmaltonamides were synthe-
sized with hexyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl, and octadecyl alkyl seg-
ments and N-dodecyl aldonamides were synthesized with
glucose, maltose, and dextran (DP = 9) saccharide segments
More researches have been carried out to prepare surfactants
based on natural sources. In this respect, several novel and some
previously known, mostly sugar-based, surfactants have been syn-
thesized and some of their surface properties have been character-
ized and compared with those of commercial nonylphenol
ethoxylates [62]. Numerous surfactants from natural sources have
been applied in petroleum industry. They are used as foaming
agents, dispersion agents, emulsification agents, demulsifiers, and
wetting agents. They are derived from dehydroabietic acid, chi-
tosan, sugars. . .etc [53,63]. The chemical structures of these surfac-
tants are given in Figs. 7a–c.
There are some attempts to amend the guar gum chemically
[11,14,17,64]. However, to our knowledge, no work has been done

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8 A.M.A. Hasan, M.E. Abdel-Raouf / Egyptian Journal of Petroleum xxx (2018) xxx–xxx
to prepared demulsifiers from guar gum. However, hydrophobi- [28]
[29]
cally modified guar gum (Fig. 8Figs 8a and b) is a promising class
[30]
of surfactants that can be applied in this function. Inserting [31]
hydrophobic chains on the main hydrophilic chain may shift the
solubility towards organic solvents. In another word, the presence [32]
of hydrophobic chains may acquire the guar molecule with certain
hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) which enables the molecules [33]
to arrange themselves on the water–oil interface and changes its
[34]
properties. This particular point will be the focus of our future
research. [35]
[36]
5. Conclusions [37]
[38]
Guar gum also called Guaran, Cyamopsis gum, Guarina, Gluco-
tard and Guyan is a natural non-ionic, water soluble polysaccha- [39]
ride extracted from the refined endosperm of cluster bean seeds.
Guar gum is a galactomannan consisting of a (1, 4)-linked b- D-
[40]
mannopyranose backbone with branch points from their 6- posi-
tions linked to a-D-galactose (i.e. 1, 6-linked-a-D-galactopyra [41]
nose). Guar gum and its derivatives find great importance in a wide [42]
range of applications. In petroleum industry, they were used as [43]
components in several formulations for corrosion inhibition, frac-
turing fluids, enhanced oil recovery and viscosity improvers. [44]
Recently, hydrophobically modified guar gum has been used in dis- [45]
persant formulations. Yet, they have very little application as [46]
demulsifiers for petroleum emulsions. This point of research will [47]
be our future goal.
[48]
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