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Triodopsis, 340, 441
Triopa, 434
Triopella, 434
Triopha, 434
Tritaxeopus, 385
Triton, 256, 275, 420;
jaws, 212
Tritonia, 433;
protective coloration, 71
Tritonidea, 424
Trivia, 419
Trochidae, egg-capsules, 125
Trochiscus, 408
Trochita, 248, 412
Trochoceras, 395
Trocholites, 395
Trochomorpha, 306, 321, 324, 327, 333, 441
Trochonanina, 331, 440
Trochosphere, 5, 130
Trochotoma, 266, 407
Trochus, 263, 408;
eye, 182;
stomach, 239
Trophon, 423
Tropical beach, Mollusca of a, 3
Tropidophora, 414
Tropites, 397
Troschelia, 424
Truncaria, 423
Truncatella, 260, 414
Tryblidium, 405
Trypanostoma, 340
Trypho of Lampsacus, prayer against snails, 121
Tubed operculates, 157, 266, 300, 307, 309
Tudicla, 424
Tudora, 291, 349, 351, 414
Tugonia, 456
Tulotoma, 340, 416
Turbinella, 100, 262, 264, 424, 424
Turbo, 409;
eye, 182;
osphradium, 195;
operculum, 268
Turbonilla, 250, 332, 422
Turcica, 408
Turricula, 425;
radula, 221
Turrilites, 399, 399
Turritella, 252, 417;
radula, 215, 224
Tyleria, 459
Tylodina, 431
Tylopoma, 416
Tympanotonus, 416
Tyndaria, 447
Typhis, 423

Ultra-dextral shells, 250

Umbonella, 409
Umbonium, 409
Umbrella, 10, 431;
radula, 217, 230
Uncites, 505;
stratigraphical distribution, 507, 508
Underground snails, 48
Ungulina, 452
Unicardium, 452
Unio, 452;
shell, 254, 259, 273, 341;
variation, 92
Union of Limax, 128
Unionidae, origin of, 15;
eaten by rats, 57;
larvae, 146
Urocyclus, 331, 440
Urosalpinx, 423
Utriculus, 430
Uvanilla, 409

Vaginula, 245, 319, 343, 352, 443

Vaginulidae, radula, 234;
anus, 241
Valletia, 456
Vallonia, 441
Valvata, 133, 416;
branchia, 159
Valves of Chitonidae, 401 f.
Vanganella, 454
Variation, 82 f.
Varicella, 346, 348
Velates, 260, 410
Velifera, 353, 440
Veliger stage, 131;
mistaken for perfect form, 133
Velorita, 302, 453
Velum, 131
Velutina, 275, 411;
radula, 223
Veneracea, 454
Venericardia, 451
Venerupis, 454
Veniella, 451
Venilicardia, 451
Venus, 270, 271, 446, 454;
V. mercenaria, 97, 374
Verania, 391
Vermetus, 247, 418;
radula, 223
Veronicella, 443
Verticordia, 458
Vertigo, 327, 442;
 V. arctica, 287
Vexilla, 423
Vibex, 417
Vitrella, 289
Vitrina, 22, 296 f., 332, 440;
hardy habits, 24;
jumping powers, 65;
shell, 175;
radula, 217
Vitrinella, 408
Vitriniconus, 314, 440
Vitrinoidea, 314, 440
Vitrinozonites, 340, 440
Vitularia, 423
Vivipara, 324, 343, 416
Volume of water, effect in producing variation, 94
Voluta, 267, 425, 425;
spawn, 125;
radula, 217, 221;
distribution, 370;
prices given for rare, 122
Volutaxis, 348
Volutharpa, 267, 424
Volutolithes, 425
Volutolyria, 425;
radula, 222
Volutomitra, 425;
radula, 221
Volutopsis, 423
Volvaria, 429
Volvatella, 430
Volvula, 430
Vulsella, 75, 446, 449

Waldheimia, 464, 467, 468, 473, 474, 487;

size, 484;
distribution, 486;
 fossil, 500, 501, 502, 506, 508
Walton and mussel cultivation, 115
Wampum, 97
Warner, R., quoted, 37
Warning coloration, 71 f.
West Coast, South America, melanism of shells occurring on, 85
Whelks, use of, 118
Whitneya, 424
Whitstable, oyster-parks at, 106, 112
Willem, V., on vision of Mollusca, 185
Wollaston, T. V., quoted, 32
Wood, Rev. J. G., on starfish eating oysters, 111
Woodia, 451
Woodward, S. P., on tenacity of life, 38;
Dr., on the same, 38
Wotton, F. W., on egg-laying of Arion, 42
Wright, Bryce, on tenacity of life, 38

Xenophora, 412;
habits, 64
Xenopoma, 346, 351
Xerophila, 285, 296, 441
Xesta, 310, 319, 321, 440;
mimicry by, 66 f.
Xylophaga, 457

Yetus, 425
Yoldia, 447;
genital orifice, 242

Zagrabica, 297
Zebrina, 285, 296, 442
Zeidora, 406
Zidona, 425
Zittelia, 420
Zones of depth, 361
Zonites, 275, 440;
 food, 33;
radula, 232;
distribution, 294, 296, 340
Zospeum, 187, 442
Zygobranchiata, 154, 406
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FOOTNOTES:

[1] See especially Moseley, Nature, 1885, p. 417.

[2] Quart. Journ. Conch. i. p. 371.
[3] Manuel de Conchyliologie et de Paléontologie
Conchyliologique. Dr. P. Fischer. Paris, 1887.
 [4] κεφαλή, head; γαστήρ, stomach; σκάπτειν, to dig; πέλεκυς,
an axe; πούς, ποδός, a foot.
[5] Also known as Lamellibranchiata, Conchifera, and
Acephala.
[6] πτερόν, wing.
[7] γλῶσσα, tongue; φέρειν, to carry.
[8] λείπειν, to be wanting.
[9] ἀμφί, on both sides; νεὕρον, nerve, vessel. Some
authorities regard the Amphineura as a distinct Order.
[10] πολύς, many; πλάξ, plate.
[11] πρόσω, in front. Often alluded to in the sequel as
‘operculate Gasteropoda.’
[12] κτενίδιον, a little comb.
[13] δὐω, two; mόnos, single; ὦτα, auricles; καρδία, heart.
[14] ὄπισθεν, behind.
[15] Pulmo, a lung.
[16] στὕλος, pillar; ὄμματα, eyes.
[17] The Ascoglossa are dealt with below (chap. xv.).
[18] Beudant, by very gradually changing the water,
accustomed marine species to live in fresh, and fresh-water
species to live in salt water.
[19] Braun, Arch. f. Naturk. Liv. (2), x. p. 102 f.
[20] Lindström, Oef. K. Vet. Förh. Stockh., 1855, p. 49.
[21] Mendthal, Schr. Ges. Königsb., xxx. p. 27.
[22] SB. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1889, p. 4, but the view is not
universally accepted.
[23] Not to Nassa, as has been generally held. The shape of
the operculum, and particularly the teeth of the radula, show a
much closer connexion with Cominella.
[24] E.g. Bouvier, Le Natural, 1889, p. 242.
[25] Köhler, Zool. Jahrb. vii. 1893, p. 1 f; Haller, Arb. Zool. Inst.
Wien, x. p. 71.
[26] Plate, SB. kön. Preuss. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1893. p. 959.
 [27] E.g. Pelseneer, Bull. Sc. France Belg. xxiv. p. 347 f.
[28] E.g. Bergh, Zool. Jahrb. v. p. 1 f.
[29] Calkins, Amer. Nat. xi. p. 687.
[30] One step even further (or perhaps it should be termed a
branch derivative) is seen in the genus Smaragdia, which is
probably a Neritina which has resumed a purely marine habit of
life.
[31] SB. Naturf. Gesell. Leipz. 1886–87, pp. 40–48.
[32] L. and F. W. Moll. of India, iv. p. 167.
[33] T. Scott, Journ. of Conch. v. p. 230.
[34] J. S. Gibbons, ibid. ii. p. 129.
[35] Bull. Soc. Linn. Nord, Abbeville, 1840, p. 150.
[36] Joly, Comptes Rendus, 1842, p. 460; compare W. A. Gain,
Science Gossip, xxvii. p. 118.
[37] Von Martens, SB. Nat. Fr. Berl. 1881, p. 34.
[38] Moquin-Tandon, Moll. de France, i. p. 116.
[39] Journ. of Conch. iii. p. 321 f.; iv. p. 13; Science Goss.
1866, p. 158.
[40] Reichel, Zool. Anz. x. p. 488.
[41] Schumann, Schr. Ges. Danz. (2) vi. p. 159.
[42] Fischer and Crosse, Mexico, p. 437.
[43] Journ. de Conch. iv. p. 397, but the species observed is
not mentioned.
[44] Bull. Mus. C. Z. Harv. iv. p. 378.
[45] W. Harte, Proc. Dubl. N. H. Soc. iv. p. 182.
[46] See on the whole subject of threads G. S. Tye, Journ. of
Conch. i. p. 401.
[47] Zoologist, ii. p. 296; iii. p. 833; iv. p. 1216; iii. p. 1036; iv. p.
1216; iii. p. 1037.
[48] Ann. Nat. Hist. ii. 1838, p. 310.
[49] H. W. Kew, Naturalist, 1889, p. 103.
[50] Zeit. wiss. Zool. xlii. p. 203 f.
[51] Sci. Trans. R. Dubl. Soc. (2) iv. p. 520.
 [52] Zoologist, iv. p. 1504; iii. p. 1038; iii. p. 943.
[53] H. W. Kew, l. c.
[54] Zoologist, xix. p. 7819.
[55] Naturalist, 1889, p. 55.
[56] H. W. Kew, l. c.
[57] W. G. Binney, Bull. Mus. C. Z. Harv. iv. p. 144.
[58] Naturalist, l. c.
[59] Science Gossip, 1885, p. 154.
[60] R. Standen, Journ. of Conch. vii. p. 197.
[61] Journ. of Conch. v. p. 43.
[62] A. Paladilhe in MS. letter.
[63] J. S. Gibbons, Quart. Journ. Conch. ii. p. 143.
[64] Bull. Mus. C. Z. Harv. iv. p. 193.
[65] l. c. p. 362.
[66] Animal Life, p. 59.
[67] Zoologist, 1861, p. 7400; Brit. Conch. i. p. 108.
[68] H. Ullyett, Science Gossip, xxii. (1886), p. 214.
[69] Descent of Man, i. p. 325, ed. 1.
[70] Amer. Nat. xv. 1881, p. 976.
[71] W. A. Gain, quoted by H. W. Kew in Naturalist, 1890, p.
307, an article to which I am much indebted.
[72] Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xvi. p. 519.
[73] Science Gossip, 1882, pp. 237, 262.
[74] H. W. Kew, Naturalist, 1893, p. 149, another most valuable
article.
[75] Garden, v. p. 201, quoted by Kew, ut sup.
[76] Kew, ut sup.
[77] Science Gossip, 1883, p. 163.
[78] T. D. A. Cockerell, Science Gossip, 1885, p. 211.
[79] Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) vi. (1850) p. 68.
[80] Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) vi. p. 489.
 [81] Ibid. (3) iii. p. 448.
[82] Amer. Nat. xi. (1877) p. 100; Proc. Calif. Ac. iii. p. 329.
[83] Gaz. Med. Alger. 1865, 5th Jan. p. 9.
[84] Science Gossip, 1867, p. 40.
[85] Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) ix. p. 498.
[86] Journ. of Conch. vi. p. 101.
[87] Naturalist, 1889, p. 55.
[88] Malak. Blätt. (2) iv. pp. 43 and 221.
[89] Phil. Trans. 1854 (1856), p. 8.
[90] Naturalist, 1891, p. 75 f.; Conchologist, ii. 1892, p. 29.
[91] Taylor, Journ. of Conch. 1888, p. 299.
[92] See Tennent’s Ceylon, i. p. 221, ed. 5.
[93] W. A. Gain, Naturalist, 1889, p. 55; Brockmeier, Nachr.
Deutsch. Malak. Gesell. xx. p. 113.
[94] Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) ix. p. 498.
[95] Journ. Conch. vii. 1893, p. 158 f.
[96] I succeeded in hatching out eggs of Helix aspersa, during
the very warm summer of 1893, in 17 days.
[97] Nachr. Deutsch. Malak. Gesell. xx. p. 146.
[98] Raymond, Nautilus, iv. p. 6.
[99] Quoted by Oehlert, Rév. Sc. xxxviii. p. 701.
[100] Animal Life, Intern. Scientif. Ser. ed. 1, p. 395.
[101] Zoologist, 1886, p. 491.
[102] Thomas, quoted by Jeffreys, Brit. Conch. i. p. 30.
[103] Journ. of Conch. iv. p. 117.
[104] Rev. L. Jenyns, Observations in Nat. Hist. p. 318.
[105] Id. ib. p. 319.
[106] Further detailed examples will be found in Kew, The
dispersal of Shells, pp. 5–26.
[107] P. Z. S. 1888, p. 358.
[108] W. A. Gain, Naturalist, 1889, p. 58.
 [109] Das Wetter, Dec. 1892. Another case is recorded in
Amer. Nat. iii. p. 556.
[110] Zoologist, x. p. 3430.
[111] Science Gossip, 1888, p. 281.
[112] Lecoq, Journ. de Conch. ii. p. 146.
[113] Bouchard-Chantereaux, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (4) xvi.
(1861) p. 197.
[114] Forel, Ann. Sci. Nat. (3) xx. p. 576; Bretonnière, Comptes
Rendus, cvii. p. 566.
[115] Brit. Mus. Collection.
[116] Thomas, quoted by Récluz in Journ. de Conch. vii. 1858,
p. 178.
[117] Nat. Hist. of Ceylon, p. 382. See also T. L. Taylor, Rep.
Brit. Ass. for 1848, p. 82.
[118] Dr. R. E. Grant, Edinb. Phil. Journ. xiv. p. 188.
[119] Rep. Brit. Ass. for 1848, p. 80. The statement is
confirmed by Rossmässler.
[120] Journ. of Conch. iv. p. 118.
[121] Zoologist, 1887, p. 29.
[122] Arch. Zool. Exp. Gén. (2) v. p. 459 f.
[123] Journ. of Conch. iii. p. 277; compare W. M. Webb,
Zoologist, 1893, p. 281.
[124] Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. iv. p. 85.
[125] Erjavec, Nachr. Deutsch. Malak. Gesell. 1885, p. 88.
[126] Crosse, Journ. de Conch. (3) xiv. (1874) p. 223.
[127] C. Wright, Zoologist, 1869, p. 1700.
[128] W. V. Legge, Zoologist, 1866, p. 190.
[129] Blackwall, Researches, p. 139.
[130] Barrow, Travels in South Africa, ii. p. 67.
[131] Loch Creran, p. 102.
[132] Cordeaux, Zoologist, 1873, p. 3396.
[133] Amer. Nat. xii. p. 695; Science Gossip, 1865, p. 79.