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Biology For Engineers - Model Qp2 - Solutions
Biology For Engineers - Model Qp2 - Solutions
Biology For Engineers - Model Qp2 - Solutions
MODULE - 1
1. a. What are Bioplastics? Compare the properties of PHA and PLA. . 10
Soln: Bioplastics are one type of plastic which can be generated from natural resources such as
starches and vegetable oils etc by microorganisms such as bacteria.
Comparison of properties of PHA and PLA.
Property PHA PLA
Synthesis 1. Synthesized by microbial 1.direct dehydration and
fermentation and polycondensation of lactic acid
2. by using from microbial under high temperature and low
plasmid. pressure and
2.by lactide ring opening
polymerization
Structure can have a variety of structures It has single structure
by changing strains or
fermentation process and starting
material.
Raw material 3-hydroxy fatty acids with a Lactides from various starches
chain length of 3 to 14 carbons. sugars
Mechanical strength Remains flexible with time PLA has good strength, but it
lacks toughness and is easy to
bend and deform
Becomes brittle and breakable
over time
Thermal stability Highly stable. It can withstand Low thermal stability
temperatures above boiling point
Biodegradability Breaks down anywhwere on the Only breaks down in compost
earth facility
Optical properties No notable optical properties Transparent and glossy
ii Meat analogues
Meat analogs/meat substitutes/meat alternatives, are plant-based foods designed to
mimic the taste, texture, and appearance of meat.
They are made from a variety of ingredients, including soy protein, wheat protein, pea
protein, and other plant-based ingredients.
Fortified with vitamins and minerals to provide a similar nutritional profile of meat.
Meat analogs are a popular alternative to meat for many people, including vegetarians,
vegans, and those who are looking to reduce their meat consumption for health or
ethical reasons.
They can be a good source of protein and can help to meet the body's protein needs.
There are many different types of meat analogs available, including burgers, sausages,
meatballs, deli slices, and more. Some are designed to mimic specific types of meat,
such as chicken, beef, or pork, while others are marketed as a more generic "meat-like"
product.
When choosing meat analogs, it is important to look for products that are high in
protein and low in added sugars, fats, and other ingredients that can be harmful to
health. It is also important to consider the texture and taste, as some meat analogs can
be more appealing than others.
2. a. Discuss the development of vaccine for covid 19 10
Soln:
RNA vaccines for COVID 19 are a type of vaccine that use genetic material from the
SARS-CoV-2 virus, in the form of RNA, to stimulate an immune response against the
virus.
The vaccine works by introducing the virus's RNA into the body, where it is taken up
by cells and used to produce viral proteins.
These proteins are then displayed on the surface of the cells, which triggers an immune
response and the production of antibodies against the virus.
The first RNA vaccine for COVID 19, the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, was authorized
for emergency use in December 2020 and has been administered to millions of people
worldwide.
Another RNA vaccine, the Moderna vaccine, was also authorized for emergency use
in December 2020.
RNA Vaccine for Covid - 19: Mechanism of action
MODULE - 2
3. a. With a neat diagram of neuron explain the process of signal transmission 10
Soln. Signal transmission in the brain occurs through the firing of nerve cells, or neurons. A
neuron varies in shape and size depending on its function and location. All neurons have
three different parts – dendrites, cell body and axon.
A neuron sending a signal (i.e., a presynaptic neuron) releases a chemical called a
neurotransmitter, which binds to a receptor on the surface of the receiving (i.e.,
postsynaptic) neuron. Neurotransmitters are released from presynaptic terminals, which
may branch to communicate with several postsynaptic neurons.
A neuron receives inputs from other neurons at its dendrites, integrates the information,
and then generates an electrical impulse, or action potential, that travels down its axon to
the synaptic terminals. At the synaptic terminals, the neuron releases chemical
neurotransmitters, which cross the synaptic gap and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic
neuron, leading to the initiation of another action potential in the postsynaptic neuron. This
process of transmitting information from one neuron to another is known as synaptic
transmission and forms the basis of communication within the brain. Different types of
neurotransmitters have different effects on postsynaptic neurons, and the balance of
neurotransmitter levels can influence brain function, including mood, learning, and
memory.
3. b. Heart is an effective pump. Justify 10
Soln: The heart is an effective and complex pump system that circulates blood throughout the
body.
It consists of four chambers: the right atrium, the left atrium, the right ventricle, and the
left ventricle. Blood enters the right atrium from the body and is pumped into the right
ventricle, which then pumps the blood to the lungs for oxygenation. Oxygenated blood
returns to the heart and enters the left atrium, which pumps the blood into the left ventricle.
The left ventricle then pumps the oxygenated blood out to the rest of the body. Between
each chamber, there are one-way valves that ensure the blood flows in the correct direction
and prevent backflow. The heart is also surrounded by the pericardium, a sac that contains
a small amount of fluid and helps to protect and lubricate the heart as it beats.
Structure of heart and it’s functioning as effective pump
4. a. What is ECG? Describe the various parts of ECG 10
Soln: The heart's pumping action is controlled by electrical signalling, which generates the
rhythm of the heartbeat. This electrical signalling can be monitored using an
electrocardiogram (ECG), which records the electrical activity of the heart and provides
important information about the heart's function.
An ECG measures the electrical signals produced by the heart as it beats and generates a
trace or waveform that reflects the electrical activity of the heart. This trace can be used to
diagnose heart conditions and monitor the heart's function.
The Normal ECG contains the following parts:
A normal ECG contains waves, intervals, segments and one complex, as defined below.
Wave: A positive or negative deflection from baseline that indicates a specific electrical
event. The waves on an ECG include the P wave, Q wave, R wave, S wave, T wave and U
wave.
Interval: The time between two specific ECG events. The intervals commonly measured
on an ECG include the PR interval, QRS interval (also called QRS duration), QT interval
and RR interval.
Segment: The length between two specific points on an ECG that are supposed to be at the
baseline amplitude (not negative or positive). The segments on an ECG include the PR
segment, ST segment and TP segment.
Complex: The combination of multiple waves grouped together. The only main complex
on an ECG is the QRS complex.
Point: There is only one point on an ECG termed the J point, which is where the QRS
complex ends and the ST segment begins.
The main part of an ECG contains a P wave, QRS complex and T wave. Each will be
explained individually in this tutorial, as will each segment and interval.
The P wave indicates atrial depolarization. The QRS complex consists of a Q wave, R wave
and S wave and represents ventricular depolarization. The T wave comes after the QRS
complex and indicates ventricular repolarization.
Soln:
The skeletal system of human beings refers to the framework of bones, joints, and
connective tissues that provide structure, support, and protection to the body.
• Bones: The human body consists of 206 bones that vary in size and shape. Bones
are composed of hard and dense connective tissue that provides strength and
support. They serve as the anchor points for muscles, protect internal organs, and
store minerals like calcium and phosphorus.
• Cartilage: Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue found in certain joints and
structures such as the ears and nose. It acts as a cushion between bones, reducing
friction and absorbing shock.
• Ligaments: Ligaments are tough bands of fibrous tissue that connect bones to other
bones in joints, providing stability and preventing excessive movement.
• Tendons: Tendons are strong fibrous tissues that connect muscles to bones, enabling
movement by transmitting the force generated by muscles.
• Axial Skeleton: The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body and includes
the skull, vertebral column, and ribcage. The skull protects the brain, and the
vertebral column (spine) supports the body's weight and houses the spinal cord. The
ribcage encloses and protects the heart, lungs, and other thoracic organs.
• Appendicular Skeleton: The appendicular skeleton comprises the bones of the limbs
and the shoulder and pelvic girdles. The upper limbs (arms) consist of the humerus
(upper arm bone), radius and ulna (forearm bones), and the hand bones. The lower
limbs (legs) include the femur (thigh bone), tibia and fibula (lower leg bones), and
the foot bones. The shoulder and pelvic girdles attach the limbs to the axial skeleton.
6. b. What is muscular dystrophy? Briefly discuss the various bioengineering solutions for
muscular dystrophy
Soln:
Bioengineering solutions for muscular dystrophy aim to improve the lives of individuals
affected by the disease by addressing the underlying genetic mutations and muscle
weakness. Some of the approaches being explored include:
• Stem cell therapy: This involves using stem cells to replace the damaged muscle
cells and promote repair and regeneration of the muscle tissue. Stem cells can be taken
from the patient's own body (autologous stem cells) or from a donor (allogenic stem cells).
Soln:
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy from
the sun into chemical energy stored in organic molecules. This process is critical for life on Earth,
as it provides the primary source of energy for all living organisms.
• The connection between photosynthesis and photovoltaics lies in the conversion of light
energy into usable forms of energy. In photosynthesis, light energy from the sun is
converted into chemical energy stored in organic molecules, such as sugars and starches.
• In photovoltaics, light energy is converted into electrical energy. Both photosynthesis and
photovoltaics use the same basic principle of converting light energy into usable forms of
energy, but the end products are different.
• In photosynthesis, the end product is stored chemical energy, while in photovoltaics, the
end product is electrical energy. However, the similarities between photosynthesis and
photovoltaics go beyond just the conversion of light energy.
• Both processes also involve the use of specialized components and materials, such as
chlorophyll in photosynthesis and silicon in photovoltaics, to absorb and convert light
energy into usable forms of energy.
• The development of photovoltaics has been heavily influenced by the natural process of
photosynthesis, and many researchers have sought to mimic and improve upon the
efficiency and effectiveness of photosynthesis in order to develop more advanced and
efficient photovoltaic systems.
• The study of photosynthesis has thus played a significant role in the development of
sustainable energy systems and continues to be an important area of research in the field
of renewable energy.
7. b. Write short notes on: i. GPS system existing in birds. ii. Shark skin
Soln:
Birds fly by flapping their wings and using their body weight and the movement of the air to stay
aloft. They navigate using a combination of visual cues, the Earth's magnetic field, and celestial
navigation. Aircraft, on the other hand, use engines to generate thrust and lift from the wings to
stay in the air.
They navigate using a combination of instruments and systems, including GPS (Global Positioning
System), which uses satellite signals to determine the aircraft's position and help it navigate.
The science behind the birds flies using its wings and holding their body weight in air:
• Wing Shape: Birds have specialized wings with a unique shape that generates lift. The
wings are curved on the upper surface and flatter on the bottom, creating a pressure
difference known as Bernoulli's principle. This pressure difference generates lift, allowing
birds to stay airborne.
• Wing Muscles: Birds have strong flight muscles attached to their wings, allowing them to
flap their wings vigorously. The upstroke and downstroke motion of the wings generates
thrust, propelling the bird forward through the air.
• Hollow Bones: Birds have lightweight bones that are hollow and filled with air sacs,
reducing their overall weight. This makes it easier for them to stay aloft.
• Feathers: Feathers play a crucial role in flight. They provide both lift and control. The
primary feathers at the tips of the wings help generate lift, while the tail feathers assist in
maneuvering and stabilizing during flight.
• Respiratory System: Birds have a unique respiratory system that allows for efficient
oxygen exchange. Air flows unidirectionally through their lungs, as well as through a
system of air sacs located throughout their body. This constant supply of oxygen fuels their
high metabolic demands during flight.
• Efficient Circulatory System: Birds have a highly efficient circulatory system that delivers
oxygen-rich blood to their muscles and organs. Their heart rate increases during flight,
ensuring a steady supply of oxygen to meet the demands of their active muscles.
• Flight Control: Birds have remarkable coordination and control over their flight. They can
adjust the angle and shape of their wings, control their speed and direction, and perform
intricate aerial maneuvers using their tail, wings, and body movements.
Denticles on shark skin are like tiny bumps or ridges. They disrupt the flow of water around the
shark's body, making it smoother and reducing turbulence. This disruption reduces the resistance
the shark experiences as it swim, allowing it to move faster and with less effort.
• Turbulence in Water: Turbulence is when a fluid, like water or air, becomes chaotic and
unpredictable. Instead of flowing smoothly, it swirls and forms irregular patterns. This
turbulence creates resistance or drag, which makes it harder for things to move through the
fluid. In swimming, reducing turbulence is important because it helps to minimize
resistance, allowing swimmers to move more easily and efficiently through the water.
• Reducing Drag When a shark swims through the water, the water normally flows smoothly
over its body. However, the denticles on the shark's skin disrupt this smooth flow. They
create small disturbances in the water, which helps to break up turbulent currents that can
slow the shark down.
• Frictionless Swim Suits Shark skin has inspired the development of friction-reducing swim
suits, which are designed to improve the performance of swimmers by reducing drag in the
water. Friction-reducing swim suits use a similar structure to that of shark skin to reduce
drag and improve swimmer performance.
8. a. Inspiration derived from the mechanism of birds flight led to the discovery of
aircraft. Justify 10
Soln: Aircraft technology has advanced significantly since the first powered flight by the
Wright brothers in 1903. Inspiration derived from the mechanism of birds flight led to the
discovery of aircraft.
Biomimicry, or the practice of using designs and processes found in nature to solve human
problems, has led to the development of various technologies inspired by birds' flight.
Some examples include:
• Wing design: The shape of bird wings has inspired the design of aircraft wings, which
have evolved to be more aerodynamic and fuel-efficient as a result. The study of bird
flight has also led to the development of winglets, small structures at the tip of wings
that reduce drag and increase lift.
• Flapping-wing drones: Researchers have developed drones that use flapping wings to
fly, mimicking the way birds and insects fly. These drones can be used for various
applications, such as monitoring crops and wildlife, inspecting buildings and
infrastructure, and search and rescue operations.
• Soaring algorithms: Soaring refers to the flight technique used by birds and certain
aircraft to stay aloft and travel long distances with minimal energy expenditure. It
involves utilizing rising air currents, such as thermals, ridge lift, wind shear, or
atmospheric waves, to gain altitude and maintain flight. Birds use thermals, or columns
of rising warm air, to gain altitude and soar. Researchers have developed algorithms
inspired by bird flight to help gliders and other aircraft use thermals more efficiently,
leading to longer and more sustainable flights.
• Landing gear: The legs and feet of birds have inspired the design of landing gear for
aircraft, with shock-absorbing and retractable structures that help absorb impact upon
landing.
b. Give an account on the various blood substitutes 10
Human blood substitutes are synthetic products that are designed to act as a replacement
for blood in the human body.
Soln:
Process of bioimaging.
Applications of bioimaging
• In cell biology, bioimaging can be used to follow cellular processes,
• Quantify ion or metabolite levels
• Measure interactions of molecules in real-time
• Imaging of prokaryotic and eukaryotic live cells.
• Live imaging of small animals.
• Some examples of bioimaging techniques used for disease diagnosis include X-
rays, CT scans, MRI, PET scans, ultrasound, and optical imaging. These
technologies can be used to visualize a wide range of structures and functions,
including bones, tissues, organs, blood vessels, and more.
10. b. Write short notes on: i. Electronic nose ii. Self-healing Bio Concrete. 10
Soln: i. Electronic nose
The electrical nose, also known as an electronic nose, is a technology used in food science
for the analysis and characterization of food and beverage aromas and flavours. The
electrical nose typically consists of a sensor array that is capable of detecting and
quantifying volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in food and beverage samples.
Components and working of electronic nose:
• The sensors in the electrical nose work by measuring the changes in electrical resistance or
capacitance that occur when the sensors are exposed to volatile organic compounds. Each
sensor in the array is designed to respond to a specific range of volatile organic compounds,
and the combination of signals from all of the sensors allows for the analysis of the overall
aroma and flavour profile of a sample.
• Sensor Array in Electronic Nose In electronic nose applications, a sensory array refers to a
collection of multiple sensors that are designed to detect and analyze odour molecules. The
sensors in the array are often selective to different chemical properties or patterns, allowing
for the identification and differentiation of various odors.
• Here are some examples of sensor types commonly used in sensory arrays for electronic
noses: Metal Oxide Sensors (MOS): Metal oxide sensors, such as tin oxide (SnO2) or zinc
oxide (ZnO) sensors, are widely used in electronic noses. They detect changes in electrical
resistance when exposed to different odour molecules. MOS sensors offer broad sensitivity
to a wide range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
• Conducting Polymer Sensors: Conducting polymer sensors are made of organic polymers
that undergo changes in electrical conductivity when exposed to specific odor molecules.
These sensors can be tailored to be selective to different types of odors based on the
polymer composition.
• Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) Sensors: QCM sensors measure changes in the
resonance frequency of a quartz crystal due to the adsorption of odour molecules. These
sensors are highly sensitive and can provide information about the mass and viscoelastic
properties of the detected odorants.
• Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Sensors: SAW sensors utilize acoustic waves that
propagate across the surface of a piezoelectric substrate. When odour molecules interact
with the sensor surface, they cause changes in the wave propagation, resulting in
measurable frequency shifts. SAW sensors offer high sensitivity and fast response times.
• Optical Sensors: Optical sensors employ various principles such as absorbance,
luminescence, or refractive index changes to detect and analyze odour molecules. These
sensors can utilize techniques like colorimetry, fluorescence, or surface plasmon resonance
(SPR) to provide information about the chemical properties of the detected odours.
• Gas Chromatography (GC) Sensors: GC-based electronic noses combine gas
chromatography with sensor arrays to separate and detect different odour compounds. The
separation is performed using a column, and the eluted compounds are detected by sensor
elements, enabling the identification of specific odour components.
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