2019년 10월 15일 화요일

HUMA 1000A Quiz 1

Lecture 1
- Uniqueness in human behaviors
• Personal (inherited and learned) < Cultural (learned) < Universal (inherited)
- Cultures are dynamic and heterogenous
- Potential risks to essentialize people to mere stereotypes based on these value orientation
- value patterns exist on a continuum in all societies
- Individualism vs. Collectivism

Lecture 2
- Language: knowledge of words
- Six key features of human language
• Rules that might constitute a grammar, Innateness, Displacement, the ability to refer to
abstractions, the existence of meaningful units, the ability to create novel language expressions
- Universal grammar
• biologically endowed human language faculty
• blueprint of all language; part of child’s innate capacity for language learning
- Search for linguistic universals
• Sign language, phonological universal, semantic universal
- Four lobes of the brain
• Occipital lobe, Frontal lobe, Parietal lobe, Temporal lobe
- Aphasia
• Broca’s area: expressive aphasia
• Wernicke’s aphasia: receptive aphasia
- Lateralization of language
• left hemisphere is dominant for language
- Critical period hypothesis
• after the period, acquisition of grammar is difficult (Fromkin)
- Universal Grammar
• exposure to the language

Lecture 3
- Saussure
• speakers of different languages engage in an arbitrary division of reality
- Early precursors
• Otto Jeperson: Language and nation are synonymous
• No necessary connection between language and culture or between language and race
- Benjamin Lee Whorf
• language and culture are deterministic; the social categories and how we perceive the events are
constrained by the language we speak
- Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
• Linguistic Determinism: language we speak determines how we perceive and think about world
• Sapir-Whorf: Linguistic Relativism: different languages encode different categories and speakers
of different languages therefore think about the world in different ways; language influences our
thoughts about reality
- Grammatical gender - feminine and masculine language

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 2019년 10월 15일 화요일
Lecture 4
- Identity
• reflective self-conception or self-image that we each derive from family, gender, cultural, enthnic,
and individual socialization processes
• acquired via our interaction with others in particular cultural scenes
• defining how we see ourselves and our place in the world
- Essentialism: Biological determinism, Social structuralism
• individuals are formed and shaped by formations which precede them, be these biological or
social in haute
- Post-structuralist view of identity
• identity is constituted in and through language
• language identity is relational, co-constructed, and sometimes contested process
- Identity
• developed through primary socialization, shaped in diverse ways, dynamic, both avowed and
ascribed, variable in salience and intensity, expressed verbally and nonverbally
- Types of identity:
• Individual psychological personal identity: any unique attributes that we associate with our
individual self in comparison with those of others
• Social identity: social group membership affiliations and emotional significance attached to them
• Cultural identity: emotional significance that we attach to our sense of belonging or affiliation with
the larger culture
- Language, social class and identity
• Speech differences — Social status — Identity
- Language, ethnicity and regional identity
• Code-mixing: Lexical items and grammatical features from two languages appear in one
• Code-switching: Switching of two or more languages at clausal level
- Global identity: a sense of belonging in a worldwide culture
• connectedness with people in other parts of world; global mindset
• intercultural communicative competence
- Ethnocentrism: own culture as the center of universe
• Otherization/othering: objection of another group
• in-group favoritism, stereotyping, bias, racism, discrimination
- Ethnorelativism: mindset to understand behavior from the other person’s cultural frame of reference

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 2019년 10월 15일 화요일
Lecture 5
- Low-context communication (LCC): emphasis on how intention or meaning is best expressed
through direct and to-the-point of verbal messages
- High-context communication (HCC): emphasis on how intention or meaning can best be conveyed
via the context, mutually shared knowledge and nonverbal channels
- Direct Verbal Style vs. Indirect Verbal style
- Semantics and Pragmatics
• Pracmatics: Forced; meaning in use or meaning in context
- Cooperative principle (CP)
• there can be many occasions when people fail to observe the maxims
• Maxim of quantity, quality, relation, manner
- Politeness as management of face
• positive face: one’s desire to be liked, and appreciated by others
• negative face: one’s desire not to be impeded or imposed upon, to have the freedom to act as one
choses
- Facework & Politeness in B&L’s FTA (Face-threatening acts) theory
• face-threatening acts may threaten either the speaker's face or the hearer's face, and they may
threaten either positive face or negative face.
- Liberalism & Confucianism
- Individualism & Collectivism
Lecture 6
- Nature of Nonverbal Communication (NV)
• Body language ≠ NV communication
• the transfer and exchange of messages in any and all modalities that don not involve words
- Types of NV
• Derived from spoken language: writing systems; semiotics
• Independent of language: (Sensory organs) Body language (Kinesics), Chronemics, Haptics, etc.
- Brain’s right hemisphere is where NV is best suited
- Verbal and NV communication
• both may convey meaning separately or in combination
• NV tends to be more primitive and less controllable than its verbal counterpart
- Functions of NV
• replacing, repeating, accentuating, relaying, regulating verbal message, display emotions
- Physical features: Body shape
• Endomorphic(Fat), Mesomorphic(Middle), Ectomorphic(Skinny)
- Body politics
• How power is written and performed symbolically on and through the body
- race, ethnicity, gender, status, culture
- Paralanguage: Nonphonemic qualities of language that convey meaning in verbal communication
• serving a variety of communicative functions, cross-cultural barriers
- Kinesics - Gestures
• Hand or facial movements for illustrating speech, conveying verbal meaning
- Proxemics - social use of space
• Fixed feature space (involves set boundaries), Semifixed feature space, Informal space (personal)
• Intimate space < Personal space < Social space < Public space
- Chronemics: Monochronic cultures (Time is fixed in nature), Polychronic cultures (separate time as
discrete, fixed segments
- Haptics: High-contact cultures, Low-contact cultures, Moderate-contact cultures