At the end of the Session we have to

learn about the following

• Overview of LTE
• Features of LTE
• LTE Advance
• OFDMA Concept
• OFDMA Working

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OVERVIEW OF 4 G (LTE)

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 Evolution of the system architecture from GSM and
UMTS to LTE
• In the new architecture, the evolved packet core (EPC) is a
direct replacement for the packet switched domain of UMTS
and GSM. It distributes all types of information to the user,
voice as well as data, using the packet switching
technologies that have traditionally been used for data
alone. There is no equivalent to the circuit switched domain,
instead, voice calls are transported using voice over IP. The
evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN)
handles the EPC‟s radio communications with the mobile, so
is a direct replacement for the UTRAN. The mobile is still
known as the user equipment, though its internal operation
is very different from before.
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 FEATURES OF LONG TERM EVOLUTION
• LTE was required to deliver a peak data rate of 100
Mbps in the downlink and 50 Mbps in the uplink. This
requirement was exceeded in the eventual system,
which delivers peak data rates of 300 Mbps and 75
Mbps respectively. However, these peak data rates can
only be reached in idealized conditions. A better
measure is the spectral efficiency, which expresses the
typical capacity of one cell per unit bandwidth. LTE was
required to support a spectral efficiency three to four
times greater than that of Release 6 WCDMA in the
downlink and two to three times greater in the uplink.
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 Latency
particularly for time-critical applications such as voice and
interactive games.
There are two aspects to this.
• Active State: The requirements state that the time
taken for data to travel between the mobile phone and
the fixed network should be less than five milliseconds,
provided that the air interface is uncongested.
• low-power standby state: The requirements state that
a phone should switch from standby to the active state,
after an intervention from the user, in less than 100
milliseconds.
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 Coverage and Mobility.
LTE is optimized for cell sizes up to 5 km, works with
degraded performance up to 30 km and supports
cell sizes of up to 100 km. It is also optimized for
mobile speeds up to 15 km/Hr, works with high
performance up to 120 km/Hr and supports speeds
of up to 350 km/Hr. Finally, LTE is designed to work
with a variety of different bandwidths, which range
from 1.4 MHz up to a maximum of 20 MHz. The
requirements specification ultimately led to a
detailed design for the LTE air interface.
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Technical Features of LTE

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 Technical Features of LTE
Unlike the internet, the EPC contains mechanisms
to specify and control the data rate, error rate and
delay that a data stream will receive. There is no
explicit requirement on the maximum time
required for data to travel across the EPC, but the
relevant specification suggests a user plane latency
of 10 milliseconds for a non roaming mobile,
increasing to 50 milliseconds in a typical roaming
scenario. The air interface, giving a typical delay in a
non roaming scenario of around 20 milliseconds.
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Key features of the core networks of
UMTS and LTE

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LTE Architecture

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 Internal Architecture of LTE UE

The universal integrated circuit card (UICC) is a smart card, colloquially

known as the SIM card. It runs an application known as the universal
subscriber identity module (USIM), which stores user-specific data such
as the user‟s phone number and home network identity. The USIM also
carries out various security-related calculations, using secure keys that
the smart card stores. LTE supports mobiles that are using a USIM from
Release 99 or later, but it does not support the subscriber identity
module (SIM) that was used by earlier releases of GSM.
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 Architecture of Evolved Packet Core

The EPC has some other components that were not shown in Figure
above. Firstly, the cell broadcast centre (CBC) was previously used by
UMTS for the rarely implemented cell broadcast service (CBS). In LTE,
the equipment is re-used for a service known as the earthquake and
tsunami warning system (ETWS). Secondly, the equipment identity
register (EIR) was also inherited from UMTS, and lists the details of lost
or stolen mobiles.
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 OFDM CONCEPT
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is
a digital multi-carrier modulation scheme that extends
the concept of single subcarrier modulation by using
multiple subcarriers within the same single channel.
Rather than transmit a high-rate stream of data with a
single subcarrier, OFDM makes use of a large number of
closely spaced orthogonal subcarriers that are
transmitted in parallel. Each subcarrier is modulated
with a conventional digital modulation scheme (such as
QPSK, 16QAM, etc.) at low symbol rate. However, the
combination of many subcarriers enables data rates
similar to conventional single-carrier modulation
schemes within equivalent bandwidths.
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 OFDM

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 OFDM
The OFDM scheme differs from traditional FDM
in the following interrelated ways:
1. Multiple carriers (called subcarriers) carry
the information stream,
2. The subcarriers are orthogonal to each other
3. A guard interval is added to each symbol to
minimize the channel delay spread and
intersymbol interference.

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 UNDERSTANDING OFDM

We will use a simple analogue based implementation to show the basic

principles of generating an OFDM signal. In this simple OFDM system there
are N sinusoidal input signals. Each subcarrier transmits one bit of information
(N bits total) as indicated by its presence or absence in the output spectrum.
The frequency of each subcarrier is selected to form an orthogonal signal set.
These frequencies are also known at the receiver for signal recovery. Note
that the output is updated at a periodic interval T that forms the symbol
period. To maintain orthogonality, T must be the reciprocal of the subcarrier
spacing.
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 UNDERSTANDING ORTHOGONALITY
The OFDM signal can be described as a set of closely
spaced FDM subcarriers. In the frequency domain, each
transmitted subcarrier results in a sinc function spectrum
with side lobes that produce overlapping spectra
between subcarriers, see "OFDM Signal Frequency
Spectra" figure below. This results in subcarrier
interference except at orthogonally spaced frequencies.
At orthogonal frequencies, the individual peaks of
subcarriers all line up with the nulls of the other
subcarriers. This overlap of spectral energy does not
interfere with the system‟s ability to recover the original
signal. The receiver multiplies (i.e., correlates) the
incoming signal by the known set of sinusoids to recover
the original set of bits sent.
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OFDM Frequency Spectra

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 Advantages of OFDM
The primary advantage of OFDM over single-carrier schemes is its ability to
cope with severe channel conditions without complex equalization filters.
Channel equalization is simplified because OFDM may be viewed as using
many slowly-modulated narrowband signals rather than one rapidly-
modulated wideband signal.
The low symbol rate makes the use of a guard interval between symbols
affordable, making it possible to eliminate inter symbol interference (ISI).
This mechanism also facilitates the design of single frequency networks
(SFNs), where several adjacent transmitters send the same signal
simultaneously at the same frequency, as the signals from multiple distant
transmitters may be combined constructively, rather than interfering as
would typically occur in a traditional single-carrier system.

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 DRAWBACKS OF OFDM

• High peak-to-average ratio.

• Sensitive to frequency offset, hence to
Doppler-shift as well
• Based on use of IFFT( Inverse First Fourier
Transform) and FFT

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 CONCLUSION
• OFDMA is used for LTE and gives very high
spectral efficiency and modularity. With the
use of OFDM the modularity of radio network
has been achieved which resulted in very high
spectral efficiency.

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