Math in the Modern World
MATH (Lecture)
(PSY) (101) | ENGR.Kevin | SEM 1 2023
Mathematics
essential in the modern world, from
cryptography to artificial intelligence.
Explore the latest mathematical
innovations
Math is
● essential in technology and
science.
● can help in making informed
financial decisions.
● important in everyday life like
cooking and home improvement
projects.
Careers in Math
Math in Technology Math skills
and coding go hand in hand. From
simple algorithms to complex
machine learning models, math is
essential in technology
development..
Math is essential for businesses to
make informed decisions. Data
analysis, financial planning, and risk
assessment all require math skills.
Math is important in calculating
budgets, managing expenses, and
determining tips. Understanding
percentages and fractions is
essential for everyday life
The Nature of Mathematics
. Mathematics is universal
A way to make sense of the world
and to communicate understanding
of concepts and rules using the
mathematical….
Patterns and Numbers in Nature
Definition of Terms
Patterns: Patterns are like
repetitions or sequences of things
that happen in a certain way.
Imagine you have a sequence of
numbers: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10. The pattern
here is that each number is 2 more
than the previous one.
Relations: Relations are how things
are connected or related to each
other. For instance, if we talk about
the relation between your age and
your height, we might notice that as
you get older, you generally tend to
get taller. That's a relation between
age and height.
Functions: Functions are like special
rules that tell us how one thing
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Math in the Modern World
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changes based on another thing.
Think of a vending machine: you put
in money (input), and it gives you a
snack (output). In math, a function
could be something like "multiply
the number by 2." If you put in 3, you
get 6 as the output.
So, in simple terms:
Patterns are repetitions,
Relations are connections between
things.
Functions are rules that show how
one thing changes based on another
thing.
Different types of Pattern
Patterns of Visuals. Visual patterns are
often unpredictable, never quite
repeatable, and often contain fractals.
These patterns are can be seen from
the seeds and pinecones to the
branches and leaves. They are also
visible in self-similar replication of
trees, ferns, and plants throughout
nature.
Patterns of Flow. The flow of liquids
provides an inexhaustible supply of
nature’s patterns. Patterns of flow are
usually found in the water, stone, and
even in the growth of trees. There is
also a flow pattern present in
meandering rivers with the repetition of
undulating lines.
Patterns of Movement. In the human
walk, the feet strike the ground in a
regular rhythm: the
left-right-left-right-left rhythm. When a
horse, a four-legged creature walks,
there is more of a complex but equally
rhythmic pattern. This prevalence of
pattern in locomotion extends to the
scuttling of insects, the flights of birds,
the pulsations of jellyfish, and also the
wave-like movements of fish, worms,
and snakes.
Patterns of Rhythm. Rhythm is
conceivably the most basic pattern in
nature. Our hearts and lungs follow a
regular repeated pattern of sounds or
movement whose timing is adapted to
our body’s needs. Many of nature’s
rhythms are most likely similar to a
heartbeat, while others are like
breathing. The beating of the heart, as
well as breathing, have a default
pattern
Patterns of Texture. A texture is a
quality of a certain object that we sense
through touch. It exists as a literal
surface that we can feel, see, and
imagine. Textures are of many kinds. It
can be bristly, and rough, but it can also
be smooth, cold, and hard.
Geometric Patterns. A geometric
pattern is a kind of pattern which
consists of a series of shapes that are
typically repeated. These are
regularities in the natural world that are
repeated in a predictable manner.
Geometrical patterns are usually visible
on cacti and succulents.
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Math in the Modern World
MATH (Lecture)
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
In mathematics, if a figure can be
folded or divided into two with two
halves which are the same, such
figure is called a symmetric figure
Symmetry has a vital role in pattern
formation. It is used to classify and
organize information about patterns
by classifying the motion or
deformation of both pattern
structures and processes.
There are many kinds of
symmetry, and the most
important ones are: Reflections
Rotations Translations
Reflection symmetry, sometimes
called line symmetry or mirror
symmetry, captures symmetries
when the left half of a pattern is the
same as the right half.
Rotations, also known as rotational
symmetry, captures symmetries
when it still looks the same after
some rotation (of less than one full
turn). The degree of rotational
symmetry of an object is recognized
by the number of distinct
orientations in which it looks the
same for each rotation.
Translations, exist in patterns that
we see in nature and in man-made
objects. Translations acquire
symmetries when units are repeated
and turn out having identical figures,
like the bee’s honeycomb with
hexagonal tiles
Mathematical Language and
Symbol
Language is a system of word, signs,
and symbols used by people in
expressing their ideas, thoughts, and
feelings.
Every field has its own language
and usage of words.
● Mathematical language is the
system commonly used to
communicate mathematical
○ ideas as it is more
precise than any other
language.
○ Like other languages,
mathematical language
has its own grammar,
syntax,
vocabulary, word order,
synonyms, negations,
conventions, idioms,
abbreviations, sentence
structure, and paragraph
formation.
These actions represent the process
one goes thru to solve a problem
1. 1. Modeling and formulating:
Creating appropriate
representations and
relationships to mathematize
the original problem.
2. Transforming and
Manipulating: Changing the
mathematical form in which a
problem is originally expressed
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to equivalent forms that

represent solutions.
3. Inferring: Applying derived
results to the original problem
situation, and interpreting and
generalizing the results in that
light. We reach conclusions
based on evidence and
reasoning
4. Communicating: Reporting
what has been learned about a
problem to a specified
audience.

The most often used variable in algebra

Characteristics of Mathematical
Language
Mathematics is about ideas –
relationships, quantities, processes,
measurements, reasoning, and so on.
is “x”, while symbol “x” use in the
operation of multiplication. Hence, dot
( ! ), parentheses ( () ), or asterisk ( * )
may
be used instead of “x”. Fo

Mathematical language differs

from the language of the ordinary
speech in three different ways.

1. Mathematical language is
non-temporal. There is no past,
present or future in mathematics.

2. Mathematical language is devoid

of emotional content.
In Mathematics, there are
3. Mathematical language is precise expressions known as
● multivariate – a mathematical
● expression with three (3) or
more variables
Ordinary speech is full of
● univariate (one variable)
ambiguities, innuendoes, hidden
● bivariate (two variables)
agenda, and unspoken
cultural assumptions.
Mathematical expression can also
be called as:

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● monomial if it has only one (1)
term
● binomial if it has two (2) terms
● trinomial if it has three (3)
terms
● polynomial if it has four (4) or
more terms.
Mathematical sentence combines
two mathematical expressions using
comparison operator such as
● equal ( = ),
● not equal ( ≠ ),
● greater than ( > ),
● less than ( < ),
● greater than or equal to, ( ≥ ),
● less than or equal to ( ≤ ).
In mathematical sentences, there are
open sentences and close sentences.
Open sentence is a mathematical
sentence that is not known if it true or
false,
Close sentence is known either it is
true or false
Conventions in the Mathematical
Language
Symbols are important in
mathematical works. Variables are
another form of
symbols to represent the situation
needed to understand.
Two things to understand it are
context and convention.
1. context – this refers to the
particular topics studied and it is
important to
understand the context to understand
mathematical symbols.
2. convention – it is a technique used
by mathematicians, engineers,
scientists in
which each particular symbol has
particular meaning.
Greek and Latin letters are used as
symbols in mathematics,
engineering, science, and other
areas for physical quantities, special
functions, and conventions in
representing the defined variable
Other commonly encountered
hazards in the laboratory
Set
is a well-defined collection of
distinct objects known as the
element/s or member/s of it. These
element/s or member/s is/are
numbers, people, letters, symbols,
etc. comma.
Sets are conventionally represented
by a capital letter where the
element/s are inside the braces and
separated inside by the comma.
Two Ways to Describe a Set
1. Roster/Tabular Method All
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elements of a set are listed and
being separated by commas and are
enclosed within braces.
2. Rule/Descriptive Method In this
method, the common characteristics
of the elements are defined. It uses
set builder notation where x is used
to represent any element of the
given set.
Different Types of Set
Finite Set - A set is called a finite set
if the elements in the set can be
counted.
Infinite Set - A set is called a finite
set if it has countless member
Empty Set - A set which has no
members is called empty set or a
null set. It is a set denoted by ∅ or {}.
Singleton Set - A set which contains
only one member is called singleton
set
Pair Set - A set which contains only
two members called a pair set.
Universal Set - The set of all objects
under consideration is the universal
set of that. If A, B, C, etc. are the sets
given, then a set which has all
members of A, B, C, etc. can act as
the universal set. Universal set
varies from the situation to situation
denoted by ⋃ or
Cardinal Number of a Set - The
cardinal number of a finite set (for
example set A) is the number o
Joint Sets - Two sets are said to
joint sets when they have at least
one common sets
Venn Diagram
The pictorial representation or
relationship and operations is called
Venn- Euler Diagrams or Venn
Diagram.
The universal sets is usually
represented by a rectangle while the
circles inside it is/are subsets. The
shaded region in the given diagrams
illustrates the sets relation or
operation.
Function a function as a rule that
assigns each input value (from a set
called the domain) to exactly one
output value (from a set called the
codomain)
the codomain)
Flammable chemicals should be
stored in safety cabinets and
explosion-proof refrigerators in
remote area.
Persons with burning clothes should
be wrapped in the blanket to
smother the flames.
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Math in the Modern World
MATH (Lecture)
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Operations of Functions

Polya’s Four Steps to Problem

Solving

George Polya is known as the father

of modern problem solving

Four Steps to Problem Solving

1. Understand the Problem
a. Sometimes the
problem lies in
understanding the
problem. If it is unclear
as to what needs to be
solved, then wrong
results will obtain. To
understand the
problem, reading it
carefully is substantial.
Once the problem is
read, components and
data involved must be
list down. This where
the variables are
assigned
2. Devise a plan. When devising
a plan, come up with a way to
solve the problem. Set-up the

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equation, draw a diagram,
and make a chart that are all
ways that can go about
solving the problem. Here, the
equations are being set-up
3. Look Back. In the problem
solving, it is very important to
look back or checking the
answer. Basically, it is being
done to check if the
information in the problem is
really being satisfied.
Intuition & Proof
intuition is the ability to understand
something instinctively without the
need for conscious reasoning.
instinctive knowledge, meaning
the state of being aware of or
knowing something without having
to discover or perceive it, or the
ability to do this. It is
Instinctive belief, meaning that
something is known or believed
instinctively, without actual
evidence for it.
Mathematical Proof is an argument
which convinces other people that
something is true.
● Proof is an inferential
argument for a mathematical
statement. It is conclusive
evidence or an argument that
services to establish a fact or
the truth of something.
● consists of a test or trial of
something to establish that it
is true.
STATISTICS
Statistics involves the collection,
organization, summarization,
presentation, and interpretation of
data.
Branches of Statistics
● Descriptive Statistics - The
branch of statistics that
involves the collection,
organization, summarization,
and presentation of data.
● Inferential Statistics - The
branch that interprets and
draws conclusions from the
data.
USES OF STATISTICS
It may help the government to
check:
A. Which vaccine is assertive for the
coronavirus.
B. What are the progressive reports
after vaccination, whether vaccines
are useful or not?
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Math in the Modern World
MATH (Lecture)
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C. Analyze in which areas vaccination
is done and know where they need to
target, or where cases are increasing
day by day with the help of polls
Statistics play a crucial role in
weather forecasting.
The computer use in weather
forecasting is based on a set of
statistics functions
we can predict any natural disaster
that may happen shortly.
Use of Statistics Analyzing existing
risks, informing the public about
future risks, and planning actions to
prevent disasters
DATA MANAGEMENT
Data Management is the
development, execution and
supervision of plans, policies,
programs and practices that control,
protect, deliver, and enhance the
value of data and information
assets.
Data Gathering Methods in
Gathering or Collecting Data
1. Direct or Interview Method – The
researcher makes direct and
personal contact with the
interviewee
. 2. Indirect or Questionnaire
Method – The researcher
distributes the questionnaires either
personally or by mail and collects
them by the same process
3. Registration Method – This
method of collecting data is
governed by our existing laws.
4. Experimental Method – This
method of collecting data is used to
find out the cause and effect
relationship of certain phenomena
under controlled conditions.
5. Observation Method – The
researcher may observe subjects
individually or group of individuals
to obtain data and information
related to the objectives of the
investigation
Data collected or obtained from
whatever manner is called raw
data.
● Nominal – classifies data in
non-overlapping scale.
● Ordinal – classifies data into
some specified order or rank.
● Interval – assigns real
numbers to observations to
reflect distance between rank
position of the respondents
or objects in equal units
● Ratio – assigns numbers to
observations to reflect the
existence of true absolute
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Math in the Modern World
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zero point as its origin
Data presentation gives a clear
picture of various relationship
among different data presented
. In which data can be presented by:
1.
Textual Form – makes use of
words, sentences and paragraphs in
presentation. It is commonly used
when there are only few numerical
data to be enumerated or to be
compared with other data.
Tabular Form – is a systematic
presentation of data in rows and
columns. It is used when related
numerical facts need to be classified
in arrays.
General Form – shows numerical
values or relationships in pictorial
form. It makes use of graphs,
symbols or visuals.
Different Types of Graphical
Presentation are:
Line Graph – used when
● data cover a long period of
time;
● several series are compared;
● movements are to be
emphasized;
● trends are to be established;
● estimate are to be forecasted
Bar Graph – used when numerical
values of an item over a period of
time are compared. It consists of
regular bars when the height of bars
represents quantity or frequency for
each category
Pie Graph – used to show
percentage or the composition by
parts of a whole
Pictograph – used to immediately
suggest the nature of data.
Organizing collected numerical
data can be done in two ways:
Array – an arrangement of the
numerical data/values according to
order of magnitude either ascending
or descending.
Frequency Distribution Table – a
condensed version of an array. It
categorizes the numerical data into
intervals or classes.
Classes are mutually exclusive
categories defining the lower limit
and the upper limit with equal
intervals.
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MATH (Lecture)
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● Class Frequency is the and one extra interval at each end.

number of observations in
each class.
● Class Mark or Class 5. The vertical axis height should be
Midpoint is used in approximately ¾ the length of the
computing the mean and horizontal axis.
some measures of variability.
● Cumulative Frequency tells
the sum of frequencies in a
particular class of interest.
● Relative Frequency tells the
percentage of observations in
a particular class of interest.
Frequency Histogram – a set of
vertical bars whose areas are
proportional to the frequencies
presented.

Frequency Polygon – is a line chart

plotted along the same scale as the
histogram. The class frequency is
plotted against the class mark

Less than Ogive – the less than

Graphical Presentation of
Frequency Distribution with Equal
Class Size
Steps in Constructing Frequency
Charts 1. Label either class limits or
class marks along the horizontal
axis.
cumulative frequency is plotted
against the upper-class limit.
Greater than
Ogive – the greater than cumulative
frequency is plotted against the
lower- class limit

2. Plot the frequency of each class

along the vertical axis above the
class mark of the corresponding
class.
Data Analysis and Interpretation
3. The vertical scale must always
include zero. Data Analysis and Interpretation is
the process of making sense of
4. The horizontal scale must include numerical data that has been
only the range of the observed data collected, analyzed, and presented.

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Math in the Modern World
MATH (Lecture)
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Descriptive
Statistics – Method in describing
the characteristics of individual
objects or group of individuals
under study. Inferential Statistics –
Analyzing and interpreting data
Descriptive Statistics Three
Methods in Describing a Set of
Data
1. Measures of Central Tendency
2. Measures of Dispersion
3. Measures of Skewness and
Kurtosis.
The Arithmetic Mean the most
commonly used measure of central
tendency
Measures of Central Tendency –
measures indicating the center of a
set of data which are arranged in
order of magnitude. The three
common measures of central
tendency are: mean, median, and
mode.
The Median
Another type of average is the
median.
Essentially, the median is the
middle number or the mean of the
two middle numbers in a list of
numbers that have been arranged in
numerical order from smallest to
largest or largest to smallest.
Any list of numbers that is arranged
in numerical order from smallest to
largest or largest to smallest is a
ranked list.
The mode of a list of numbers is the
number that occurs most frequently.
Sometimes , a list of numerical data
can have more than one mode
The Weighted Mean A value called
the weighted mean is often used
when some data values are more
important than other.
Logic is the study of the principles
of correct reasoning.
The term "logic" came from the
Greek word logos, which is
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Math in the Modern World
MATH (Lecture)
(PSY) (101) | ENGR.Kevin | SEM 1 2023
sometimes translated as
"sentence", "discourse", "reason",
"rule", and "ratio"
Logic Statements Every language
contains different types of
sentences,
such as statements, questions,
and commands.
For instance
, "Is the test today?" is a question
"Go get the newspaper." is a
command "This is a nice car." is an
opinion "Seoul is the capital of
Korea" is a statement of fact.
A Statement is a declarative
sentence that is either true or false,
but not both true and false
● Simple Statement is a
statement that conveys a
single idea.
● Compound statement is a
statement that conveys two
or more ideas
The truth value of a simple
statement is either true (T) or false
(F).
The truth value of a compound
statement depends on the truth
value of its simple statements and
its connectives.
The truth table is a table that
shows the truth value of a
compound statement for all
possible truth values of its simple
statements
The negation of the statement
"Today is Friday." is the statement
"Today is not Friday."
In symbolic form, the tilde symbol
is used to denote the negation of a
statement
Compound Statements and
Grouping Symbols
If a compound statement is written
in symbolic form, then parentheses
are used to indicate which simple
statements are grouped together.
Table below illustrates the use of
parentheses to indicate groupings
for some statements in symbolic
form.
If a compound statement is written
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Math in the Modern World
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as an English sentence, then a
comma is used to indicate which
simple statements are grouped
together. Statements on the same
side of a comma are grouped
together
Existential Quantifiers - are used as
prefixes to assert existence of
something. Examples of existential
quantifiers is the word some, and
the phrases "there exists" and "at
least one".
Universal Quantifiers - these
include the words none, no, all, and
every. The universal quantifiers
"none" and "no" deny the existence
of something, where the universal
quantifiers "all" and "every" are used
to assert that every element of a
given set satisfies some condition
Introduction to apportionment
and voting
Apportionment is the problem of
dividing up a fixed number of things
among groups of different size
Hamilton’s method
-Alexander Hamilton proposed the
method that now bears his name.
His method was approved by
Congress in 1791, but was vetoed by
President Washington.
It was later adopted in 1852 and
used through 1911. since he was
interested in the question of
congressional representation, well
use the language of states and
representatives.
-Hamilton’s method provides a
procedure to determine how many
representatives each state should
receive.
Steps of Hamilton’s method
STEP 1. Determine how many
people each representative should
represent. Do this by dividing the
total population of all the states
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by the total number of

representatives. This answer is
called the STANDARD DIVISOR
or DIVISOR.

STEP 2. Divide each states

population by the divisor to
determine how may
representatives it should have.
Record this answer to several
decimal places. The answer is
called QUOTA.

Since we can only allocate whole

representatives, Hamilton
resolves the whole number
problem as follows:

STEP 3. Cut of all the decimal

parts of all the quotas (but don’t
forget what the decimals
were). These are called the
LOWER QUOTAS. Then we add
the lower quotas. This sum will
always be less than or equal to
the total number of
representatives.

STEP 4. Assuming that the total

from step 3 was less than the total
number of representatives ,
assign the remaining
representatives, one each, to the
states whose decimal parts of the
quota were largest, until the
desired total is reached.

Note: Make sure that each state

ends up with at least one
representative.

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Math in the Modern World
MATH (Lecture)
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What is voting?
Sometimes voting is more involved
than just electing whoever gets the
most votes. There are several methods
for determining a winner. A certain
method for selecting a winner may be
more appropriate based upon the type
of election.
Weighted voting gives some voters
different amounts of influence or
weight concerning the outcome of an
election.
This is often common practice when it
comes to corporate shareholder
meetings when shareholders voting
weight is based on how many shares
they own. The more shares someone
owns, the more weight of their vote.
The conditions that must be met for a
winner might be a simple majority, but
there could also be different
requirements to select a winner.
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Math in the Modern World
MATH (Lecture)
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Vocabulary FOR WEIGHTED

VOTING

Each individual or entity casting a

vote is called a player in the
election. They’re often notated
as P1, P2, P3,…..PN

Where N is the total number of

voters.

Each player is given a weight which

usually represents how many voters
they get.

The quota is the minimum weight

needed for the vote to pass or
weight needed for the proposal to
be approved.

A weighted voting system will

often be represented in a shorthand
form:

[q: w1, w2, w3,...., wN]

In this form,

● q is the quota,
● w1 is the weight for player 1
● w2 is the weight for player
2

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