February 8, 2024

Name: KATRINA E. ESTANQUE Year & Section: BSA-3A

ASSIGNMENT NO. 2

1. Components of the Computer System Unit:

System Unit is a case that contains all components which are very important for the
processing of data.

Main Components of System Unit:

A. Motherboard -the primary element within the system unit. Essentially, this is basically a network of
wires connecting the processor contacts to the contacts of memory modules and peripheral devices;
the major goal is to connect all computer nodes into a single device.
B. Central Processing Unit(CPU)- is the part of a computer system that is commonly referred to as
the “brains” of a computer. It is responsible for executing a sequence of stored instructions called a
program.
C. Primary Memory- the processor or the CPU directly stores and retrieves information from it.
Two types of memory CPU:
I. Random Access Memory (RAM) - is used to store programs and data that are being used by the
computer.
II. Read Only Memory (ROM) - is a non-volatile memory type. It receives data and permanently writes
it on a chip, and it lasts even after you turn off your computer.
D. Ports and Connectors - used for connecting devices such as trackball, expanded keyboard, and
other device peripherals.
Types of Ports:
I. Serial Port - can transfer one bit at a time.
II. Parallel Port - can transfer more than one bit a time.
E. Expansion Slots & Adaptor Cards - expansion slot is an opening, or socket, where circuit board is
inserted into motherboard.
F. Buses - used to transfer data between the CPU and main memory.
Type of Buses:
I. System Bus - connects processor and RAM, also called internal bus.
II. Expansion Bus - sometimes called the input/output bus, allows various motherboard components
to communicate with one another.
G. Power Supply - provides power to the PC. It also performs the function of stabilization and
protection against minor interference in the electrical network.

Figure 1. Inside view of a System Unit.

Photo Source: https://www.slideshare.net/zamzulaiha/module3-system-unit.
2. Parts of the Motherboard:
A motherboard is the primary piece of circuitry that all of the other pieces plug into to
create a cohesive whole.

12 Key Components of a Motherboard:

A. Mouse and Keyboard Connectors - these connectors are responsible for sending instructions and
receiving responses from the computer.
B. Universal serial bus (USB) - permits users to link external peripherals to their computers, including
pen drives, printers, and scanners. Users can also transfer data between the gadget and the computer
with its help.
C. CPU - The central processing unit (CPU) is commonly referred to as the computer’s brain. Every
aspect of a computer's operation is managed by the CPU.
D. RAM memory - RAM allows the computer to temporarily store files and programs that are being
accessed by the CPU.
E. Basic input/output (BIOS) system - contains the firmware of the motherboard. It is responsible for
initializing the hardware components and loading the computer’s operating system.
F. Chip sets - chip sets of a computer control how the computer hardware and buses interact with the
CPU and other components.
G. Cooling fans - increase the airflow, which helps to remove heat from the computer.
H. Adapter cards and expansion slots- are integrated into the motherboard to enhance a computer’s
functionality. The expansion slots allow users to install compatible adapter cards.
I. CMOS battery - It provides power to the complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) chip.
J. Storage devices - storage devices can either be installed in the computer as hard drives or in
removable drives that can connect to the computer through the USB ports.
K. Front panel connectors - Front panel connectors connect the light-emitting diode (LED) lights on
the front of the case to the hard drive, the power button, the reset button, and the internal speaker
for testing.
L. Power connector - provides an electric supply to the computer to function as intended.

Figure 2. Components of a Motherboard.

Photo Source:https://tiportal.wordpress.com/2013/05/16/know-about-the-motherboard-components-pictures/
es&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBMQjhxqFwoTCIDrz8bploQDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
3. Example of Application software:
Application software (App) is a kind of software that performs specific functions for the end
user by interacting directly with it, used to aid the user in doing specified tasks.

Types of Application Software:

A. Word Processing Software - refers to the act of using a personal computer (PC) or laptop to
create, edit, save and print documents which can be performed only with specialized software known
as a Word Processor. ( Ex. : Microsoft Word, Google Docs, WPS Word, iWork Pages, Dropbox Paper).
B. Spreadsheet Software - is a type of computer program that enables a user to perform numerical
functions and explore numbers through an automated version of an accounting worksheet. (Ex. :
Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets, Zoho Sheet, Apple Numbers, Rows).
C. Presentation Software - commonly known as presentation graphics is a particular category of
application program used to construct sequences of words and a series of pictures that tell a story or
help support a speech or public presentation of any type of information or a launch of new products
or services. (Ex.: Microsoft PowerPoint, Canva, Visme, Google Slides, Keynote).
D. Multimedia Software - can be described as the combination of text, audio, images, animation, or
video to produce a wide scope of interactive content for both professional and personal use. ( Ex. :
Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Premiere Pro, CodeIDRAW, Autodesk Maya, Unity).
E. Web Browsers - It retrieves data from other parts of the web and shows it on your desktop or
mobile device for your viewing. ( Ex.: Firefox, DuckDuckGo, Microsoft Edge, Safari, Google Chrome).
F. Educational Software - refers to any computer software designed solely for educational reasons. It
includes a wide range of software, including language learning software, classroom management
software (CMS), and reference software for students and other professionals.( Ex.: ProProfs,
Schoology, Google Classroom, TalentLMS, Litmos).
G. Graphics Software - can rework with bitmap and/or vector graphics and can be utilized to create
label templates. (Ex. : Canva, Adobe Illustrator, Photoshop, InDesign, Microsoft Paint.)
H. Freeware - is typically marketed for profit but might be allocated specifically for a business or
commercial purpose with the aim to expand the market share of any newly launched premium
product. (Ex.: ZIP Archiver, Pandora Recovery, Adobe Reader, Free Studio, Skype.)
I. Shareware - is software that is supplied for free on a trial basis in order for the user to test or use
the programme for a specific amount of days with the understanding that the user may need or want
to pay for it later if they are satisfied with the product usage. (Ex.: Doom, Adobe Photoshop, WinRar,
Skype, Adblock.)
J. Simulation Software - authorizes engineers to evaluate, optimize, and compare product designs
with other similar software by modeling real-world events in a computer-generated environment. (Ex.
: Teamcenter, SOLIDWORKS, Autodesk Inventor, Navisworks, Solid Edge.)
K. Open Source - is a specific code designed to be publicly accessible so that anyone can see, modify,
and distribute the code as they see which fits the purpose. (Ex.: Mozilla Firefox, VLC Media Player,
Linux, Blender, Phyton.)
L. Closed Source - is where the source code is not freely accessible. It is developed and delivered to
the customer as a fully compiled, executable set of files. (Ex.: Microsoft Windows, Apple iOS, Zoom,
Adobe Creative Suite, Adobe Flash.)

4. Examples of Network Devices:

A network device is a piece of hardware or software integral to communication between a computer

and an internet network. The network device has two functions. The first involves connecting to a
network using a modem or router. The second involves keeping that connection strong, safeguarding
it, and improving it—much like with a hub, repeater, switch, or gateway.
Types of Network Devices:
A. Switches - is a multiport device that improves network
efficiency. Switches maintain limited routing information
about nodes in the internal network, allowing
connections to systems like hubs or routers. Switches
typically read incoming packets' hardware addresses to
send them to the right place.

B. Bridges - connect two or more hosts or network segments

by storing or hosting frames between them. Bridges transfer
frames using hardware MAC addresses. Using the MAC
address of the connected devices for each segment, they can
either forward or block data. Additionally, they can join two
physical LANs to form a bigger logical LAN.

C. Routers - transfer packets to their destinations by charting a

path through interconnected networking devices using different
network topologies. A router's primary function is to direct traffic.

D. Firewalls - restricts the internet traffic of a private

network, controlling what goes in and out. They employ
either whitelists or blacklists as programmed parameters to
analyze and restrict data packets. While blacklists reject all
information that is within the parameters, whitelists only
accept information that fits within a specific set of
parameters.

E. Repeaters - is an electronic device that works at the physical layer of

the OSI model to amplify a received signal. After receiving a signal, it re
transmits it with greater intensity or power. Because of this, the signal
can travel farther with standard LAN cables—up to 100 meters at
times.

F. Gateways - connect
networks operating on
different protocols so data can transfer between
destinations. Networking technologies like Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and Open
System Interconnection (OSI) are translated by
gateways.

G. Hubs - connect multiple computer networking devices,

working only on the Physical layer of the OSI. A hub also acts as
a repeater, amplifying signals that deteriorate after traveling
long distances over connecting cables. A hub is the most
straightforward network connecting device because it connects
LAN components with identical protocols.
H. Modems - A modem (modulator-demodulator) converts digital signals into
analog signals of different frequencies and transmits them to a modem at the
receiving location. A device connected to a modem, typically a computer,
receives a digital output from the receiving modem, which also executes the
reverse transformation.

I. Network interface cards

(NICs) - is an internal
hardware chip that
connects a device to the internet. At the physical
layer, the NIC transmits a signal that sends
information to the network layer. Then all data
passes through the NIC to the server and back to
the device.

J. Wireless access points (WAPs) - consists of a transceiver

(transmitter and receiver) device used to create a wireless LAN
(WLAN). WAPs use the wireless infrastructure network mode to
provide a connection point between WLANs and a wired
ethernet LAN. They also have several ports, allowing you to
expand the network to support additional clients.

5. Network topology refers to the physical or logical arrangement of nodes (such as computers,
switches, routers, or other devices) and the connections between them in a computer network.

Types Of Network Topology

A. Bus Topology - is a network type
where every device is connected to a
single cable that runs from one end of
the network to the other. This type of
network topology is often referred to
as line topology. In a bus topology, data
is transmitted in one direction only. If
the bus topology has two endpoints
then it is referred to as a linear bus
topology.

B. Ring Topology - n networks with ring topology,

computers are connected to each other in a circular
format. Every device in the network will have two
neighbors and no more or no less. Ring topologies were
commonly used in the past but you would be hard-pressed
to find an enterprise still using them today.
 C. Dual Ring Topology - if ring
topologies are configured to be
bidirectional then they are referred to
as dual ring topologies. Dual ring
topologies provide each node with
two connections, one in each
direction. Thus, data can flow in a
clockwise or counterclockwise
direction.

D. Star Topology - s a topology where every node in the

network is connected to one central switch. Every device
in the network is directly connected to the switch and
indirectly connected to every other node. The
relationship between these elements is that the central
network hub is a server and other devices are treated as
clients. The central node has the responsibility of
managing data transmissions across the whole network
and acts as a repeater. With star topologies, computers
are connected with a coaxial cable, twisted pair, or
optical fiber cable.

E. Tree Topology - is a structure that is

shaped like a tree with its many branches.
Tree topologies have a root node that is
connected to another node hierarchy. The
hierarchy is parent-child where there is
only one mutual connection between two
connected nodes. As a general rule, a tree
topology needs to have three levels to the
hierarchy to be classified this way.

F. Mesh Topology - is a point-to-point connection

where nodes are interconnected. In this form of
topology, data is transmitted via two methods:
routing and flooding. Routing is where nodes use
routing logic to work out the shortest distance to the
packet’s destination. In contrast, flooding is where
data is sent to all nodes within the network. Flooding
doesn’t require any form of routing logic to work.