1.What is COSHH?

COSHH is the law that requires employers to control substances that are hazardous to
health. You can prevent or reduce workers exposure to hazardous substances by:

 finding out what the health hazards are;

 deciding how to prevent harm to health (risk assessment);
 providing control measures to reduce harm to health;
 making sure they are used ;
 keeping all control measures in good working order;
 providing information, instruction and training for employees and others;
 providing monitoring and health surveillance in appropriate cases;
 planning for emergencies.
Most businesses use substances, or products that are mixtures of substances. Some processes
create substances. These could cause harm to employees, contractors and other people.

Sometimes substances are easily recognised as harmful. Common substances such as

paint, bleach or dust from natural materials may also be harmful.

2.Care Quality Commission(CQC)

The role of the CQC (Care Quality Commission) as an independent regulator is to register
health and adult social care service providers in England and to check, through inspection and
ongoing monitoring, that standards are being met

3.Privacy and dignity

Privacy: giving someone space where and when they need it ∎ Dignity: focusing on the
value of every individual, including: ∎ respecting their views, choices and decisions ∎ not
making assumptions about how they want to be treated ∎ working with care and compassion
∎ communicating directly with the individual whenever

4.Personal care
Personal care means anything done for you that's of a personal nature. This may include:
personal hygiene – bathing, showering, hair washing, shaving, oral hygiene and nail care.
continence management – toileting, catheter/stoma care, skin care, incontinence laundry and
bed changing.

5.Mental capacity Act

Mental capacity is the ability to make a decision (and understand the consequences of
that decision). A person’s ability to make a decision depends on what the decision is
and what else is happening in the person’s life at the time the decision needs to be made.
This is why a capacity assessment should only ever relate to a particular decision at
a particular time.

If you can’t make decisions for yourself because you don’t have the mental capacity to make
them, the Mental Capacity Act 2005 tells you what you can do to plan ahead, how you can
ask someone else to make decisions for you and who can make decisions for you if you
haven't planned ahead

6.safeguarding
Safeguarding and promoting wellbeing and welfare means:

 protecting the rights of adults (aged 18 and over) to live in safety, free from abuse and
neglect;
 protecting children and young people under 18 years of age from maltreatment;
 preventing impairment of health or development;
 ensuring children and young people are growing up in circumstances consistent with
the provision of safe and effective care; and
 taking action to enable people to have the best outcomes.

Everybody has the right to be safe, no matter who they are or what their circumstances.
Abuse and neglect can have devastating effects on individuals, families and wider society,
and the damage from safeguarding incidents and allegations can be devastating.

7.Abuse
Abuse is a misuse of power and control that one person has over another. Where someone is
dependent on another, there is the possibility of abuse or neglect unless enough safeguards
are put in place. Abuse takes many forms, can occur in any relationship and may result in
significant harm or exploitation.We consider abuse any behaviour towards a person that
causes harm, endangers life or violates rights. Within this broad definition of abuse, the
following subtypes of abuse are identified:

 Physical abuse: includes assault, hitting, slapping, pushing, restraining someone or

only letting them do certain things at certain times.
 Domestic abuse: includes psychological, physical, sexual, financial or emotional
abuse. It also covers so-called ‘honour’-based violence.
 Sexual abuse: includes rape, indecent exposure, sexual harassment, inappropriate
looking or touching, sexual teasing or innuendo, taking sexual photographs, making
someone look at pornography or watch sexual acts, sexual assault or sexual acts the
adult didn’t consent to or was pressured into consenting to.
  Sexual exploitation: includes any actual or attempted abuse of a position of
vulnerability, differential power, or trust for sexual purposes including, but not limited
to, profiting financially, socially or politically from the exploitation of someone else.
Using prostitutes is strictly forbidden at any time when engaged on Alert business.
 Harmful cultural practices: includes child marriage.
 Commercial exploitation: includes child labour, slavery (including domestic
slavery), human trafficking and forced labour.
 Financial or material: includes theft, fraud, internet scamming, putting pressure on
someone about their financial arrangements (including wills, property, inheritance or
financial transactions) or the misuse or stealing of property, possessions or benefits.
 Psychological abuse: includes emotional abuse, threats of harm or abandonment,
depriving someone of contact with someone else, humiliation, blaming, controlling,
intimidation, putting pressure on someone to do something, harassment, verbal abuse,
cyber bullying, isolation or unreasonable and unjustified withdrawal of services or
support networks.
 Neglect and negligent treatment
 Discrimination: includes types of harassment or insults because of someone’s race,
gender or gender identity, age, disability, sexual orientation or religion.

8.challenging behaviour
A person's behaviour can be defined as "challenging" if it puts them or those around them
(such as their carer) at risk, or leads to a poorer quality of life. It can also impact their
ability to join in everyday activities. Challenging behaviour can include: aggression. self-
harm.

When challenging behaviour happens

 Back off where possible.

 Keep calm.
 Call for help.
 Leave the person to calm down, if possible.
 Remove others from the environment, if possible.
 Be aware of body language and tone of voice used to the person

9.Whistleblowing
Whistleblowing is the term used when a worker passes on information concerning
wrongdoing. ... This means in particular that personal grievances and complaints are not
usually covered by whistleblowing law.

10.Confidentiality
Confidentiality in the context of health and social care intrinsically means not disclosing
information about a client to anyone who should not know or does not need to know.
Confidentiality legislation in health and social care

There are five rules of confidentiality in health and social care:

1. All confidential information about a client should be treated respectfully and their
rights to confidentiality should be respected at all times
2. Confidential information about a client should be shared by a care team only when it
is necessary for the safety and wellbeing of the client
3. Any confidential information shared for the benefit of a community should remain
anonymous
4. An individual has the right to object to their confidential information being shared.
This right should always be respected
5. It is an organisation’s responsibility to implement confidentiality policies with any
procedures necessary to ensure this confidentiality

11. Deprivation of Liberty safeguards (DoLS)

Having mental capacity means being able to understand and retain information and to make a
decision based on that information. Someone might not have capacity because they have: A
learning disability; Dementia; A mental health problem; A brain injury or a stroke.

The law aims to ensure that people who lack capacity to make decisions by themselves get
the support they need to be as involved as possible in decisions about their lives. It also
outlines how an assessment of mental capacity should be made, in which situations other
people can make decisions for someone who cannot act on their own and how people can
plan ahead in case they become unable to make decisions in the future.

There are five principles at the heart of MCA which should be used to underpin all actions
and decisions taken in relation to those who lack capacity:

Principle 1: A presumption of capacity. Every adult has the right to make his or her own
decisions and must be assumed to have capacity to do so unless it is proved otherwise. Do
not assume that someone cannot make a decision for themselves just because they have a
particular medical condition or disability.

Principle 2: Individuals being supported to make their own decisions. Make every effort
to encourage and support people to make the decision for themselves. If lack of capacity is
established, it is still important to involve the person as far as possible in making decisions.

Principle 3: Unwise decisions. People have the right to make what others might regard as an
unwise or eccentric decision.
Principle 4: Best interests. If a person has been assessed as lacking capacity then any action
taken, or any decision made for, or on behalf of that person, must be made in his or her best
interests.

Principle 5: Less restrictive option. Someone making a decision or acting on behalf of a

person who lacks capacity must consider whether it is possible to decide or act in a way that
would interfere less with the person’s rights and freedoms of action, or whether there is a
need to decide or act at all.

When someone lacks mental capacity to consent to care or treatment, it is sometimes

necessary to deprive them of their liberty in their best interests, to protect them from harm.
The Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards are intended to:

Protect people who lack mental capacity from being detained when this is not in their best
interests;

To prevent arbitrary detention;

To give people the right to challenge a decision.

The legislation sets out a procedure for care homes and hospitals to obtain authorisation to
deprive someone of their liberty. Without that authorisation the deprivation of liberty will be
unlawful. These safeguards are intended to protect people from being deprived of their liberty
unless it is in their best interests to protect them from harm and there is no other less
restrictive alternative.

12.workplace values examples

 Being accountable.

 Making a difference.

 Focusing on detail.

 Delivering quality.

 Being completely honest.

 Keeping promises.

 Being reliable.

 Being positive.
  Meeting deadlines.
 Helping others.
 Being a great team member.
 Respecting company policy and rules, and respecting others.
 Showing tolerance.

13.Pressure sores
Stage 1

This is the mildest stage. These pressure sores only affect the upper layer of your skin.

Symptoms: Pain, burning, or itching are common symptoms. The spot may also feel
different from the surrounding skin: firmer or softer, warmer or cooler.

You may notice a red area on your skin. If you have darker skin, the discoloured area may be
harder to see. The spot doesn’t get lighter when you press on it, or even 10 to 30 minutes
after you stop pressing. This means less blood is getting to the area.

What to do: The first and most important thing to do with any pressure sore is to stop the
pressure. Change your position or use foam pads, pillows, or mattresses.

If you spend a lot of time in bed, try to move at least once every 2 hours. If you’re sitting,
move every 15 minutes. You may need someone to help you.

Wash the sore with mild soap and water and dry it gently.

It may help to eat a diet high in protein, vitamins A and C, and the minerals iron and zinc.
These are all good for your skin. Also, drink plenty of water.

Recovery time: A Stage 1 pressure sore may go away in as little as 2 or 3 days. If it hasn't,
call your doctor.

Stage 2

This happens when the sore digs deeper below the surface of your skin.

Symptoms: Your skin is broken, leaves an open wound, or looks like a pus-filled blister.

The area is swollen, warm, and/or red. The sore may ooze clear fluid or pus. And it’s painful.
What to do: Follow the same steps for Stage 1. You should also clean the wound with water
or a salt-water solution and dry it gently. This may hurt, so ask your doctor if you should take
a pain reliever 30 to 60 minutes before cleaning.

Keep the sore covered with a see-through dressing or moist gauze. If you see signs of an
infection (such as pus, fever, or redness), tell your doctor.

Recovery time: A Stage 2 pressure sore should get better in 3 days to 3 weeks.

Stage 3

These sores have gone through the second layer of skin into the fat tissue.

Symptoms: The sore looks like a crater and may have a bad odor. It may show signs of
infection: red edges, pus, odor, heat, and/or drainage. The tissue in or around the sore is black
if it has died.

What to do: Stage 3 sores will need more care. Talk to your doctor. They may remove any
dead tissue and prescribe antibiotics to fight infection. You may also be able to get a special
bed or mattress through your insurance.

Recovery time: A Stage 3 pressure sore will take at least one month, and up to 4 months, to
heal

Stage 4

These sores are the most serious. Some may even affect your muscles and ligaments.

Symptoms: The sore is deep and big. Skin has turned black and shows signs of infection --
red edges, pus, odour, heat, and/or drainage. You may be able to see tendons, muscles, and
bone.

What to do: Tell your doctor right away. These wounds need immediate attention, and you
may need surgery.

Recovery time: A Stage 4 pressure sore could take anywhere from 3 months or much longer,
even years, to heal.

Other Stages

In addition to the 4 main stages for bed sores, there are 2 others:

"Unstageable" is when you can’t see the bottom of the sore, so you don’t know how deep it
is. Your doctor can only stage it once it’s cleaned out.
"Suspected Deep Tissue Injury" (SDTI). This is when the surface of the skin looks like a
Stage 1 or 2 sore, but underneath the surface it’s a Stage 3 or 4.

14. PERSON CENTRED CARE

What is the meaning of person centred care?
Patient-centred care is about treating a person receiving healthcare with dignity and
respect and involving them in all decisions about their health. This type of care is also
called 'person-centred care'. It is an approach that is linked to a person's healthcare rights.

Person-centred care is important for patients because:

 They will feel more comfortable and confident in your service, as upholding their
dignity and independence builds mutual respect. The patient will trust you to do
what’s best for them, which makes the situation easier for you both.
 You will meet their emotional, social, and practical needs, which ensures they
maintain a high quality of life.
 You can support those who may not be able to directly communicate their wants
and needs. Numerous conditions or disabilities can affect a person’s ability to
communicate effectively. For example, dementia, learning disabilities, or those who
simply don’t have the confidence to do so. Person-centred care helps you find suitable
ways to help them communicate and maximise their quality of care.
 It improves their independence. Not only is this beneficial on a personal level for
the patient, but it also encourages them to take part in decisions. It raises their
engagement, which helps you reach better, more suitable decisions relating to their
care. Furthermore, it gives them the confidence and ability to look after themselves
with less input from you.