EE 18 Electrical System and Illumination Design

• Philippine Electrical Code
• Illumination Engineering
Design
Property of Excel First Review & Training Center, Inc. Not for Distribution.
As embodied in the provision of the Philippine Electrical Code,
strict compliance in the application is mandatory to ensure
safety in electrical installation and construction.
The PEC 2017 consists of two (2) parts:
Part I: Consist of sets of rules which regulate electrical

installation done inside the building and applied to watercraft.
Part II: Consist of sets of rules which regulate electrical
installation done outside the building.
Mandatory Rules, Permissive Rules & Explanatory Material:
1. Mandatory Rules of this code are those that identify actions

that are specifically required or prohibited and are
characterized be the use of terms “shall” or “shall not”.
2. Permissive Rules of this code are those that identify actions

that are allowed but not required, are normally used to
describe options or alternative methods and are characterized
by the use of the terms “shall be permitted” or “shall not be
required”.
3. Explanatory Material such as references to other standards,
references to related sections of this code, or information related
to a code rule is included in this conde in the form of fine print
notes (FPN). Fine print notes are informational only and are not
enforceable as requirements of this code.
4. Appendices are nonmandatory information relative to the use

of PEC I is provided in appendices. Appendices are not part of
the enforceable requirements of PEC I, but are included for
information purposes only.
What are the coverage or scope of PEC 2017?
1. Public and Private Buildings 9. Water Craft
2. Electrical Generating Plant 10. Dockyard
3. Industrial Plant 11. Airfields
4. Temporary and Permanent 12. Quarries and Mines
substation 13. Mobile homes and
5. Transformer station recreational vehicle
6. Railway Switchyard 14. Offshore facilities
7. Carnivals, Parking lots, 15. Trailers
Yards etc.
This code does not cover the following:
1. Installations in railway rolling stock, aircraft or automotive

vehicles
2. Installations of railways for generation, transformation,

transmission, or distribution of power used exclusively for
operation of rolling stock.
What does electrical inspection cover?
Electrical Inspection is criteria for examination of equipment for:
1. Suitability for the installation

2. Mechanical strength and durability
3. Wire bending and connection space
4. Electrical insulation
5. Heating effects produced by the equipment under normal
and abnormal condition of use.
6. Arching effects
7. Class, type, size, voltage, ampacity, specific use of
equipment.
8. Grounding
9. Availability for replacement
Nominal Voltage is a nominal value assigned to a circuit or
system for the purpose of conveniently designating its voltage
class (e.g. 230, 230/115, 460, 460Y/265. 400Y/230, 216Y/125).
The actual voltage at which a circuit operates can vary from the
nominal within a range that permits satisfactory operations of
equipment.
Total voltage drop allowed: 5%; for feeders: 3%.; and for branch
circuits: 2-3%
Feeder(s) are all circuit conductors between the service
equipment, the source of a separately derived system, or other
power supply source and the final branch circuit overcurrent
device.
Branch Circuit(s) are the circuit conductors between the final

overcurrent device protecting the circuit and the outlet(s).
Switchboard is a large single panel, frame, or assembly of
panels on which are mounted on the face, back, or both,
switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and
usually instruments. Switchboards are generally accessible from
the rear as well as from the front and are not intended to be
installed in cabinets.
Panelboard is a single panel or group of panel units designed for
assembly in the form of a single panel, including buses and
automatic overcurrent devices, and equipped with or without
switches for the control of light, heat, or power circuits; designed
to be placed in a cabinet or cutout box placed in or against the
wall, partition, or other support; and accessible only from the
front.
A.Design Load Method:
100 VA per lighting & convenience receptacle (LO)

180 VA or 200 VA per convenience outlet (CO)
B. Area Method:
24 VA/m2 for residential excluding toilet and porches.

28 VA/m2 and 8 VA/m2 for office general lighting and office
general purpose receptacle outlets respectively.
16 VA/m2 for industrial plant.
C. For Motor Loads:
Ampacity of conductors:
Use 125% of the FLA (full-load amperage)
Rating of branch overcurrent protective device:

Use: 250% of FLA for thermal magnetic CB
300% of FLA for non-time delay fuse.
Class I: Locations in which flammable gasses or vapors are or
may be present in the air sufficient to produce explosive or
ignitable mixtures. (e.g. gasoline terminals, distillery,
pharmaceuticals etc.)
Class II: Locations in which are hazardous because of the

presence of combustible dust. (e.g. firecracker maker, match
maker, dynamite plant etc.)
Class III: Locations in which are hazardous because of the
presence easily ignitable fibers and fyings. (e.g. textile plant,
paper, saw mills etc.)
1. System Grounding is implemented when a system or circuit
conductor that is intentionally grounded.
2. Equipment Grounding is implemented when the conductors

used to connect the non-current carrying metal parts of
equipment to the system ground conductor at the service
equipment.
3. Grounding conductor is implemented when a conductor used

to connect equipment to grounded circuit of a wiring system to
a grounding electrode.
1
What is the purpose of PEC 2009?
a. Design specification
b. Instructional manual
c. Safeguarding of person and property
d. Economical electrical design guide
2
In the preparation of Philippine Electrical

Code (PEC) 2009 part 1, the national
Electrical Code (NEC) ___ was used as
the main reference.
a. 2002 c. 2011
b. 2005 d. 2008
3
Vehicle washing areas are considered as

___ location.
a. dry c. wet
b. moist d. damp
4
What is the minimum size of grounding

electrode copper conductor?
a. 3.5 sq. mm c. 5.5 sq. mm

b. 8.0 sq. mm d. 14 sq. mm
5
What is the maximum number of

conductors permitted in a wireway at any
cross – section, signal circuit or starter –
control wires are not included?
a. 30 c. 50
b. 40 d. 80
6
Where multiple rod, pipe or plate

electrodes are installed to meet the
requirement of PEC, they shall not be less
than ___ mm apart.
a. 1500 c. 1800
b. 2000 d. 1200
7
The PEC has assigned the color ___ to the

high-leg of a 4-wire delta connected
secondary.
a. orange
b. black
c. green
d. red with green tracer
8
As a general rule for conductors in parallel,

aluminum, copper-clad aluminum, or copper
conductors of size ___ mm2 and larger, comprising
each phase, neutral or grounded circuit conductor,
shall be permitted to be connected in parallel
(electrically joined at both ends to form a single
conductor).
a. 20 c. 40
b. 30 d. 50
9
What is the maximum number of

disconnect for service mains given by
PEC?
a. 6 c. 8
b. no limit d. not specified
10
What is the required VA for lighting an

office building with 500 m2 area?
a. 22,500 c. 14,000
b. 16,000 d. 25,000
11
Calculate the total load for a 1Ф, 230 V

branch circuit supplying two-3 kW and two-
4kW wall-mounted oven.
a. 42.2 A c. 35.8 A
b. 40.8 A d. 38.9 A
12
What is the maximum current allowed on a #12 AWG

(3.5 mm2) THHN copper conductor in an ambient
temperature of 122°F (50°C)with a total of six (6)
current-carrying conductors in the conduit? (Use:
derating factor of 80% for 6 conductors and
correction factor of 0.82 at 50°C).
a. 24.6 Amp c. 32.8 Amp

b. 19.68 Amp d. 20 Amp
13
A hermetic motor-compressor has 25 Amp

full load current. What is the rating of
disconnecting means?
a. 31.25 A c. 25 A
b. 31.70 A d. 28.75 A
14
What is the minimum ampacity of feeders with

motor and other load connected?
a. 250% motor FL current plus other current

b. 125% motor FL current plus other current
c. 125% total current
d. 300% total current
15
A 3Ф, 225 kVA, 4.16 kV/480 V, power transformer having

2.3% impedance. For supervised location, what size of
fuses are required to protect the transformer primary?
What size of circuit breaker is required to protect
transformer secondary?
a. 90 A & 600 A b. 80 A & 450 A

c. 100 A & 900 A d. 75 A & 300 A
Illumination may be defined as the light of proper color,
quantity and so directed as to allow quick and accurate
vision without discomfort to eyes.
Luminous Flux (Φ) is the light energy radiated out per

second from the luminous body in the form of light waves. Its
unit is lumen (lm). One lumen is defined as the flux emitted
per unit solid angle from a standard candle.
∆𝝓 = 𝑰 𝜟𝝎
Where:
∆𝜔, a solid angle subtended at the center of the sphere in

steradian
Δ𝐴
∆𝜙 = 𝐼 in lm
𝑟2
Δ𝐴
Δ𝜔 = = 4𝜋 in sr (for isotropic source)
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 2
∆𝜙 = 4𝜋𝐼
Luminous Intensity (I) or candle power of the source in any direction
is given by the luminous flux radiated out per sec. on its unit solid
angle in that direction. Its unit is candela (cd). One candela is defined
as one lumen per steradian.
∆𝜙
𝐼=
Δ𝜔
Note: 1 candle power (older unit of I) = 0.981 candela
Mean Spherical Candle Power

𝜙
𝑀𝑆𝐶𝑃 =
4𝜋
Mean Hemispherical Candle power 𝑴𝑯𝑺𝑪𝑷
𝜙 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛
𝑀𝐻𝑆𝐶𝑃 = 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑑.
2𝜋 𝑆𝑟
Illuminance 𝑰𝒍𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑬 - is a measure of how light falls on unit

area of the surface.
𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛

𝐼 𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑙𝑥 = 1 2
: 1 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑐 = 1 2
: 1 𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝑝ℎ = 1
𝑚 𝑓𝑡 𝑐𝑚2
Thus: 1 𝑓𝑐 = 10.76 𝑙𝑢𝑥 & 1 𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡 = 10,000 𝑙𝑢𝑥

Note: Unit is dependent on Area
Illuminance 𝑰𝒍𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑬
𝜙
𝐸 = 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑢𝑥, 𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑐
𝐴
Specific Output 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑐𝑦 - it is the ratio of luminous flux to

the power intake ′𝑊′
𝑙𝑚 4𝜋 𝑥 𝑀𝑆𝐶𝑃
=
𝑊 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Principle of Photometry – the illumination 𝐸 due to a point source
decreases inversely as the square of the distance from the source.
𝐼
𝐸∝ 2
𝑟
𝐼1 𝐼2
2 = 2 → 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑤
𝑟1 𝑟2
For Horizontal Surface For Vertical Surface
𝜃 𝑑 𝜃 𝑑
ℎ ℎ
𝑠 𝑠
Space/Height ratio:
ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠
=
𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠
Utilization factor of coefficient of utilization 𝜂

𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒
𝜂=
𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒
1. Kinds of light
2. Surface where light is coming (wall, ceilings etc.)
3. Color of the surface and surrounding
Note: CU varies from, 0.10 𝑡𝑜 0.60,
𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
a. 0.10 to 0.40 for indirect lighting system
b. 0.40 to 0.60 for direct lighting system
Maintenance Factor or Depreciation Factor 𝜌 – also called as
Light Loss Factor.
𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝜌=
𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑛
Factors:
1. Because of dust, dirt etc.
2. Blacking of filament the light emitted decreases
Note: 𝜌 varies from 0.60 to 0.80
Also, 𝜌 = 𝐿𝐿𝐷 𝑥 𝐿𝐷𝐷 𝑥 𝑅𝑆𝐷𝐷 𝑥 𝐿𝐵𝑂
Maintenance Factor or Depreciation Factor 𝜌 – also called as
Light Loss Factor.
𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝜌=
𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑛
Wherein:
LLD = Lamp lumen depreciation factor
RSDD = room surface dirt depreciation factor
LDD = Luminaire dirt depreciation factor
LBO = lamp burnout (only for 2 or more luminaires)
Lighting design is a combination of applied art and applied
science.
Goals of Lighting Design:

1. Lighting levels should be adequate for efficient seeing of the
particular task involved.
2. Lighting equipment should be unobstructive, but not
necessarily invisible.
3. Lighting must have the proper quality
4. Lighting design must be accomplished efficiently in terms of
capital and energy resources.
1. Illumination Methods (Point-by-point method)
a. General Lighting – this is a system designed to give uniform

and generally, though not necessarily. Diffuse lighting
throughout the area under consideration.
b. Local and Supplementary – these are two terms that are
used interchangeably but slightly different meanings, “Local
Lighting” provides a small, high level area without contributing
to the general lighting. “Supplementary lighting” also provides
a restricted area of high intensity, but supplements the general
lighting.
c. Combined General & Local Lighting – is used in space
where general visual task is low, but supplementary lighting is
required in a limited area of particular task.
2. Lumens (Flux) Method:
Lumen method for calculation is a procedure for determining the

average maintained illumination on the working plane in a room.
The method presupposed that luminaires will be spread so that
uniformity of illumination is provided.
Zonal Cavity Method:
In this method coefficient of utilization was determine through different tables
related to luminaires light distribution characteristic, to room size and its
surface reflectance, to its mounting height and its relationship to the working
plane (i.e. cavity ratios)
Ceiling 𝑙+𝑤
𝑅𝐶𝑅 = 5ℎ𝑅𝐶 = 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
Cavity 𝑙𝑥𝑤
Luminaires
Room 𝑙+𝑤
Cavity 𝐶𝐶𝑅 = 5ℎ𝐶𝐶 = 𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝑙𝑥𝑤
𝑙+𝑤
Floor 𝐹𝐶𝑅 = 5ℎ𝐹𝐶 = 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
Cavity Work Plane 𝑙𝑥𝑤
3. Flood Lighting
It means “flooding” of large surface with the help of light from powerful
projectors. Its uses are for aesthetics, advertising and industrial/commercial
lighting schemes.
2𝑥
8𝑥 4𝑥
2𝑥
2𝑥
4𝑥
2𝑥
2𝑥
4𝑥
4𝑥
2𝑥
Interior Poles Perimeter Poles
16
Recommended illumination level of general

office for reading.
a. 40 fc c. 30 fc
b. 100 fc d. 70 fc
17
It is a quantitative measure of the ability of a light source to

reproduce the colors of various objects faithfully in
comparison with an ideal or natural light source. Also called
color accuracy.
a. spectral power c. luminous emittance

b. color rendering index d. chromatic index
18
A 150 watt light source has a mean

spherical luminous intensity of 87.5
candelas. Compute the luminous efficacy
of the lamp.
a. 8.77 lm/W c. 5.33 lm/W

b. 7.33 lm/W d. 6.67 lm/W
19
A 100 candela lamp emits light uniformly in all

directions and is suspended 2m above the
center of a working plane of a table which is 3
m square. The illumination at each corner of
the table in footcandle is?
a. 0.7 c. 1.00
b. 0.75 d. 0.5
20
A road is illuminated by two 500 cd lamps

placed in 6.1 m above the centerline of the
road and 18.3 m apart. Find the illumination
produced on the surface on the road at a point
on the centerline midway between the lamps.
a. 6.97 lux c. 7.69 lux

b. 7.96 lux d. 9.76 lux
21
The illumination on a certain object 2.5 m

from the light source is 6,648 lux, using the
same light source, what is the illumination
on the object at 5m?
a. 1220 lux c. 4800 lux

b. 3500 lux d. 1662 lux

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• Philippine Electrical Code

The PEC 2017 consists of two (2) parts:

Part I: Consist of sets of rules which regulate electrical

1. Mandatory Rules of this code are those that identify actions

2. Permissive Rules of this code are those that identify actions

4. Appendices are nonmandatory information relative to the use

1. Installations in railway rolling stock, aircraft or automotive

2. Installations of railways for generation, transformation,

Electrical Inspection is criteria for examination of equipment for:

1. Suitability for the installation

Branch Circuit(s) are the circuit conductors between the final

100 VA per lighting & convenience receptacle (LO)

24 VA/m2 for residential excluding toilet and porches.

Rating of branch overcurrent protective device:

Class II: Locations in which are hazardous because of the

2. Equipment Grounding is implemented when the conductors

3. Grounding conductor is implemented when a conductor used

What is the purpose of PEC 2009?

In the preparation of Philippine Electrical

Vehicle washing areas are considered as

What is the minimum size of grounding

a. 3.5 sq. mm c. 5.5 sq. mm

What is the maximum number of

Where multiple rod, pipe or plate

The PEC has assigned the color ___ to the

As a general rule for conductors in parallel,

What is the maximum number of

What is the required VA for lighting an

Calculate the total load for a 1Ф, 230 V

What is the maximum current allowed on a #12 AWG

a. 24.6 Amp c. 32.8 Amp

A hermetic motor-compressor has 25 Amp

What is the minimum ampacity of feeders with

a. 250% motor FL current plus other current

A 3Ф, 225 kVA, 4.16 kV/480 V, power transformer having

a. 90 A & 600 A b. 80 A & 450 A

Luminous Flux (Φ) is the light energy radiated out per

∆𝜔, a solid angle subtended at the center of the sphere in

Note: 1 candle power (older unit of I) = 0.981 candela

Mean Spherical Candle Power

Illuminance 𝑰𝒍𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑬 - is a measure of how light falls on unit

𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛

Thus: 1 𝑓𝑐 = 10.76 𝑙𝑢𝑥 & 1 𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡 = 10,000 𝑙𝑢𝑥

Specific Output 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑐𝑦 - it is the ratio of luminous flux to

Utilization factor of coefficient of utilization 𝜂

𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Goals of Lighting Design:

a. General Lighting – this is a system designed to give uniform

Lumen method for calculation is a procedure for determining the

Recommended illumination level of general

It is a quantitative measure of the ability of a light source to

a. spectral power c. luminous emittance

A 150 watt light source has a mean

a. 8.77 lm/W c. 5.33 lm/W

A 100 candela lamp emits light uniformly in all

A road is illuminated by two 500 cd lamps