lnt ForumPsychoanal

12.(30-311,
2003 BrunnerRoutled
gef ilîil,i;i;,

ChildhoodLost and Recoveredr

André Haynal,Geneva,Switzerland

Haynal A. Childhood Lost and Recovered.Int Forum Psychoanal2003 12:30-37.Stockholm.ISSN

0803-706X
The author is trying to grasp the significanceof two antagonisticconceptsin order to understand
life, as trauma and restlience-bouncing back ("orpha" in the Ferenczi-Severnsensein Ferenczi's
Clinical Diary); with referencesto recentresearchin- and out-sidepsychoanalysis.
Key words.' trauma, orphans,reparation,creativity.
André Haynal, M.D., 20 B Gradelle,CH-1224Genève,Switzerland

"At first I felt hurt, but as I grew older I cameto exceptionalcircumstances.Arthur was therefore
realizethat I could not expect people to under- suspiciousandtold his youngerbrotherto refuseit,
stand;or to comprehendthe incomprehensible; to in casethey were seenas sick and sentback.How
believethe unbelievable." The speakeris Moniek couldthey possiblyunderstand the world in which
Goldberg, a child survivor of the Holocaust they found themselves?
interviewedby Churchill'sbiographer,Sir Martin In Martin Gilbert's book, the childrenspeak-
Gilbert, in his remarkablebook The Boys (l). andtheir wordsform part of the processof healing,
Gilbert'sreflectionsare basedon a hundredor so of acquiringthe capacityto overcome,of survival,
stories.The book i,saboutthosesurvivorswho lost of gatheringtogethera patchworkof fragmentary
theirparentsin appallingcircumstances - 732 men memories into a coherent,moving and tenible
who lived through some of the most barbarous narrative.This processof dressingwounds- in so
atrocitiesaccompanying racial persecutionof the far as it is feasible- has lastedfor years.It is a
SecondWorld War. They were then teenagers; story of childhoodslost and, in the most extreme
indeed,someof them were only l2 yearsold. For cases,not only lost but also stolen,and indeed
five years they existedin the shadowof death, willingly destroyed.Thoseboys suffereddestruc-
witnessingthe massacreof members of their tion, deprivationof everythingthat might have
families and suffering incredible physical and been regardedas childhood - but here, perhaps,
mentaltorment2.How did they manageto survive? they can be also seenin the processof recovering
What lay behind the amazingresilienceof these their childhoods.
individuals,who were,after all, only children?
Roman Halter was 14 yearsold. For almosta
yearhe wasunableto talk to a soul.He hadlosthis
parentsand there was no one he could ventureto The Many Sources of the Capacity to
trust. Bounce Back
Arthur Poznanskiwas also 14, with no parents,
Stephen Hawking is one of today's greatest
no home,no money,and a little brotherfor whom
physicists,often comparedto Einstein.As with
he felt responsible. Both survived.Was it just luck?
late Einstein,his researchaims to unify the two
On arrivalin the UnitedKingdom,they weregiven
main systemsfor comprehendingthe universe,
milk by welfareworkers.In their experience, milk relativity theory
and quantum physics.He has
was reservedfor the sick, and even then only in
struggled in particular to gain a better under-
standingof so-calledblack holes.At the ageof 21,
' Key-note "Lost he was diagnosedwith amyotrophiclateralsclero-
addressof the Conference Childhood" organized
.' by the SândorFerencziSociety,23-25 February2001, Budapest sisandgiventhreeyearsto live - but thatwasmore
There were some girls too, although girls were selected less
frequently for work in the camps and therefore tended to be than 30 years ago. His life has also become
condemnedto death much sooner. legendaryamong physicists- especiallyat the

O 2 0 0 3 T a y l o r & F r a n c i s .I S S N 0 8 0 3 - 7 0 6 X DOI: 10.I 080/0830370603

l 000524
I
lnt ForumPsychoanal
12,2003 Childhood lostand recoveretl 3l

EuropeanNuclear ResearchCenter (CERN) in youngHawkinggot up anddemolished theideasof

Geneva. Fred Hoyle, then consideredto be one of the
He wasbornon 8 January1942,300yearsto the greatestphysicistsin the most rarefiedof British
day after the deathof Galileo. Hawking himself academiccircles.After this sensation,Hawking
doesnot seethis as significant;after all, he says, beganto make a name for himself. As stated,he
200000otherchildrenwere born on the sameday. worked on "black holes" and was electedmember
He was in Londonduringthe war years.When he of the Royal Society while still in his thirties.
was two years old, everyonein his house was Owing to his progressivelyaggravatedparalysis,
killed; but the Hawking family happenedto be this wasthe lasttime he would everbe ableto sign
awayat the time andthereforesurvived.His father his namein a book- the CharterBook of thatnoble
wantedto sendhim to one of England'stop public Royal Society. His scientific ambition was to
schools3, but he missedthe entrànceexamination producea "unitary" system combining the two
owing to illness.So he found himself at the less then prevailingtheories,as mentionedearlier.
prestigiousSt AlbansaSchool, where he was a What was the sourceof his capacityto bounce
brilliantstudent.His only problemwasthathe was back?Was it his intelligenceandquick-wittedness,
effectivelyfatherless:his father, a specialistin which perhapsaddedto his "narcissisticendow-
tropical diseases,sometimesspent years away ment"?His intensityand curiosity,as exceptional
from his family (so that his children can be voyeuristicsatisfactions? Or did he simply feel
consideredas "orphaned"through his absence). sureof himself,partly owing to the supportof his
He was such a remote figure that, according to young wife, and formerly of his sister?What did
White & Gribbin(2), Stephen'slittle sisterusedro this significantmeetingmobilizein him? He had
think thatall fatherswerelike migratorybirds,who madeup for his father'sabsenceby inner stories
would occasionallyappearand spendjust a few that he told himself.However,he too travelleda
monthswith their familiesduringcertainseasons. great deal, on impulse, and perhapshis theory
While readingastrophysicsat Oxford Univer- couldalsobe seenas a journey- into the universe
sity, Stephensufferedfrom depression;only his in this instance.Gradually,partly becauseof his
rowing seems to have provided him with a neurologicalcondition,his thoughtsbecamehis
modicumof pleasure.He also took to drink, and only avenueof sublimation.Did his depression,
as a result was packed off to Cambridge.There whenhe fell ill, leadhim to a stateof "acceptance"
things went from bad to worse:he becameeven (as ElisabethKûbler-Rossmight say) and so to a
more depressed and fell ill. His fatherthoughthe new equilibrium? By his own account, he
mighthavetransmitted a tropicaldisease to his - as "drugged"himself with science.Having,(as told
I told it - virtually orphanedson, but he was in Kleinian parlance)lost his "good objects",he
wrong; as stated, it was amyotrophic lateral may, in mourningfor them, havetried to re-create
sclerosis.This freshtraumatriggereda new wave a "good object",namelythe universe- an under-
of depression, and he now shut himselfaway in a stooduniverse.The "black holes"in this universe
darkenedroom and listenedto Wagner.This self- were,so to speak,intellectualchallenges, enigmas
abandonment is reminiscentof what GeorgeEngel to which he held fast and which he felt he had to
termed"giving-up/given-up" syndrome. resolveat all costsin order to conquerthe "bad",
On New Year's Eve, he met a young woman the "disturbing".
who was later to becomehis wife. This was the A Californianuniversitysent him a 3000-word
point at which he bouncedback.It may soundlike special-purpose computer,a gift that enabledhim
a cheap novel, but it actually happened.He to communicate,in particularwith his wife Jane,
embarkedon the studyof relativity and theoretical now that he becameconfinedto bed and deprived
physics,includingcosmology,which was split at of movement.
the time betweenthe steady-state and big-bang
theories.Incredibly,at a scientificmeeting,the
Illustrious Orphans
' One day, my friend Pierre Rentchnickand myself
J N o t ab e n e :A " p u b l i c s c h o o l " i n t h e U K i s a private
fee-paving
school.l noticed thai orphanswere oveïTepresentedin the
-.
A l m o s t a s u b u r bo f L o n d o n ( 3 0 k m a w a y ) populationof creativepeople.Joiningup with a
32 A. Haynal lnt ForumPsychoanal
12,2003

Table L

Separatedfrom 2 parents
between0andTyrs. Death or Separationfrom I parentbetween0 and 7 yrs
Father Mother

Balzac Hugo Constant

(broughtup by nurse) (sep.from F. up to 9-10) (at 3 wks, deathof M.)
Nerval Renan Stendhal
(M. deceasedwhen he was 2, F. in military ( a t 5 , l o s so f F . ) (at 7, deathof M.)
& absent)
Rimbaud
(at 6, separatedfrom F)
Sainte-Beuve
(deathof F. beforehis birth)
Sand
(at 4, deathof F)
Zola
(at 6, deathof F)
Baudelaire
(at 6, deathof F)
D u m a ss e n i o r
(at 3, deathof F)
D u m a sj u n i o r
(separatedfrom F. until 7)

After J. M. Porret(1971): Orphelinug,eet Créativité(Orphanhoodand Creativity).Geneva,dissertation,p. 3.

historian, Pierre de Senarclens,we therefore Britannicadevoted more than one column, we

embarkedon our first study of this subject,the reportedthat a quarterhad lost one parentbefore
resultsof which were presentedin a book whose the ageof 10, more than two thirds beforeage 15,
title translatesas i'Do orphansrun the world? A and half beforethey were 21.
psychohistorical problem" (3). Our startingpoint Comparingtheseproportionswith information
was a list of great nineteenth-century authors from populationcensusesand studiesof juvenile
featuring in a textbook of French literature in delinquentsin psychiatric treatment,Eisenstadt
common use at the time in the French-speakingfound that orphans were much more strongly
partof Switzerland(TableI ). This table,drawnup representedamong the eminent people than in
in 1917by J. M. Porret (4), a doctoralstudentof the referencegroups. The only group that came
mine. showsthat l7 of the 35 writers concerned nearwerethejuveniledelinquents, and,within this
had lost one or both parents (through death or group, the subgroupsof severely depressedor
separation). suicidalsubjects,among whom the incidenceof
We then discoveredMarc Kanzer who in 1953 orphanhoodwas similar to that found in the group
(5) hadalreadypublisheda list of writersorphaned of eminentpersonalities.
during childhood; it included Baudelaire,the Of course,these comparisonspresentdifficult
Brontë sisters,Byron, Coleridge, Dante, Dos- methodological problems.So far as we know, the
toyevsky, Drinkwater, Dumas, Gibbon, Keats, only author who has attemptedto tackle them is
Poe, Rousseau,George Sand, Swift, Tolstoy, D. K. Simonton(9), in a book subtitled'Historio-
Voltaire, and Wordsworth.Martindale (6) later metric inquiries'.The objectionthat life expec-
notedthat307oof a sampleof famousEnglishand tancyin the pastwasmuch shorterthanit is today,
Frenchpoetscamefrom homeswith absentfathers. so that orphanhoodwas more frequent,can be
Again,Goertzel,Goertzel& Goertzel(7) statethat, countered by adducing comparisonsbetween
of a numberof eminent"modern" personalities, creativepeopleand the populationat large in the
ISVohad lost their fathersand 1jVo their mothers sameperiod.For instance,Lucille Iremonger(10)
before age21. shows that, out of twenty-four British prime
In the book we subsequently publishedin the ministersfrom V/ellingtonto Chamberlain,fifteen
UnitedStateswith Marvin Eisenstadt (8), in which (62.5Vo)were orphans;this is manifestlya much
we examined699 prominentindividualsof differ- higher proportion than the incidenceof orphan-
ent nationalitiesto whom the Encyclopaedia hoodin the populationat large.Samefor the Nobel
lnt ForumPsychoanal
12,2003 Chitcthood lost antl recoverecl 33

Death or Separationfrom I parentbetween7 Death or Separationfrom I parentbetween l2 Parentspresentfrom 0 to 20 yrs

and I 2 yrs and 20 yrs
Father Father

Huysmans Loti Barthélémy

( a t 8 , d e a t ho f F . ) (at 20, deathof F.) Comte
Maupassant Vigny Daudet
(at 10, separatedfrom F.) ( a t 1 9 ,d e a t ho f F . ) Flaubert

France
Gautier
La Rochefoucault
Lamartine
Maeterlinck
Mainede Biran
Michelet
Mistral
Musset
Rostand
Mme de Stâel
Verlaine

P nz e winner s(1 1 ).N o w w h e n Su e to n i u sp o i nts out pioneeringand now classical studies of John
that ten out of the twelve Caesars were orphans, Bowlby and René Spitz namely, depression,
comparison with the rate of orphanhood in the with the risk of suicide,or delinquency.
May be it
population at large is of course more hazardous. were thesetwo categoriesthat inspiredFicino as
Nevertheless,these figures too appear much great- long ago as in 1489to distinguishbetween"black
er than the expectedlevel in a generalpopulation at melancholy",which destroysthe personality,and
that time. "white melancholy",which encourages creativity
A particularly striking aspect of the table of 0D.s
creative individuals is the frequency of losses
during adolescence. The same is true, as it
happens,in the political field - for example, Lenin From Vulnerability to Resilience
lost his father while in his teens;Napoleon became Let us confessthat we are relativelyignorantof
head of his family at l5 when his father died; Julius what causesthe negativeeffectsevidentlyseenin
Caesarlost his father at about the same age; and so the majority of cases and the positive effects
on. observedin others.Why shouldsuchstresses and
All these studiescast new light on what we call strainseithermake for breakdownor stimulatethe
adverse or traumatic events, which, far from individualconcernedto be creative?This question
always crushing an individual, may stimulate him suggeststhat two factors are involved here: first,
or her. The psychopathological adverse effects of vulnerability,and second,its opposite,resilience6,
rejection and loss are familiar to us from the andhencethe individual'selasticity,or capacityto
bounce back. as well as the related notion of
' A coping.Admittedly,what determinesthe robust-
s t u d yb y S a r aM c l a n a h a n ,a s o c i o l o g i sat t P r i n c e t o nU n i v e r s i t y ,
indicatesthat childrenof divorcedparentsdrop out of high school nessand vigour of a survivor'spersonalityis still
more oftenthanthosebroughtup in two-parentfamilies.This fall in
living standards is lessevident,if at all, in familieswherethe parent relativelyunknown,notwithstanding the plethora
responsiblefor the child's educationhas remarried,yet childrenof of publishedliteratureon the subject(15, p. 160).
suchreconstituted families apparentlysufferjust as much academic
impairmentas thoseraisedin single-parentfamilies; the economic
The meaningassignedby the individualvictim to
factor thusseemsnot to be decisive.Interestingly,McLanahanalso the traumaticeventclearlyplaysan importantpart.
finds that the deathof a parentharmschildrcn lcss,sccmsa lesscr Other determinantssuggestedare the resources
, traumathan a parentaldivorce.
Ô O r i g i n a l l y a m e a s u r e o f i m p a c t r e s i s t a n c ei n p h y s i c s . I n a representedby parentsubstitutes,the possession of
p s y c h o l o g i c sa el n s es, e e( 1 3 , l 4 ) . specialtalents,and a stubborncapacityto experi-
34 A. Haynal Int ForumPsychoanal
12,2003

ence frustrationsand traumasas challenges.Be tion, however,being that it is mainly suffering

thatasit may,the lack of earlysupportseemsto be overcomethat underliescreativity.
relevantto the genesisboth of mood disorders Our studyindicatesthat,in creativitydefinedas
(whether immediate or delayed) and, in other an interactionalconcept i.e. the individual's
subjects,of a sometimesexceptionalcreative capacityto makean impacton thosearoundhim or
potential. her throughscientific,artisticor political creations
Similarly,the lossof a significantpersonduring - a lack,asexperienced in a populationof orphans,
adulthoodmay occasionwhat Didier Anzieu (16) plays an importantpart.
calls the "liftoff of creativity".Two of the best All our ideashereareboundedby the triangleof
knownexamplesareFreud,afterhis father'sdeath, loss,the concomitantor accompanyingaffect,and
and Max Weber,the Germaneconomist.Weber's the variousoutcomes- that is, the eventualresults
biographyshowsthat he wrote his greatestworks, of this constellation,including in particularthe
includingThe ProtestantEthic and the Spirit of differentforms of creativity.
Capitalism(1904-05)after the deathof his father Life, afterall, is punctuated by losses.An infant
in 1897 and after a period during which he was losesits motherand certainaspectsof beingcared
unableto work between1898and 1903.Anzieu for as it progressively acquiresindependence; and
(17,p. 28) pointsout, too, that Joyce,Pascal,and everyday we losethe presentmoment,its joys and
Proust becamecreative only after the deathsof pains,but regainthem in the form of memories.
their fathers.What other reasoncan there be than Eachof us is indeed,asFreudnoted(22,p.29), "a
separation - the needto becomeautonomous, to precipitateof abandonedobject-cathexes". If we
makea break?The mourningwork initiatedby the did not have abandonedobjects,what might we
significantdeathis surely the enginethat impels be? Loss, the gain suppliedby the loss of the
the individualto "becomeindependent" and stand presentmoment, whether huppy or unhappy,is
on his own two feet. For some this constitutesa actuallywhat we are- the constitutive elementsof
powerful stimulus;whereasin othersit outstrips our personalityand of our person.
their capacityto "bounceback" - âS,for example, In Freud'slanguage, the word 'traurig' (sad)is
Pollockhasshownin a seriesof publications( l8- etymologicallyrelatedto 'Trauer' (mourning).In
20). In our day, the "midlife crisis" occurswhen German, in Yiddish, and in Freud's Austrian
one'schildrenleavehomeandat the sametime one dialectof German,'traurig' - 'tre uerig' in Old
losesone'sown parents.From this point of view, German- ultimately signifiesa personin mourn-
the time of orphanhood for the populationat large ing. A depressiveis a 'tralt rig' subject,the sad
is whencreativity"lifts off', resultingin a positive subjectwho believesthat he or she can never
outcometo the midlife crisis.' emergefrom depression andis'hilflo s'(helpless).
The notion that suffering hardshipsunderlies Loss, as eternalflux and change,is accompanied
creativityhas featuredprominentlyin our culture by the gain inherent in change, and by the
sinceAntiquity,as witnessthe sayingsperaspera concomitantaffect; the outcomethen is "introjec-
ad astrador subponderacrescitpalmae.This idea tion"lo that is, the processof keeping the
may alsobe connected with the- mainlyProtestant moment,or, in everydaylanguage,a memory.
- traditionalChristianview that"exceptionalgifts" In the Greek mythology, Mnemosyne, the
mustbe "merited".During the nineteenthcentury, goddess of memory, gave birth to the nine
the scientificliteraturesoughtto link the suffering Muses,daughtersof Zeus, who in turn embody
of "madness"with creativegenius- the assump- the Arts: Calliope,eloquence; Clio, history;Erato,
elegiac poetry; Euterpe, music; Melpomene,
tragedy;Thalia, comedy; Terpsichore,dancing;
Freud called this capacity to transform suffering into a creation Polymnia, lyric poetry; and Urania, astronomy.
'
acknowledgedby others "sublimation", but made the following From Mnemosyne,filling the void by takingin the
r e s i g n e dc o m m e n ta b o u ti t : " S i n c e a r t i s t i ct a l e n ta n d c a p a c i t ya r e
i n t i m a t e l yc o n n e c t e dw i t h s u b l i m a t i o nw e m u s t a d m i t t h a t t h e
objectand restoringit, the Arts were born - asthe
nature of the artistic function is also inaccessibleto us alonc offspringor elaborationof memory,of the memory
. . p s y c h o - a n a l y tl i cn e s "( 2 1 ,p . 1 3 6 ) .
o of our losses,of whatwe lack,a creationstemming
T h r o u g hd i f f i c u l t i e so. r h a r d s h i pt.o t h e s t a r s- i . e . t o s u c c e s s .
',,A
palm grows when burdenedby a weight. from somethingwe have introjected,and perhaps
''
A c o n c e p ti n t r o d u c e db y F e r e n c z (i 2 3 ) . at the sametime a transformationof that introiect.
lnt ForumPsychoanal
12,2003 Chitdhood lostand recoveretl 35

If this depressivefeeling is ubiquitousin the Not only emotionally,but also intellectually,can the
processof change,so too must art be ubiquitous. traumabring to maturity a part of the person.I wish to
'dream of the wise
Death surely lies at the root of human culture, remind you of the typical baby'
described by me several years ago in which a newly-
from the Neanderthalpainting the bones of his
born child or an infant begins to talk, in fact teaches
dead to the statuary of the Greek tombs and wisdomto the entirefamily. The fear of the uninhibited,
Ancient Greek tragedy."What releasedthe spirit almostmad adult changesthe child, so to speak,into a
of enquiry in man was not the intellectual psychiatristand, in order to becomeone and to defend
enigma,and not every death,but the conflict of himself againstdangerscoming from people without
feeling at the death of loved yet alien and hated self-control,he must know how to identify himself
persons.Of this conflict of feeling psychology completelywith them (28, p. 165).
was the first offspring" (24, p. 293n. Might the
coincidenceof oppositesto which Freud draws At the same time this child ceasesto take account
attentionhere not also be the coincidenceof the of his or her own needs,wishes, and feelings,so as
knowledgeof two things: of the fact that the not to "disturb" the parents in their suffering, and
deadpersonis gone,and of his or her survivalin learns to conceal feelings of anger, indignation,
the object of creation,present in the ancestor jealousy, or despair, which will therefore not be
cult? Creativity brings about a coincidence integrated within the personality. Hence the most
betweenthe consciousness of deathand the hope vital part, the source of the true self, will not be
of survivaland immortality,loss and restoration, experienced. In very intelligent and talented
destructionand reparation- the two fundamental individuals, this often gives rise to emotional
phasesof humanexistence.At one and the same insecurity reflected in a certain kind of "border-
time, these two phases create the duality line" personality,depression(loss of self), grandi-
symbolizationof what is absent,creationof its osity or mania - as a defence against depression-
presenceand hence also of the double (Rank), or a mixture of all of these manifestations.As
creation of the intermediatespace,and re-crea- Ferenczi already knew, "all child prodigies may
tion of the transitionalobjecton the culturallevel have developedand broken down in this way" (29,
(Winnicott),consciousas we are of the threatof p .2 7r ) .
death.As ThomasMann saysin Death in Venice, Many orphanedchildren perhapsbecomeresi-
death is the birth of the image. lient and creative"wise babies" after a period of
We can now identifyourselveswith the follow- mourning, which may constitute a liberation
ing passagefrom GrahamGreene:"Writing is a (Pollock)alsoenablingthem to "bounceback".
form of therapy.Sometimes I wonderhow all those Throughthesemacroscopic facts,thesesubjects
who do not write,composeor paintcan escapethe are surely demonstratingto us somethingthat we
madness,the melancholia,the panic and fear observeeveryday in our psychoanalyses - that is,
inherentin the humansituation!" that a childhood seemingly lost and destroyed
However,someorphansand traumavictims set withouttracemay be resuscitated by a processof
storeby their past.As Jean-Paul Sartredeclaresin reconciliationand become a sourceof positive
Words (25), if he had not lost his father, his energy. One of my analysandswho had no
childhoodwould havebeendifferent:"I would not recollectionof the traumaticperiod of his child-
write,asI would be someoneelse"!He plainlyfelt hood when his parentsdivorcedhad first of all to
thathis father'sdeathwasrelevantto his careeras rediscoverthis suffering, the depressionhe had
a writer.How true this is! hithertodisavowed,and confronthis exasperation,
My Polish-bornZurich colleagueAlice Miller, beforehe could regainhis true historyand past,as
awardedthe JanuszKorczak Prize in New York, well as his inhibited creativity,which was until
knew perfectlywell that in the "dramaof the gifted thenseeminglylost.The storyof orphansandother
child" (26,27) who is also sensitiveand alert,a creative trauma victims may remind us that
majorrole is playedby thatchild's keenawareness nothing is ever over and done with and that
of his or her parents' needs and troubles. In analysistoo is always conductedin the shadow
learning to understandthese, the child thus of this hope.In the spirit of the Wise Baby that
becomestheir doctor, psychiatrist,and psycho- Ferencziwas,it seemedto me to be both pleasant
analvst.As Ferencziwrites: and important to introducethe ideas on Trauma
36 A. Haynal I n t F o r u m P s y c h o a n a l1 2 , 2 0 0 3

and Lost Childhood by bearing witness to this 9. SimontonDK. Genius,creativity and leadership.Historiometric
inquiries.Cambridge,Mass.: Harvard University Press;1984.
aspectof recoveryand creativity. 10. IremongerL. The fiery chariot:a studyof British prime ministers
"Not too seldompatientstell dreamsin which and the searchfor love. London: Secker& Warburg; 1970.
the newly born,quite youngchildren,or babiesin I l . S i m o n t o nD K . O r i g i n s o f g e n i u s .O x f o r d : O x f o r d U n i v . P r e s s ;
1999.
the cradle,appear,who are able to talk or write 12. Favret G. Marsile Ficin (1433-1499): De vita libri tres (Three
fluently, treat us to deep sayings, carry on b o o k sa b o u t[ h i s ] l i f e ) . T h è s e ,P a r i sI V - S o r b o n n e 1; 9 8 9 .
intelligentconversations, deliver harangues,give 1 3 . C y r u l n i k B . U n m e r v e i l l e u xm a l h e u r ( M a r v e l l o u sa d v e r s i t y ) .
P a r i s :O d i l e J a c o b ;1 9 9 9 .
learnedexplanations,and so on" (29, p. 349). 1 4 . C y r u l n i k B . e t a l . C e s e n f a n t s q u i t i e n n e n tl e c o u p ( T h e s e
Thesedreamssometimescometrue.Ferenczi,after c h i l d r e nw h o r e s i s t ) .R e v i g n y - s u r - O r n a i nH:o m m e se t P e r s p e c -
t i v e s ;1 9 9 8 .
all, ultimatelysaidof himselfthat "the Wise Baby 15. Mahoney MJ. Human changeprocesses:The scientificfounda-
could only havebeenwritten by a wise baby". A t i o n so f p s y c h o t h e r a p yN.e w Y o r k : B a s i cB o o k s ; 1 9 9 1 .
wise baby who experienced himselfa traumatised 16. Anzieu D. Vers une métapsychologiede la création(Towardsa
m e t a p s y c h o l o g yo f c r e a t i v i t y ) . I n : A n z i e u D , M a t h i e u M ,
child - Ferenczisaidso abouthimself- and lived B e s d i n eM , J a q u e sE , G u i l l a u m i n J . P s y c h a n a l y s d eu g é n i e
under a creativespell during all his adult life. c r é a t e u rP. a r i s :D u n o d ; 1 9 8 4 ,p . l - 3 0 .
A childhood lost and through analysis and 1 7 . A n z i e u D . L ' a u t o - a n a l y s ed e F r e u d e t l a d é c o u v e r t ed e l a
psychanalyse (Freud'sself-analysisand the discoveryofpsycho-
creativity recovered,refound. It may be appro- a n a l y s i s )P. a r i s :P . U . F . ,2 n d e d i t i o n ; 1 9 7 5 .
priate,to illustratethis paradoxsituationwith the 1 8 .P o l l o c k G H . M o u r n i n g a n d a d a p t a t i o n .I n t J P s y c h o a n a l
1961:42:341-361 .
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embert,ha nincsen isten S romlott kôlkôkre leltél/nszichoanali-
z i s b e n .( H u n g a r i a no r i g i n a l ) .
Int ForumPsychoanal
12,2003
Summariesin German and Spanish
Haynal A. Die verloreneund wiedergefundene
Kindheit.
Es geht um den Versuch, die Bedeutung antagonistischer
Konzepte fi.ir das Verstândnisdes Lebens auszulotenwie
Trauma und Widerstandsfâhigkeit("orpha" im Sinne von
Ferenczi-Severnin Ferenczis klinischem Tagebuch) mit
Bezug auf neuere Forschunginnerhalb und auBerhalbder
Psychoanalyse.
Chitdhoodlostanclrecovered 37
Haynal A. La nifrezperdiday recobrada.
Intentando comprender el significado de dos conceptos
antagonicos para entender la vida, como trauma and
flexibilidad-fortaleza("orpha" en el sentido de Ferenczi-
Severndel Diario Clinico de Ferenczi;con referenciasa la
recienteinvestigaci6de lo interno-externoen psicoanalisis.