Class 12 Chemistry

Halogen Derivatives Preparation and Properties

August 27, 2021 by Prasanna

Halogen Derivatives Preparation and Properties

Introduction :

→ The replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms of a aliphatic or aromatic,

hydrocarbon by an equal number of halogen atoms results in the formation of
haloalkane ﴾or alkyl halide﴿ and haloarene ﴾or aryl halid﴿ respectively.

Haloalkane : RX where R is alkyl group

Haloarne : ArX where Ar ja aryl group.

X is halogen atom ﴾P, Cl, Br, I﴿.

Thus, haloalkanes and haloarenes are halogen derivatives of aliphatic and aromatic
hydrocarbons.
The general formula of haloalkane is Cn H2n+1X or RX,
where X = halogen atom ﴾F, Cl, Br, I﴿ and n = 1, 2, 3

Haloalkanes contain halogen atom﴾s﴿ attached to the sp3 hybridised carbon.

Summary of the chapter and glossary

→ Classification of halogen derivation:
 Due to difference in electronegativity of carbon and halogen, C‐X bond is polar
﴾C‐X﴿ in halogen derivatives.
Main reactions of alkyl halides are nucleophilic substitution reactions which are
classified as SN1 and SN2.
Aryl halides mainly gives electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution reactions.
Due to resonance in aryl halide there is partial double bond character in C‐X
bond. Therefore, nucleophilic substitution reaction does not take place easily.
In electrophilic substitution reactions of aryl halides, halogen atom is ortho ﴾o‐﴿
and para ﴾p.﴿ directing.
Most of the polyhalogen compounds like freon, DDT, BHC have main industrial
applications but they do not decompose easily therefore they are harmful for
environment also.
In chlorai hydrate yet there are two —OH group on one carbon only yet it is
stable due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding.

→ Main chemical reactions of alkyl halides are as follows:

→ Main chemical properties of chloroform are as follow:
→ Main chemical properties of halobenzene can be explained by taking example of
chioro benzene.
Chemistry Notes

Notes
Halogen, Halogen Derivatives Preparation and Properties
 Importance of Coordination Compounds Preparation and Properties
Classification and Nomenclature Preparation and Properties

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