Resonance, Quality Factor, and

Half Power Bandwidth

1
1. Resonance
1.1. What is a resonance?
Electrical resonance

= + + v dt
C
i
Ri
dt
di
L
If
t j t j
e I i e V v

0 0
, = =
0 0
)
1
( V I
C j
R L j = + +

) ( 1
1
0
0
C j L j R V
I
+ +
=

0
0
V
I
if
1
0 & R
LC
= =
or
0
0
V
I
is max if
LC
1
=
Define electrical impedance
0
0
I
V
Z
e
= or more generally
{ }
{} i F
v F
Z
e
=
Electrical resonance { } 0 Im =
e
Z
Define { }
e
Z Re : resistance
{ }
e
Z Im : reactance
Electrical anti-resonance
( )

+ + = dt
L
v
Cv
dt
d
R
v
i
If
t j t j
e I i e V v

0 0
= =
0 0
1 1
V
L j
C j
R
I
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =

L j
C j
R V
I

1 1
0
0
+ + =
v
+
-
C
L
R
i
L C R
v
i
Resonance, Quality Factor, and
Half Power Bandwidth
2
0
0
V
I
is minimum if
LC
1
=
Electrical anti-resonance 0
1
Im =
)
`

e
Z

i.e. electrical admittances imaginary part = 0
Mechanical Resonance
m m
mx R x k x f + + =
Let
0
0
0
,
,
j t
j t
j t
f F e
x X e
x j X e

=
=
=


( )
2
0 0 m m
m j R k X F + + =

0 0
2
0 0
1 1
m
m m
m
X j X
k
F j R k m F
R j m
j

= =
+
+ +

( )
m m m
Z R j m k = +
resonance { } Im 0 0
m
m r m r r
k
Z m k
m
= = =
Note
( ) ( )
0
2
2
2
0
1
m m
X
F
k m R
=
+
reaches its maximum
at
2
1
2
m m
m
R k
mk m
=
( )
0
2
0
2
1
m
m
X
F
k
R m

=
| |
+
|
\ .
reaches its maximum at
m
m
k
m

| |
= =
|
|
\ .
regardless of
the various value of R
m
.
m
k
m

x(t)
f(t)
R
m
Resonance, Quality Factor, and
Half Power Bandwidth
3
Anti-Resonance?
Let
0 0
j t
f F e

= be the force exerted on the mass m the displacement of which is x.
And let
( )
1
f k x x = be the force exerted on the base, the displacement of which is x
1
.
( )
0 0 1
0 1
j t
mx f f F e k x x
j t
mx kx F e kx

= =
+ = +

Let
1 1
, ,
j t j t j t
x Xe x X e f Fe

= = =
.
Then,
0 1
0 1 2 2 2
/ 1
1 ( )
r
F k X k
X F X
k m k m
+
= + =

.
When the base does not vibrate at all, i.e.,
1
0 x = . Hence,
0
0 2 2
/ 1
1 ( )
r
F k
X F
k m
= =

, so, the impedance,
2 0
1
( / ) ( / ) 1
( / ) /
r r
r r
F j mk
Z j mk
j X


(
( = = =
(



When the mass m is excited by motion of the base with no force exerted on it, i.e.,
1 1 0
, 0.
j t
x X e f

= = Then,
1
2
1 ( / )
j t
r
X e
x


=

,
2
1 1 2
( / )
1 ( / )
r
r
x x X


=

( )
1 1
1 2
1 1
2 2
2 2
1
1
1 ( / )
1 1/ ( / ) 1 / ( / )
1 ( / ) 1
r
r r
r
f f k
Z j M
x x j
r r m M
M
j mk j mk
m r
Mx




(
= = =
(

( + +

= =

2 2
2 2
( / ) 1 1 1
( / ) 1 / ( / ) 1 1/
r
m r r
j m j r
Z M M m r r mk mk



= =
( ( + +


m
M
k
x(t)
x
1
(t)
f
0
(t)
f
1
(t)
Resonance, Quality Factor, and
Half Power Bandwidth
4
{ }
2
Im 0 1 /
1
Im 0 ( / ) 1 0 . .
m r
r r
m
Z m M
i e
Z


= = +

= = =
`
)

1.2. Resonance and Quality factor, Half-power Bandwidth
2
2 m
d x dx
m R kx f
dt dt
+ + =
0
j t
f F e

=
0
F : real
0
j t
x X e

=
0
j t
dx
x j X e
dt

= =
0
0 2
m
F
X
j R k m
=
+
or
( )
0
0
m
F
j X
R j m k j

=
+ +

At resonance,
0
k
m
= ,
0
0
0 m
F
X
j R
= or
0
0 0
m
F
j X
R
=
Let Z
m
= R
m
+ jX
m
be the impedance for any given oscillation system. And let X
s
= F
0
/k be
the static deflection of the given system due to the force of magnitude of oscillating force.
0
0
0
Displacement Amlitude at Resonance
Static Deflection due to Force Amlitude
s
m m m m
m
X
X
m k m m k k mk
Q
R R R R k
R
m

=
= = = = = =


Now Consider P
in
the average input power consumed in the system.
m
k
x(t)
f(t)
R
m
Resonance, Quality Factor, and
Half Power Bandwidth
5
{ }
{ }
{ }
2
in
0
2
0
0 2 2
0
2
2 0
2 2
0
0
2 2
0
2 2
2
cos cos sin
2
cos cos sin
2
1 2
2 2
1
where
2
m m
m m
m m
m m
m
m m
m m
m m
dx
P R f R dt
dt
F
F t R t X t dt
R X
F
R t X t t dt
R X
F
R
R X
F
R X m k
R X

=
`
)
= +
+
= +
+
=
+
= =
+

The average input power at resonance ( ) where 0
m
X = can be found using the above
equation:
2
0
1
2
in
m
F
P
R
= . Otherwise, i.e., If 0
m
X ,
2
0
2 2
1
2
m
in
m m
F R
P
R X
=
+

z Note that power input reaches its maximum at
r
= or 0
m
X = .
z Half power bandwidth is defined as follows:
2 2
2 2 2 0 0
2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2
4 2
2
1 2
1 1 1
Since (3dB power decrease), 2 .
2 2 2
. This implies
2 1 0.
2
Let and be the two roots of the above equations. Th
m
m m m
m m m
m m m
m
F R F
R X R
R X R
k
X R m R
R k k
m mk m

| |
= + =
|
+
\ .
| |
= =
|
\ .
| |
+ + =
|
\ .
2 2
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 2
2 2
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 0
en,
2 1 , and
2
2 2 1 2
2
2
m
m m
R k k
m mk m
R R k k
m mk m mk



| |
+ = =
|
\ .
| |
= + = =
|
\ .
=

Define Quality factor
0 0 0
1 2
1
half-power bandwidth 2
m
m
Q
R


= = = =