See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/278007544

The Establishment of a Middle/Upper Euphrates EB I Culture from the

Fragmentation of the Uruk World. New Data from Zeytinli Bahçe Höyük (Urfa,
Turkey)

Chapter · January 2007

CITATIONS READS

7 507

1 author:

M. Frangipane
Accademia dei Lincei and Fondazione Roma Sapienza University of Rome
82 PUBLICATIONS 1,292 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Excavations and Researches at Arslantepe, Malatya - Researches on the development of hierarchical societies in Greater Mesopotamia. View project

Public and Community Archaeology View project

All content following this page was uploaded by M. Frangipane on 11 October 2015.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

This PDF file of your paper in Euphrates River Valley
Settlement: The Carchemish sector in the third millen-
nium BC belongs to the publishers Oxbow Books and
is their copyright.

As author you are licenced to make up to 50 offprints

from it, but beyond that you may not publish it on the
World Wide Web or in any other form.
 L"#$%& S)**+","%&$-. S"-/"0
V2+)," 5

EUPHRATES RIVER VALLEY

SETTLEMENT
T?" C$-A?",/0? 0"A&2- /% &?" &?/-B
,/++"%%/), BC

Edited by
Edgar Peltenburg

OXBOW BOOKS
 Published by
Oxbow Books, Oxford

© Oxbow Books and the individual authors, 2007

ISBN 978‑1‑84217‑272‑8

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

This book is available direct from

Oxbow Books

and

The David Brown Book Company

PO Box 511, Oakville, CT 06779, USA
Phone:860‑945‑9329; Fax: 860‑945‑9468

or from our website

www.oxbowbooks.com

Cover image: The mound of Jerablus Tahtani together with tall

stemmed cup from its high status Tomb 302. Cover design: Lindy Crewe.

Printed in Great Britain by

Anthony Rowe, Chippenham
Contents

Contributors v
List of abbreviations vii
Acknowledgements viii
Preface ix

I%&-2B)A&/2%

1 New perspectives on the Carchemish sector of the Middle Euphrates River valley 1
in the 3rd millennium BC
Edgar Peltenburg

P$-& 2%" R"n/2%$+ B/,"%0/2%0 – 2#"-#/"p

2 Archaeological regions in the neighbourhood of Carchemish 27

T. J. Wilkinson
3 Site hierarchy in the Tishrin Dam area and third millennium geopolitics 43
in Northern Syria
Guy Bunnens
4 Early Bronze Age burial types and social‑cultural identity within the northern 55
Euphrates Valley
Lisa Cooper

P$-& &p2 S"&&+","%&0 2r &?" M/BB+" E)*?-$&"0 $%B S$s)- R/#"- t$0/%0

5 The ‘champagne‑cup’ period at Carchemish. A review of the Early Bronze Age 73

levels on the Acropolis Mound and the problem of the Inner Town
Gioacchino Falsone and Paola Sconzo
6 A ‘high’ terrace at Gre Virike to the north of Carchemish: power of local rulers 94
as founders?
A. Tuba Ökse
7 Was there a post‑Uruk collapse in the Carchemish area? 105
Philippe Quenet
8 Establishment of a Middle/Upper Euphrates Early Bronze I culture from 122
the fragmentation of the Uruk world. New data from Zeytinli Bahçe Höyük
(Urfa, Turkey)
Marcella Frangipane

9 The Tilbes Project (Birecik Dam, Turkish Euphrates): the Early Bronze evidence 142
Jesús Gil Fuensanta
iv Contents

10 Dynamics, diagnostic criteria and se•lement pa•erns in the Carchemish area 152
during the Early Bronze period
Christine Kepinski
11 The Early Bronze Age in the Syrian north‑west Jezireh: the Tell es‑Sweyhat region 164
Michael D. Danti and Richard L. Ze2ler

P$-& &?-"" C$-A?",/0? 0"A&2- ,$&"-/$+ A)+&)-" /% /&0 t-2$B"- A2%&"ƒ&

12 The metalwork of the Carchemish region and the development of grave repertories 187
during the third millennium BC
Graham Philip
13 Regional culture and metal objects in the area of Carchemish during the Early 198
Bronze Age
Filomena Fausta Squadrone
14 Is there a Carchemish regional glyptic style? Reflections on sealing practices 214
in the northern Euphrates region
Andrew McCarthy
15 The Carchemish region in the Early Bronze Age 222
Catherine Marro
16 Fruit stands and the definition of a cultural area around Carchemish 238
Kemal Sertok
17 Plain and luxury wares of the third millennium BC in the Carchemish region: 250
two case‑studies from Tell Shiyukh Tahtani
Paola Sconzo
18 The Carchemish region as a ceramic province in the Early Bronze Age: analysis 267
of the ceramics from the Carchemish Dam focusing on the material of Gre Virike
Atilla Engin
Contributors

Guy Bunnens Jesús Gil Fuensanta

Avenue de la Briqueterie 36 Misión Arqueológica Española en Turquía
B‑1300 Wavre Area de Prehistoria Reciente
Belgium Universidad de Alicante
c/Larra, 13, 4o‑CD
Lisa Cooper E‑28004 Madrid
Department of Classical, Near Eastern Spain
and Religious Studies
University of British Columbia Christine Kepinski
1866 Main Hall CNRS (National Centre for Scientific Research)
Vancouver Maison René‑Ginouvès
Canada Archéologie et Ethnologie
V6T 1Z1 UMR 7041 ArScAn
21 allée de l’Université
Michael D. Danti 22023 Nanterre
Department of Archaeology France
Boston University
675 Commonwealth Ave., Suite 347 Andrew McCarthy
Boston, MA 02215 Archaeology, School of History, Classics
USA and Archaeology
University of Edinburgh
Atilla Engin 12 Infirmary Street
Hace•tepe Üniversitesi Edinburgh EH1 1LT
Edebiyat Fakültesi UK
Arkeoloji Bölümü
06532–Beytepe/Ankara Catherine Marro
Turkey CNRS (National Centre for Scientific Research)
UMR 5133 “Archéorient”
Gioacchino Falsone Maison de l’Orient et de la Mediterranée
Dipartimento di Beni Culturali – Sezione 7 rue Raulin
Archeologica 69007 Lyon
University of Palermo France
Viale delle Scienze
90128 Palermo A. Tuba Ökse
Italy Department of Archaeology
University of Hace•epe
Marcella Frangipane 06532–Beytepe/Ankara
Dipartimento di Scienze Storiche Archeologiche Turkey
e Antropologiche dell’Antichità
Università di Roma ‘La Sapienza’ Edgar Peltenburg
Via Palestro 63 Archaeology, School of History, Classics
00185 Roma and Archaeology
Italy University of Edinburgh
12 Infirmary Street
Edinburgh EH1 1LT
UK
vi Contributors

Graham Philip Filomena Fausta Squadrone

Department of Archaeology Via A. Macinghi Strozzi 40
University of Durham sc. A, 00145–Roma
South Road Italy
Durham DH1 3LE
UK Tony Wilkinson
Department of Archaeology
Philippe Quenet University of Durham
CNRS (National Centre for Scientific Research) South Road
UMR 5133 Durham DH1 3LE
7 rue Raulin UK
69007 Lyon
France Richard L. Ze-ler
Department of Near Eastern Languages
Paola Sconzo and Civilizations
Altorientalisches Seminar University of Pennsylvania
University of Tübingen 847 Williams Hall
Schloss Hohentübingen 36th and Spruce Streets, Philadelphia
72070 Tübingen PA 19104–6305
Germany USA

Kemal Sertok
Archeaeological Museum of Gaziantep
Gaziantep
Turkey
List of Abbreviations
Carchemish III
Woolley, L. and R. Barne• 1952
Carchemish. Report on the excavations at Jerablus on
behalf of the British Museum III: The Excavations
in the Inner Town and the Hi2ite inscriptions.
London, British Museum Publications.
Carchemish Dam I
Tuna, N. and J. Özturk (eds) 1999
Salvage project of the Archaeological Heritage of the
Ilısu and Carchemish Dam Reservoirs Activities
in 1998. Ankara, Middle East Technical
University.
Carchemish Dam II
Tuna, N., J. Özturk and J. Velibeyoğlu (eds)
2001
Salvage project of the Archaeological Heritage of the
Ilısu and Carchemish Dam Reservoirs Activities
in 1999. Ankara, Middle East Technical
University.
Carchemish Dam III
Tuna, N. and J. Velibeyoğlu (eds) 2002
Salvage project of the Archaeological Heritage of the
Ilısu and Carchemish Dam Reservoirs Activities
in 2000. Ankara, Middle East Technical
University.
Chronologies
Marro, C. and H. Hauptmann (eds) 2000
Chronologies des Pays du Caucase et de l’Euphrate
aux IVe–IIIe millénaires / From the Euphrates to the
Caucasus: Chronologies for the 4th‑3rd millennium
B.C. / Vom Euphrat in den Kaukasus: Vergleichende
Chronologie des 4. und 3. Jahrtausends v. Chr.
Actes du colloque d’Istanbul, 16–19 décembre
1998. Varia Anatolica 11. Paris, De Boccard.
Tishrin Dam
del Olmo Lete, G. and J.‑L. Montero Fenollós
(eds) 1999
Archaeology of the Upper Syrian Euphrates, The
Tishrin Dam Area. Proceedings of the International
Symposium held at Barcelona, January 28th–
30th 1998. Aula Orientalis‑Supplementa 15.
Barcelona, Editorial Ausa.
Acknowledgements
Many people contributed to the success of this
initiative. First and foremost are the participants
of the workshop who responded so positively
to the idea of a meeting, made the workshop so
enjoyable and sent revised manuscripts in a timely
manner. None of this would have been possible
were it not for the agreement and support of the
organisers and technical assistants of 4ICAANE,
especially Hartmut Kühne. Without the superb
help of the assistants, we would certainly have
been pressed to complete delivery of papers
within what proved a busy workshop.
I am happy for this opportunity to acknowledge
the support and encouragement that Bill Finlayson,
Director, Council for British Research in the
Levant, and his colleagues gave to the proposal
to publish the papers of the Berlin workshop.
In this I have benefited from Michael Given’s
conscientious guidance and the assistance of
Oxbow staff, especially Val Lamb. Peer reviewers
gave their valuable time and wisdom to comment
and make suggestions on papers; an anonymous
reviewer made helpful comments about the work
as a whole. Lindy Crewe, Claire Herbert and Phil
Karsgaard were enormously helpful with their
technical expertise.
All illustrations are copyright of the respective
authors with the exception of the following: Fig.
5.4 courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum;
Figs 13.1–6, 9 courtesy of Kemal Sertok.
Preface
Carchemish was one of the great capital cities of
the Ancient Near East, well‑known for its role in
the 1st and 2nd millennia BC from documentary
sources and from the excavations of Hogarth,
Woolley and others in the first quarter of the
20th century. In contrast, its earlier history is
poorly understood because of scarcity of wri•en
references and limited investigations of relevant
periods at the site itself. The la•er situation is
unlikely to change while it remains inaccessible
to archaeologists as a result of its current role as
a military post on the border between Syria and
Turkey. Insights, nonetheless, have unexpectedly
come from recent efforts to harness the Euphrates
for power and irrigation purposes.
Construction of the Tishrin Dam to the
south, and the Carchemish and Birecik Dams
to the north of the site have led to numerous
rescue excavations that have yielded much data
relevant to developments at Carchemish. This
has produced an altered spatial perspective on
the Ancient Near East in the 3rd millennium BC
since now we possess much information about
small‑scale sites in the Euphrates valley in this
area and li•le from Carchemish itself. The papers
in this volume deal with the evidence from these
recent excavations, not to fashion an alternative
(pre‑)history of Carchemish, but to characterise
human occupation in the region by focusing on
interactions between valley se•lements, without
assuming a dominant role for Carchemish at this
time.
The impetus for the volume stems from the
enthusiasm generated by participants of a one‑
day workshop organised on 31 March 2004 as
part of the 4th International Congress on the
Archaeology of the Ancient Near East in Berlin
(4th ICAANE). To appreciate that enthusiasm
it is worth recalling that for several years
archaeologists had been working in adjacent
parts of the same valley but on opposite sides
of the o•en sealed modern border, without the
opportunity to discuss their research strategies,
problems, discoveries and interpretations
together. When it became clear that many would
be a•ending the 4th ICAANE, I thought that
this might provide such an opportunity. Some
20 directors of excavations and their assistants
from both sides of the modern divide responded
positively to the idea to gather for the first time in
a workshop dedicated to an assessment of Early
Bronze Age se•lement in the whole Euphrates
valley in the vicinity of Carchemish.
To structure such a forum, we adopted the
theme “The Archaeology of Boundaries: was there
a Carchemish Region in the Early Bronze Age?”
Questions to be addressed included: Is there a
definable material culture that distinguishes a
putative Carchemish region? How does it differ
from adjacent regions? How does it evolve in the
Early Bronze Age? Participants went beyond site
reports and began to assess their evidence inter‑
and intra‑regionally, that is to consider formal
variation in spatial pa•erning of this newly
recovered material culture, an essential building
block for the interpretation of its meaning for
social, ethnic and other reconstructions. Papers
were pre‑circulated on the world wide web to
allow discussion at the meeting.
In the event, the workshop became a productive
learning process in respect of conceptualising
boundaries. It became clear that we could only
take the first tentative steps in approaching the
theme, and this was not just because knowledge
of the objects and other evidence from this
valley is still at a rudimentary level. An essential
difficulty in addressing boundaries here is that we
have virtually no information from the uplands
immediately beside the valley. Inclusion of papers
on material from and developments at two key
sites in neighbouring regions, Tell es‑Sweyhat
and Tilbeshar, only provided limited controls.
It also became clear that we had no meaningful
framework for dealing with pastoralists’ use
x Preface
and possibly broad dissemination of material
culture, a phenomenon that may well blur traits
at boundaries and one that calls for definitions
of multiple and permeable boundaries. We
still need frameworks for evaluating the scope
of interactions between sedentary, pastoral,
tribal, identity, ethnic, political and linguistic
boundaries, to name but the more obvious. In
short, research at the stage is focussed on trait‑
oriented studies, and although workshop papers
fruitfully explored material culture boundaries, it
now remains to move beyond pa•ern recognition
in order to explore what these mean in terms of
social and territorial boundaries.
The workshop, therefore, constituted an
important initial step towards the evaluation of
the valley hinterlands of Carchemish in the 3rd
millennium BC. Much of the material has only
recently come to light. Virtually all that was
discussed derives from rescue excavations in
which retrieval and recording are paramount.
Most of the known forty‑five 3rd millennium
sites are now destroyed by inundation. There
are almost no final excavation reports, only
preliminaries, chiefly in the four volumes,
Carchemish Dam I–III and Tishrin Dam.
The upshot of the exchange of information at
the Berlin workshop was a sense of excitement
at pulling things together for the first time,
of synthesizing if you will, and realising how
heterogeneous was the information to hand.
Discussion led to the conviction that this
material would continue to appear piecemeal,
so exacerbating difficulties in dealing with what
is seen as quite varied intra‑valley se•lement
evidence, unless a more permanent record
of these exchanges was made. This volume,
therefore, is the result of a concerted effort by all
participants to overcome the myopia of working
on opposite sides of a modern boundary and
to consider collectively the challenging Early
Bronze Age evidence from the Carchemish
sector of one of the great river systems in the
world. The papers here identify and interpret
characteristics of what is proving to be highly
distinctive societies and their evolution in the
3rd millennium BC.
Edgar Peltenburg
U
!"#$%&'"()*+#,-.,$,/'00&*1233*4,!53(4$#*",!$4&6,
74-+8*,9,:5&#54*,.4-),#(*,.4$;)*+#$#'-+,-.,#(*,245<,
=-4&0>,?*=,0$#$,.4-),@*6#'+&',7$(A*,BC6D<,,
E24.$F,G54<*6H
!"#$%&&"'(#")*+,")%
G(*, *+0, -., #(*, I$#*, 245<, 3*4'-0F, #(4-5;(-5#,
#(*,J$"#,4*;'-+,-.,233*4,/*"-3-#$)'$,$+0,#(*,
G';4'",$+0,!53(4$#*",J$&&*6"F,$+0,$",.$4,$",#(*,
)-5+#$'+", -., !$"#*4+, K+$#-&'$F, "**)", #-, ($J*,
='#+*""*0, #(*, %4*$<L53, -., $+, *M#4$-40'+$46,
:5&#54$&, (-)-;*+*'#6>, N-4, )-4*, #($+, $, =(-&*,
)'&&*++'5)F,#(*,)$O-4'#6,-.,:-))5+'#'*",'+,#(*"*,
4*;'-+",($0,"($4*0,.-4)$&,$+0,"6)%-&':,)-0*&"F,
pa#erns of social behaviour, power relations and
)*#(-0",$+0,=$6",-.,*M*4:'"'+;,#($#,3-=*4>,G('",
common pa#ern was the result of intense and
:-+#'+5-5",'+#*44*;'-+$&,4*&$#'-+"('3",%*#=**+,
#(*, ;4-53", -::536'+;, #(-"*, $4*$", $+0, #(*,
"-5#(*4+,/*"-3-#$)'$+,:-))5+'#'*","'+:*,#(*,
2%$'0,3*4'-0">,G(*"*,&'+<",'+:4*$"*0,:-+"'0*4$%&6,
in the la#er half of the 4th millennium because
-.,#(*,3(6"':$&,34*"*+:*,-.,$,+5)%*4,-.,"-5#(*4+,
;4-53",$&-+;,#(*,:-54"*",-.,#(*,;4*$#,4'J*4",E#(*,
"-L:$&&*0, P245<, :-&-+'*"QHF, %5#, $&"-, %*:$5"*, -.,
#(*, '+:4*$"'+;&6, %4-$0, "34*$0, -., #(*, *:-+-)':,
$+0, 3-&'#':$&, :*+#4$&'"$#'-+, )-0*&, #($#, #*+0*0,
to a#ract and assimilate villages, towns and
#*44'#-4'*"F,$+0,=(':(,$&"-,&*0,#-,$,(';(,0*;4**,
-.,*)5&$#'-+,%*#=**+,#(*,*&'#*">
, 76,#(*,*+0,-.,#(*,245<,3*4'-0F,/*"-3-#$)'$+,
"-:'*#'*", ($0, 3*4($3", 4*$:(*0, #(*, 3*$<, -.,
#('", "6"#*), -., 3-&'#':$&, 4*&$#'-+", '+, =(':(, #(*,
3-=*4, -., &*$0*4"F, =(-, =*4*, '+:4*$"'+;&6, $%&*,
#-, *M#4$:#, =*$&#(, $+0, *M3&-'#, &$%-54F, 3*4($3",
"#$4#*0,#-,%*,:-+.4-+#*0,='#(,$,&$:<,-.,3-&'#':$&,
.-4)$&'"$#'-+,'+,#(*,:-+#4-&,#(*6,*M*4:'"*0,-J*4,
their territories with poorly defined borders
EN4$+;'3$+*, RSSTH>, G(*, ;4*$#, *$"*, ='#(, =(':(,
3*-3&*", ($0, %**+, $%&*, #-, )-J*, $4-5+0, -J*4,
large areas in the 6th, 5th and 4th millennia
7V,"5;;*"#",#(*,34-%$%&*,&$:<,-.,4';'0,%-40*4">,
G('",)$6,%*,'+.*44*0F,#-,J$46'+;,0*;4**"F,.4-),
#(*,$4:($*-&-;':$&,0-:5)*+#$#'-+,=(':(,"(-=",
not only a multidirectional exchange in po#ery,
-%O*:#", $+0, "6)%-&", -., J$4'-5", <'+0"F, %5#, $&"-,
$, :'4:5&$#'-+, -., 0=*&&'+;, #63*", $+0, &'.*L"#6&*"F,
=(':(, =*4*, :*4#$'+&6, +-#, &'+<*0, 34')$4'&6, #-,
P#4$0*Q>,
, G(*,"-L:$&&*0,P:-&-+'*"Q,-.,#(*,/'00&*,$+0,I$#*,
245<,3*4'-0F,=(':(,:($+;*0,#(*,=$6,-.,)-J'+;,
'+#-,$,.-4*';+,&$+0F,)$6,($J*,%**+,#(*,4*"5&#,-.,$+,
initial formalisation of territorial definition and
:-+#4-&,$#,$,#')*,=(*+,"#45:#54*",-.,0-)'+$+:*,
=*4*, %*:-)'+;, *:-+-)':$&&6, "#4-+;*4>, G(*,
'+:4*$"'+;, 4*;5&$4'#6, -., #(*, "6"#*), -., #4'%5#*",
$+0,:-4JW*,&$%-54,)$6,($J*,'+0**0,4*X5'4*0,$,
more clearly‑defined allocation of the territories,
.4-),=(':(,#$M*",$+0,&$%-54,=*4*,0*4'J*0F,#-,#(*,
0-)'+$+#,:*+#4*">,G(*,+**0,.-4,*:-+-)':,:-+#4-&,
34-%$%&6,:4*$#*0,$,;4-='+;,3-&'#':$&,0-)'+$+:*,
%6, #(*, &-:$&, :*+#4*", -J*4, #(*'4, #*44'#-4'*"F, #(5",
;'J'+;, #(*, +*=:-)*4", $, .-4)$&&6, 0'"#'+:#, $+0,
0'"#'+;5'"($%&*, 3-"'#'-+, E#(*, P:-&-+'*"QH>, G(*,
#4'%$&,"6"#*)",'+,#(*,34*L245<,$;*",=*4*,%*'+;,
#4$+".-4)*0,'+#-,*$4&6,"#$#*,"#45:#54*">
, G(*,$%$+0-+)*+#,-.,#(*,)$'+,P:-&-+'*"Q,$+0,
#(*,.$4L4*$:('+;,:($+;*",-::544'+;,'+,)$+6,"'#*",
between the end of the 4th and the beginning of
#(*,Y40,)'&&*++'$,7VF,"5:(,$",#(*,0'"$33*$4$+:*,
.4-),J$4'-5",+-4#(*4+,4*;'-+",-.,#(*,#63':$&,#--&",
.-4,*M*4:'"'+;,3-=*4,'+,#(*,I$#*,V($&:-&'#(':,
E35%&':,)-+5)*+#$&,%5'&0'+;"F,:&$6,"*$&'+;",$+0,
seals, and the mass production of bowls, the la#er
&'+<*0,#-,"6"#*)$#':,.--0,4*0'"#4'%5#'-+HF,:*4#$'+&6,
"5;;*"#,#($#,#(*4*,=$",$,P:4'"'"Q>,75#,#('",:4'"'",=$",
 -.' /01"2&+034%)1'56'"'!+77&%89,,%#'/:,3#"1%0'/"#&;'<#5)=%'>'$:&1:#%
+-#,(-)-;*+*-5"&6,34*"*+#,*J*46=(*4*Z,'+,"-)*,
:$"*",#(*,+-4#(*4+,"-:'*#'*",0*J*&-3*0,'+#-,+*=,
#63*",-.,54%$+,"-:'*#'*"F,=('&*,'+,-#(*4",#(*6,.$'&*0,
#-,)**#,#(*,+*=,+**0"F,$+0,%4-<*,53>,
, G(*, 233*4, !53(4$#*", [$&&*6, .*&&, '+#-, #('",
la#er category. The crisis was much more radical
'+, #(*, $4*$", +-4#(, -., #(*, G$545", )-5+#$'+"F, $",
'", :&*$4&6, '&&5"#4$#*0, %6, #(*, "'#*, -., K4"&$+#*3*F,
=(*4*, $4-5+0, YSSS, 7V, #(*, :*+#4$&'"*0, "6"#*),
u#erly collapsed and there was a shock of some
<'+0, #($#, 3*4)$+*+#&6, :($+;*0, #(*, :-54"*, -.,
history in the region, breaking off its privileged
4*&$#'-+", ='#(, #(*, \-5#(F, $+0, 0'4*:#'+;, #(*),
*&"*=(*4*>,?-#,-+&6,0'0,#(*,-4;$+'"$#'-+,-.,#(*,
P3$&$#'$&1#*)3&*Q,"-:'*#6,0'"$33*$4,.-4*J*4F,%5#F,
with the passing of time, the craC products,
#*:(+-&-;'*"F, 0-)*"#':, "#45:#54*", $+0, :5&#54$&,
models reflected a completely new world (Conti
and Persiani 1993; Frangipane 2004, 145–149).
The situation was different in the regions
"-5#(,-.,#(*,G$545">,B*4*F,#(*4*,=$",$&"-,$,P:4'"'"Q,
that affected the whole system at the beginning
of the 3rd millennium – most of the ‘colonial’
se#lements were abandoned and the economic
:*+#4$&'"$#'-+F, +.%>, #(*, )$""'J*, '+#*4.*4*+:*, %6,
#(*, W&'#*, ;4-53", '+, #(*, 34-05:#'J*, &'.*, -., #(*,
3-35&$#'-+F,%*:$)*,&*"",:&*$4&6,J'"'%&*F,$#,&*$"#,
'+, #(*, .-4)", '#, ($0, %**+, 34*J'-5"&6>, B-=*J*4F,
+-,"';+,-.,4*$&,:5&#54$&,%4*$<,'",0-:5)*+#*0>,
, ]+, #(*, -#(*4, ($+0F, #(*, &-=*4, $+0, 533*4,
stretches of the Syrian–Turkish Euphrates shared
various elements and it would seem that – at least
'+,#(*,*$4&6,:*+#54'*",-.,#(*,Y40,)'&&*++'5),E!7,
I) – each of the two cultural provinces underwent
"')'&$4, 3-&'#':$&, $+0, :5&#54$&, 0*J*&-3)*+#">, 9+,
%-#(, 8-+*"F, $#, #(*, %*;'++'+;, -., !$4&6, 74-+8*,
K;*F,#(*4*,=$",$,:*4#$'+,:-+#'+5'#6F,$&#(-5;(,#-,
J$4'-5",0*;4**"F,='#(,#(*,#4$0'#'-+",-.,#(*,I$#*,
Uruk period in po#ery production, whose general
taste (fine light‑coloured ceramics, reserved slip
0*:-4$#'-+H, $+0, %$"':, #*:(+-&-;6, E='0*"34*$0,
5"*, -., #(*, =(**&F, ;--0, .'4'+;H, :-+#'+5*0, '+,
the first centuries of the 3rd millennium. In
#(*, 4*3*4#-'4*, -., "($3*", #(*4*, =*4*, $&"-, )$+6,
"')'&$4'#'*",%-#(,'+,#(*,:-+#'+5'+;,34-05:#'-+,-.,
:*4#$'+,:$#*;-4'*",-.,#4$0'#'-+$&,J*""*&"F,"5:(,$",
necked jars oCen with reserved slip decoration,
$+0,'+,#(*,$0-3#'-+,-.,+*=,"($3*"F,"5:(,$",#(*,
:$4'+$#*0,(';(L"#*))*0,:53",-4F,'+,$,&$#*4,3($"*,
-.,!7,9F,#(*,"-L:$&&*0,$;4"'#%$1",%-=&">,
, G(*"*, &'+<", %*#=**+, #(*, 533*4, $+0, )'00&*,
"#4*#:(*", -., #(*, ?-4#(*4+, !53(4$#*", J$&&*6, $4*,
TRY
also confirmed by the spreading of new burial
:5"#-)"F,=(':(,=*4*,$,+*=,=$6F,$&#*4+$#'J*,#-,
#(*,V($&:-&'#(':,#4$0'#'-+F,-.,4*34*"*+#'+;,"-:'*#6,
$+0, '#", '+*X5$&'#'*", $+0, $%-J*, $&&, #(*, "#$#5",
$+0,4-&*,-.,'#",:('*.">,\#-+*,:'"#,;4$J*",%5'&#,-+,
mounds appeared for the first time in the Upper
!53(4$#*", J$&&*6, $#, #(*, %*;'++'+;, -., #(*, Y40,
)'&&*++'5)F,*J*+,#(-5;(,#(*6,=*4*,'"-&$#*0,-4,
4$4*,*J*+#",EN4$+;'3$+*'%1'"&.'RSST^,7*(),7&$+:<*,
%1' "&. 1984). The most significant feature of the
funerary giCs in these tombs, though differing
'+,#*4)",-.,X5$+#'#6,$+0,J$&5*F,=*4*,#(*,)*#$&,
'#*)"F,$+0,$%-J*,$&&,#(*,=*$3-+">,G(*"*,-%O*:#",
seemed to have become the most significant
4*34*"*+#$#'-+, -., #(*, 3-"'#'-+, $+0, #(*, 4$+<, -.,
:*4#$'+, 0-)'+$+#, "-:'$&, :$#*;-4'*">, G(*, P4-6$&,
#-)%Q,$#,K4"&$+#*3*,'",#(*,)-"#,4*&*J$+#,:$"*,'+,
3-'+#,EN4$+;'3$+*,%1'"&>,RSSTH>,
, [*46, "--+F, #(*"*, "6)%-&':, $+0, 4'#5$&,
4*34*"*+#$#'-+",&'+<*0,#-,#(*,=-4&0,-.,#(*,0*$0,
"34*$0, "-5#(=$40", #(4-5;(-5#, #(*, !53(4$#*",
J$&&*6F, $", 0*)-+"#4$#*0, %6, #(*, :*)*#*46, $#,
7'4*:'<F, :-+#$'+'+;, (5+04*0", -., :'"#, ;4$J*",
with varying quantities of funerary giCs, but
oCen characterised by an abundance of metal
'#*)", E\*4#-<, $+0, !4;*A, T___^, \X5$04-+*F, #('",
J-&5)*H>, G(*"*, #-)%", %*&-+;*0, #-, J$4'-5",
)-)*+#",'+,$,&$#*,3($"*,-.,!7,9,$+0,3$4#,-.,!7,
99F, '+0':$#'+;, $, ;4$05$&, 34-:*"", -., $""')'&$#'-+,
'+#-, #(*, !53(4$#*", :5&#54*", -., *&*)*+#", #($#,
=*4*, 34-%$%&6, G4$+":$5:$"'$+, '+, -4';'+>, G(*6,
)$6, ($J*, %**+, #4$+")'##*0, #(4-5;(, 0'4*:#,
:-+#$:#",'+,#(*,+-4#(*4+)-"#,3$4#,-.,#(*,J$&&*6,
E/$&$#6$,$+0,!&$8';HF,%5#,=*4*,#$<*+,'+,-J*4,$,
)5:(,='0*4,$4*$F,*J*46=(*4*,$&-+;,#(*,)'00&*L
533*4, :-54"*, -., #(*, !53(4$#*"F, %*:$5"*, #(*6,
*J'0*+#&6,)*#,#(*,+*=,+**0",-.,#(*,"-:'*#'*",#($#,
=*4*,*)*4;'+;,.4-),#(*,:4'"'",'+,#(*,I$#*,245<L
4*&$#*0, :*+#4$&'"*0, "-:'*#'*">, G(*, "$)*, #63*",
of metal items, particularly bu#ed spears and
pins with conical fluted or spiral heads, are also
.-5+0,#(4-5;(-5#,#(*,=(-&*,-.,#(*,J$&&*6,.4-),
#(*,+-4#(,#-,#(*,"-5#(F,$+0,&'<*,#(*,:'"#,;4$J*"F,
#(*6, "($4*, "')'&$4'#'*", ='#(, $4#*.$:#", .4-), #(*,
G4$+":$5:$"'$+,=-4&0>
, G(*, &'+<", #($#, "#'&&, (*&0, #-;*#(*4, J$4'-5",
zones in the Middle–Upper Euphrates in Turkey
$+0,'+,?-4#(,\64'$,'+,#(*,*$4&6,:*+#54'*",-.,#(*,
Y40, )'&&*++'5), #(*4*.-4*, )$'+&6, :-+:*4+, #(*,
+*=, *)3($"'", #($#, =$", +-=, %*'+;, 3&$:*0, -+,
)*#$&F,.5+*4$&,4'#5$&",$+0,=*$3-+"F,$",.*$#54*",
4*34*"*+#'+;, +*=, #63*", $+0, *M34*""'-+", -.,
124 !"#$%&&"'(#")*+,")%

(+*:#%' -.?.' !",' 035@+)*' 13%' 4"+)' $:&1:#"&' "#%"0' +)' /"#&;' <#5)=%' >' ")7' 13%' 0+1%0' 4%)1+5)%7' +)' 13%' 1%A1.'
B#+")*&%0'#%6%#'15'0+1%0'@+13'%C+7%)$%'56'/"#&;'<#5)=%'>>D>>>'45):4%)1"&'015)%'15420.'B3%'7"03%7'&+)%'+)'13%'
9,,%#'/:,3#"1%0'"#%"'7+C+7%0'13%'1@5'=5)%0E')5#13'")7'05:13'56'13%'45:)1"+)0

3-&'#':$&,3-=*4,$+0,"-:'$&,4-&*">,G(*"*,*&*)*+#", perhaps also political, provinces in EB III–IV.

seem to have also been accompanied – where
the information exists – by the emergence of
fortification walls (Frangipane'2004; Esin 1982);
'+, -#(*4, =-40"F, #(*, :-+:*3#, -., #(*, 3-&'#':$&,
0*&')'#$#'-+,-.,"3$:*F,$+0,'#",0*.*+:*>
, G('", )$6, 4*J*$&, $, +*=, :$3$:'#6, #-, 0*.'+*,
%-40*4",$+0,%-5+0$4'*",-.,3-&'#':$&,)*)%*4"('3,
%6,+*=,3-&'#':$&,"#45:#54*",#($#,*)*4;*0,.4-),
#(*, %4*$<'+;, 0-=+, -., #(*, I$#*, 245<, *$4&'*"#,
$4:($':,P"#$#*QF,$,34-:*"",#($#,=$",3*4($3",*J*+,
accompanied by conflicts. This transformation led
#-,$,;4$05$&,+$44-='+;,-.,"3(*4*",-.,'+#*4$:#'-+,
%*#=**+,#(*,;4-53",'+,#(*,='0*,+-4#(*4+,$4*$,
previously ‘unified’ during the Late Uruk period:
.4-),$,3*4'-0,E!7,9H,'+,=(':(,")$&&*4F,%5#,6*#,"#'&&,
J*46,='0*L4$+;'+;,:5&#54$&,4*;'-+",E!53(4$#*",
and the western zones on the one hand, Syro–Iraqi
`*8'4$(,-+,#(*,-#(*4H,=*4*,4*04$=+,EN';>,U>THF,#-,
#(*,"*3$4$#'-+,-.,:&*$4&6,0'"#'+:#,:5&#54$&F,$+0,
, G('",34-:*"",3$""*0,#(4-5;(,$,:45:'$&,3($"*,
054'+;, #(*, :-54"*, -., !7, 9F, =(*+, :5&#54$&, "5%L
areas were defined, each with their own clearly
4*:-;+'"$%&*, :($4$:#*4'"#':"F, ='#('+, #(*, #=-,
%4-$0, 4*;'-+", )*+#'-+*0, $%-J*>, ]+*, -., #(*"*,
$4*$","**)",#-,($J*,%**+,#(*,!53(4$#*",J$&&*6,
"-5#(,-.,#(*,G$545",$+0,+*';(%-54'+;,4*;'-+">,
The Carchemish territory, in this first phase of the
Y40,)'&&*++'5)F,.-4)*0,3$4#,-.,#('",:5&#54$&,"5%L
$4*$F, =(':(, '+:&50*0F, +-4#(=$40"F, #(*, 7'4*:'<,
$+0,a$4$%$%$,"#4*#:(*",-.,#(*,J$&&*6>
Important fresh information for defining the
!7,9,:5&#54*,'+,#('",4*;'-+,($",:-)*,#-,&';(#,$",$,
4*"5&#,-.,4*:*+#,*M:$J$#'-+",-+,#(*,"'#*,$#,@*6#'+&',
7$(A*, BC6D<F, R, <), #-, #(*, "-5#(, -., )-0*4+,
Birecik, Urfa province, on the leC bank of the
!53(4$#*">
 -.' /01"2&+034%)1'56'"'!+77&%89,,%#'/:,3#"1%0'/"#&;'<#5)=%'>'$:&1:#% TRb

(+*:#%'-.F.'G15,H'I%;1+)&+'<"3J%'KL;MN'0%%)'6#54'13%'<+#%$+N'2#+7*%'5)'13%'/:,3#"1%0O'-.P.'G$%)1#%H'Q&")'56'
Zeytinli Bahçe Höyük with excavated areas; 8.4. (bo?om) The western eroded flank of the Zeytinli Bahçe
mound with the three soundings opened there. Bo?om to top, right to leI: B8, C6‑7 and C5‑6

Salvage excavation at Zeytinli Bahçe Höyük:
its contribution to the understanding of 4th
to 3rd millennium cultural developments
in the Carchemish region
9+J*"#';$#'-+", -., @*6#'+&', 7$(A*, BC6D<, %6, #(*,
9#$&'$+,#*$),.4-),#(*,PI$,\$3'*+8$Q,2+'J*4"'#6,-.,
c-)*F,='#(,#(*,"533-4#,-.,#(*,9#$&'$+,/'+'"#46,-.,
Foreign Affairs, began in 1999 as part of the TAÇ
dK/, "$&J$;*, 34-O*:#F, :--40'+$#*0, %6, ?5)$+,
G5+$, -., #(*, /'00&*, !$"#, G*:(+':$&, 2+'J*4"'#6,
-.,K+<$4$>,9#,'",$+,-5#"#$+0'+;,)-5+0F,#(-5;(,
4*&$#'J*&6,")$&&,'+,*M#*+#,E$%-5#,R>eS,(*:#$4*"HF,
4'"'+;,53,.4-),#(*,3&$'+,#-,%*,J'"'%&*,.4-),$&)-"#,
*J*46=(*4*,'+,#($#,3$4#,-.,#(*,!53(4$#*",J$&&*6,
EN';>,U>RH>,K,(';(,:-+':$&,"*:-+0$46,)-5+0,#($#,
4'"*",-+,#(*,+-4#(L=*"#*4+,3$4#,-.,#(*,)$'+,(C6D<,
;'J*",@*6#'+&',7$(A*,'#",J*46,3*:5&'$4,"($3*,EN';",
TRe !"#$%&&"'(#")*+,")%
Figure 8.5. Zeytinli Bahçe. Po?ery from the lower
Late Chalcolithic levels (LC3) in trench B8
8.2–8.4). The high elevation of the mound (31 m)
'",05*,#-,#(*,'+#*+"'J*,-::53$#'-+,-.,#(*,"'#*,.-4,
"5:(,$,&-+;, #')*>,B-=*J*4F,#(4**,)$'+, 3($"*",
of occupation, differently located on the mound,
:$+,%*,0'"#'+;5'"(*0Z,
TH,, K, &$#*, 34*('"#-4':, 3*4'-0F, .4-), #(*, I$#*,
Chalcolithic to the end of EB I (4th to the
%*;'++'+;,-.,#(*,Y40,)'&&*++'5),7VHF,='#(,
a major concentration of the se#lements in
#(*, =*"#*4+, 3$4#, -., #(*, (C6D<F, +-=, %$0&6,
eroded (soundings B8 and C6–7) (Fig. 8.3).
2) A late Early Bronze (EB III–IV) se#lement, not
6*#, #(-4-5;(&6, '+J*"#';$#*0F, $+0, $, /'00&*,
Bronze se#lement, both mainly concentrated
'+,$,")$&&,$4*$,$#,#(*,%$"*,-.,#(*,(';(,:-+':$&,
secondary mound (squares C5–6), and – at
&*$"#, '+, #(*, :$"*, -., #(*, /'00&*, 74-+8*,K;*,
– in the eastern part of the lower mound
E"-5+0'+;,NbH,N';>,U>YH>
YH, G=-, 3($"*", -., 4*L-::53$#'-+, -., #(*, "'#*, '+,
#(*, c-)$+, $+0, I$#*, 768$+#'+*1)*0'$*J$&,
periods, aCer short insubstantial Iron Age
$+0, B*&&*+'"#':, -::53$#'-+">, G(*"*, &$#*4,
"*##&*)*+#", $&"-, *M#*+0*0, )$'+&6, #-, #(*,
small conical hill (squares C5–6, D4–6)
$+0, '+, #(*, +-4#(*4+, $+0, *$"#*4+, 3$4#", -.,
#(*, &-=*4, )-5+0, $4-5+0, '#, EdR, $+0, NbHF,
34-%$%&6, *+&$4;'+;, #(*, "'#*, #-, #(*, +-4#(, %6,
accumulating an artificial filling (Fig. 8.3).
f($#, '", '+#*4*"#'+;F, '+, #*4)", -., #('", J-&5)*F,
'", #(*, *M#4*)*&6, &-+;, $+0, 5+'+#*4453#*0,
sequence of superimposed se#lements of the
4th and the beginning of the 3rd millennium
7V, EI$#*, V($&:-&'#(':, $+0, !7, 9HF, :-+#'+5-5"&6,
reconstructed, oCen with the same layout, one
above the other, which finds close comparisons in
+*$4%6,"'#*"F,"5:(,$",B-45),BC6D<,E/$44-,%1'"&>,
RSSSH>,G(*,&')'#*0,4*":5*,*M:$J$#'-+",:-+05:#*0,
'+, "5:(, $, (';(, )-5+0, "-, .$4, ($J*, +-#, 6'*&0*0,
sufficient information on the general layout of
#(*"*, "*##&*)*+#">, B-=*J*4F, =*, :$+, $&4*$06,
4*:-;+'"*, "-)*, J*46, '+#*4*"#'+;, .*$#54*", #($#,
offer hints for the interpretation of the general
0*J*&-3)*+#",-.,#(*,"'#*,'+,#(*,:45:'$&,#4$+"'#'-+$&,
period from the 4th to the 3rd millennium and
"5%"*X5*+#, :*+#54'*"F, =(*+, +*=, :5&#54$&, $+0,
34-%$%&6, 3-&'#':$&, 4*;'-+", =*4*, ;-'+;, #-, %*,
.-4)*0,'+,#('",$4*$>,
The long Late Chalcolithic–EB I sequence of
@*6#'+&',7$(A*,($",%**+,-%#$'+*0,%6,:-)%'+'+;,
#(*,"#4$#';4$3(6,-.,#=-,"-5+0'+;",-+,#(*,=*"#*4+,
eroded side of the mound (Figs 8.3, 8.4): one,
")$&&*4, Ee, g, _, )HF, &-=*4, 0-=+, E7UHF, $+0, -+*F,
&$4;*4,ERS,g,e,)HF,-+,#(*,533*4,3$4#,-.,#(*,"&-3*F,
starting from the surface (C6–7) (Frangipane %1'
"&>,RSSRH>,G('4#**+,!7,9,&*J*&"F,.-4)'+;,$&#-;*#(*4,
$+, $&)-"#, U, ), #(':<, 0*3-"'#F, ($J*, %**+, "-, .$4,
%4-5;(#,#-,&';(#>,N-54,%5'&0'+;,&*J*&"F,%*&-+;'+;,
#-, $+, *$4&6, 3($"*, -., !7, 9, E!7, 9KHF, *+0*0, #(*,
"#4$#';4$3(6,-.,#(*,&-=*4,#4*+:(F,0'4*:#&6,&6'+;,-+,
#(*,I$#*,245<,&$6*4"^,+'+*,&*J*&",)-4*F,%*&-+;'+;,
#-, -+*, $+0, #(*, "$)*, $4:($*-&-;':$&, 3($"*, $+0,
4*34*"*+#'+;, $, &$#*4, 0*J*&-3)*+#, -., !7, 9, E!7,
97HF, ($J*, %**+, 5+:-J*4*0, '+, #(*, 533*4, #4*+:(F,
"#$4#'+;,.4-),J*46,:&-"*,#-,#(*,"54.$:*F,5+0*4,$,
.*=,/*0'*J$&,4*)$'+">
 -.' /01"2&+034%)1'56'"'!+77&%89,,%#'/:,3#"1%0'/"#&;'<#5)=%'>'$:&1:#% 127

The earliest phases in the lower trench B8:

a gradual transition from a Middle Uruk to
a ‘local Late Uruk’ culture
G(*, -+&6, "';+'.':$+#, :($+;*, '+, #(*, @*6#'+&',
7$(A*, "*X5*+:*, -::544*0, $4-5+0, #(*, )'0L
4th millennium in the area excavated in the
&-=, 7U, #4*+:(F, =(*+, 0=*&&'+;", ='#(, /'00&*,
Uruk materials on the floors (LC4: see the 4th
)'&&*++'5), :(4-+-&-;':$&, ":(*)*, 34-3-"*0,
$#, #(*, \$+#$, N*, )**#'+;F, c-#()$+, RSSTF, #$%&*,
T>TH, $33*$4*0, -+, %5'&0'+;, &*J*&", ='#(, #(*,
#63':$&,`*8'4$(,I-:$&,I$#*,V($&:-&'#(':,)$#*4'$&,
:5&#54*,EIVYH,E"**,N';>,U>_HF,)$4<*0,%6,$,0'"#'+:#,
predominance of chaff‑faced coarse ware and
:-+"'0*4$%&*,X5$+#'#'*",-.,#63':$&,$"00%#5&%0,EN';>,
8.5.3). The po#ery found in the Middle Uruk
&*J*&",'",J*46,"')'&$4,#-,#($#,-.,\(*'<(,B$""$+F,
'+, #(*, \64'$+, /'00&*, !53(4$#*", E7-*"*, T__bHF,
G*&&,74$<,Gf,TeLTYF,-+,#(*,a($%-54,E]$#*",T__Y^,
2002), and Hacinebi B2, 4 km north of Zeytinli
7$(A*F,-+,#(*,!53(4$#*",%$+<,E\#*'+,%1'"&.T__eHZ,
:-+':$&,%-=&",='#(,%*$<*0,4')"F,"#4$3,($+0&*0,
O5;", $+0, O$4", ='#(, &-=, +*:<", 0*:-4$#*0, ='#(,
"*4'*", -., 3$4$&&*&, '+:'"'-+", -+, #(*'4, "(-5&0*4"F,
+*:<*0, O$4", ='#(, "#4$';(#, "3-5#", $+0, 4*"*4J*0L
slip decoration, oCen with a whitish clearly
visible slip (Fig. 8.6). The coarse chaff‑faced wares Figure 8.6. Middle Uruk materials from Zeytinli
"($43&6, 0*:4*$"*0F, #-, %*, 4*3&$:*0, %6, )-"#&6, Bahçe (LC4)
fine and gri#y tempered pastes, oCen pinkish
'+, :-&-54F, =('&*, %*J*&&*0, 4'), %-=&", $33*$4*0F, <+-=+, *M$)3&*", -., #('", <'+0, -., $4:('#*:#54*>,
$&#(-5;(,'+,4*&$#'J*&6,")$&&,+5)%*4">,K,#63':$&, In both cases the cells were empty and filled in
*6*L'0-&,-.,&')*"#-+*,='#(,:&-"*,3$4$&&*&",'+,#(*, ='#(,$&)-"#,"#*4'&*,&--"*,"-'&>,f*,:$++-#,*"#$%&'"(,
-#(*4, /'00&*, 245<, +-4#(*4+, "'#*", EN';>, U>e>RH, =(*#(*4,#(*6,=*4*,"5%"#45:#54*",='#(,#(*,*+#'4*,
confirms the cultural and chronological context )$""'J*,:-+"#45:#'-+,%*'+;,$,<'+0,-.,%$"*)*+#,
-.,#(*"*,&*J*&">, .-4, $, )'""'+;, 533*4, %5'&0'+;F, -4, =(*#(*4, #(*6,
, G(*4*,=*4*,#=-,%5'&0'+;,3($"*",='#(,/'00&*, =*4*, 0*&'%*4$#*&6, *)3#'*0, %*.-4*, &*$J'+;, #(*,
245<, )$#*4'$&", :-+"'"#'+;, -., :-))-+, (-5"*", %5'&0'+;,-4,*J*+,#(*,"'#*>,G(*,34$:#':*F,'+,%-#(,
='#(, $, .4*X5*+#, 4*L$44$+;*)*+#, -., #(*, 4--)", "'#*"F, -., "*$&'+;, #(*"*, "#45:#54*", ='#(, $, "#*4'&*,
$+0,#(*'4,.*$#54*">,V-+J*4"*&6F,$,J*46,0'"#'+:#'J*, &$6*4, E"-'&, '+, #(*, :$"*, -., @*6#'+&', 7$(A*F, )50,
)$""'J*, "#45:#54*, -., ")$&&, 4*:#$+;5&$4, )50L %4':<, 3'*:*", $#, \(*'<(, B$""$+H, 0-*"F, (-=*J*4F,
%4':<"F,='#(,")$&&,:*&&,4--)"F,T,g,T>Rb,)F,4*;5&$4&6, *)3($"'"*, #(*, '0*$, -., $, :-+":'-5", $+0, 4$0':$&,
"3$:*0, $#, :-+"#$+#, '+#*4J$&"F, =$", :-+"#45:#*0, $%$+0-+)*+#>,
above these levels (Figs 8.7, 8.8). The absence , G(*,.$4L4*$:('+;,:($+;*,-%"*4J*0,$#,@*6#'+&',
-., $+6, 4*&$#*0, $4:($*-&-;':$&, )$#*4'$&", )$<*", 7$(A*,'+,#('",3*4'-0F,$",=*&&,$",#(*,"5%"*X5*+#,
the precise dating of this building very difficult. $%453#, $%$+0-+)*+#, -., #(*, :*&&L%5'&0'+;F,
9#", *M#4$-40'+$46, "')'&$4'#6, ='#(, $+-#(*4, )-4*, .-&&-=*0,%6,$+,'+"5%"#$+#'$&,-::53$#'-+,-.,#($#,
*M#*+"'J*&6,*M:$J$#*0,%5'&0'+;,$#,#(*,P:-&-+'$&Q, area (post‑holes and fireplaces), suggest that
"'#*,-.,\(*'<(,B$""$+F,=(':(,($",%**+,0$#*0,#-, /*"-3-#$)'$+,;4-53",)$6,($J*,$44'J*0,$#,#(*,
#(*,/'00&*,245<,3*4'-0F,)$<*",#(*,(63-#(*"'", site, around the middle of the 4th millennium,
-.,$,3-""'%&*,"')'&$4,0$#*,$&"-,.-4,#('","#45:#54*, $+0, 34-%$%&6, $%$+0-+*0, #(*, $4*$, "(-4#&6,
.$'4&6,3&$5"'%&*>,G(*,#=-,%5'&0'+;",.4-),\(*'<(, aCerwards. It is also possible that close contacts
B$""$+, $+0, @*6#'+&', 7$(A*, $4*, "-, .$4, #(*, -+&6, =*4*,*"#$%&'"(*0,='#(,3*-3&*,-.,"-5#(*4+,-4';'+",
TRU !"#$%&&"'(#")*+,")%
Figure 8.7. Zeytinli Bahçe, trench B8: cell‑building
of the Middle Uruk period (LC4)
se#led in the nearby regions, which strongly
'+#*4.*4*0,='#(,#(*,&-:$&,3-35&$#'-+Q",=$6,-.,&'.*>,
At all events, the findings at Zeytinli Bahçe seem
to confirm the existence of an early Uruk ‘wave’
of the mid‑4th millennium that had a remarkable
')3$:#,-+,#(*,+-4#(*4+,I$#*,V($&:-&'#(':,:5&#54*",
$&-+;, #(*, /'00&*, !53(4$#*", $+0, #(*, a($%-54>,
\-)*, .*$#54*"F, "5:(, $", #(*, #63':$&&6, +-4#(*4+,
*6*, '0-&"E the po#ery repertoire as a whole,
$+0, #(*, "5%"*X5*+#, 0*J*&-3)*+#", -%"*4J*0,
at Zeytinli Bahçe in the second half of the 4th
)'&&*++'5), "5;;*"#F, (-=*J*4F, #($#, #(*, &-:$&,
3-35&$#'-+, 3&$6*0, $, .5&&6, $:#'J*, 3$4#, '+, #('",
34-:*"", -., :5&#54$&, #4$+")'""'-+, $+0, "**)", #-,
($J*,*&$%-4$#*0,#(*,245<,#4$'#",'+,'#",-=+,=$6F,
34-%$%&6,.4-),#(*,J*46,%*;'++'+;>,
, 7-#(, '+, #(*, :$"*, -., $+, 245<, '+#45"'-+, $+0,
#($#,-.,:&-"*,:-+#$:#,='#(,"-5#(*4+,;4-53"F,#(*,
&$#*4, *J-&5#'-+, -., #(*, &-:$&, :5&#54*, $#, @*6#'+&',
7$(A*, $33*$4", #-, ($J*, %**+, J*46, ;4$05$&, $+0,
without a break. ACer the short interruption in
#(*, %5'&0'+;, $:#'J'#6F, *J'0*+:*0, %6, #(*, ":$+#6,
#4$:*", -., -::53$#'-+, -+, #(*, &$6*4, -., $&)-"#,
Figure 8.8. Zeytinli Bahçe. Plan of the cell‑building,
Middle Uruk period (LC4)
"#*4'&*,"-'&,=(':(,($0,:-J*4*0,#(*,:*&&L"#45:#54*F,
#(*, :-+"#45:#'-+, -., +*=, )50L%4':<, 0=*&&'+;",
'", 0-:5)*+#*0, '+, "-5+0'+;, 7U>, G(*"*, (-5"*",
=*4*,")$&&*4,$+0,)-4*,4-5;(&6,)$0*,#($+,#(*,
*$4&'*"#,-+*"F,='#(,#('+,)50,%4':<,-4,)50,=$&&",
-+,'44*;5&$4,&')*"#-+*,.-5+0$#'-+">,G(4**,&*J*&"F,
each with the remains of a house, flanked by
$, 3&$"#*4*0, -3*+, "3$:*, .-4, 0-)*"#':, $:#'J'#'*",
furnished with benches, fireplaces, and pits,
=*4*,"53*4')3-"*0,-+*,$%-J*,#(*,-#(*4F,4-5;(&6,
repeating the same layout – except for the last
&*J*&F,=(*4*,#(*,-3*+,"3$:*,:-+"'"#*0,-.,$+,$&&*6,
='#(,3*%%&*,34*3$4$#'-+,EN4$+;'3$+*,%1'"&>,RSSRF,
84–85, figs 4–5).
The po#ery from these levels can be classified,
'+,;*+*4$&,#*4)"F,$",$,I$#*,245<,$""*)%&$;*F,%5#,
'#,:-+"'"#",-.,$,&')'#*0,$+0,3--4&6,:($4$:#*4'"*0,
4*3*4#-'4*F,=(':(,"**)",#-,0*J*&-3,#(*,.*$#54*",
-., #(*, 34*J'-5", /'00&*, 245<, '+J*+#-46, '+#-, $,
kind of locally re‑interpreted Late Uruk stuff
(Figs 8.10, 8.11.1–12). The wheel‑made fine and
semi‑fine light buff jars continue, but they have
+$44-=*4, $+0, (';(*4, )-4*, :6&'+04':$&, +*:<",
 -.' /01"2&+034%)1'56'"'!+77&%89,,%#'/:,3#"1%0'/"#&;'<#5)=%'>'$:&1:#% TR_

Figure 8.9. Zeytinli Bahçe, trench B8. Late Chalcolithic

domestic structures in the lower levels (LC3)

$+0, &*"", #(':<*+*0, $+0, 34-#450'+;, 4')", EN';>,

8.11.11). The vessels oCen have a #%0%#C%7' 0&+,,
0*:-4$#'-+F, "-)*#')*", ='#(, $, :($4$:#*4'"#':,
=('#'"(,"&'3,$+0,'+,$,.*=,:$"*",$&4*$06,"(-=,#(*,
so‑called complex reserved slip pa#ern – with
both horizontal and vertical bands. The la#er
#(*4*.-4*,$33*$4",$",$,3*:5&'$4,#4$'#,-.,#('",4*;'-+,
in the 4th millennium, whereas it spread over the
=(-&*,/'00&*1233*4,!53(4$#*",J$&&*6,&$#*4,'+,!7,
9>,9#",*$4&6,34*"*+:*,'+,#(*,I$#*,245<,:-+#*M#,-.,
@*6#'+&',7$(A*,34-%$%&6,3-'+#",#-,#(*,&-:$&,-4';'+F,
'+,#(*,V$4:(*)'"(,4*;'-+,-4,'+,#(*,/'00&*1233*4,
!53(4$#*",$4*$F,-.,#('",)-#'.,='#('+,#(*,#4$0'#'-+, Figure 8.10. Late Uruk po?ery from Zeytinli Bahçe
-.,#(*,4*"*4J*0,"&'3,0*:-4$#'J*,#*:(+'X5*">,
, \-)*, %*+#, "3-5#", $33*$4, '+, #(*"*, &*J*&">,
G(*, 3*4"'"#*+#F, #(-5;(, +-#, J*46, .4*X5*+#, 5"*, P"-5#(*4+Q, :5&#54*, ')3$:#, '+, #(*, /'00&*, 245<,
-., %*J*&&*0, 4'), %-=&", =$", $::-)3$+'*0, %6, period (LC4), the Carchemish area people
$, &$4;*4, +5)%*4, -., %$+0L4'), $+0, &*0;*L4'), 0*J*&-3*0,$,"-4#,-.,/'00&*,245<L0*4'J*0,&-:$&,
wheel‑made fine bowls, which seem to be the :5&#54*, '+, IVbF, =(':(, =$", $&"-, #(*, %$"'", -.,
most common bowl shapes (Fig. 8.11.3, 7–8, 10) #(*, +*M#, !7, 9, 0*J*&-3)*+#">, G(*, $33$4*+#,
together with conical outflaring profiles with $%$+0-+)*+#, -., B$:'+*%', '+, #(*, I$#*, 245<,
#('+,=$&&",$+0,"($43*+*0,4')",EN';>,U>TT>bHF,$+0, 3*4'-0, )$6, "533-4#, #(*, (63-#(*"'", #($#, #(*,
bowls with inturned rims (Fig. 8.11.1–2). The suggested foreign groups had not become firmly
%$+0L4'), %-=&"F, =(':(, $4*, 3$4#, -., #(*, 245<, *"#$%&'"(*0,#(*4*F,%5#F,$",#(*,@*6#'+&',7$(A*,0$#$,
4*3*4#-'4*,$+0,($0,$&4*$06,"#$4#*0,'+,#(*,/'00&*, suggest, they might have leC their mark on the
245<, 3($"*"F, )-4*, :&*$4&6, 0*J*&-3*0, #(*'4, &-:$&, *+J'4-+)*+#"F, ;'J'+;, 4'"*, #-, "-)*#('+;,
characteristic profile in this period at Zeytinli +*=, '+, #(*, &-:$&, :5&#54$&, 0*J*&-3)*+#", '+, #(*,
7$(A*F,$::*+#5$#'+;,#(*,%$+0,%6,#(':<*+'+;,#(*, final centuries of the 4th millennium.
$4*$, -., #(*, $"#+)", EN';>, U>TT>UF, TSH>, G(*"*, .-4)",
%*:$)*,'+:4*$"'+;&6,)-4*,+5)*4-5",$+0,=*4*,
#(*,)-"#,:-))-+,#63*",$#,#(*,*+0,-.,#(*,3*4'-0F, The development of an EB I horizon from the
3$""'+;, $&)-"#, ='#(-5#, $+6, :($+;*F, *M:*3#, $, local Late Uruk culture and its spread in the
34-;4*""'J*, $::*+#5$#'-+, -., #(*, %$+0F, '+#-, #(*, Upper Euphrates valley
early EB I inventory (Fig. 8.11.13–14). G(*, #4$+"'#'-+, %*#=**+, #(*, &*J*&", ='#(, I$#*,
Judging by the stratified po#ery at Zeytinli 245<L&'<*,)$#*4'$&",$+0,#(*,*$4&6,!7,9,&$6*4",'",
7$(A*F, '#, "**)", #($#F, "#$4#'+;, .4-), #(*, .'4"#, ($40&6,3*4:*3#'%&*F,05*,#-,#(*,*M#4*)*&6,;4$05$&,
TYS !"#$%&&"'(#")*+,")%

Figure 8.11. Po?ery from the upper levels in trench B8. 1–12, 16: Late Uruk period; 13–15: Early'
<#5)=%'>R
 -.' /01"2&+034%)1'56'"'!+77&%89,,%#'/:,3#"1%0'/"#&;'<#5)=%'>'$:&1:#%
nature of the changes in both po#ery materials
$+0, $4:('#*:#54*>, K&#(-5;(, #(*, *M:$J$#*0, $4*$,
'", *M#4*)*&6, ")$&&F, %*'+;, '+, #(*, 533*4, 3$4#, -.,
"-5+0'+;, 7UF, =*, :$+, +-#':*, #($#, #(*, 0=*&&'+;",
=*4*,)$0*,5"'+;,#(*,"$)*,#*:(+'X5*",$",'+,#(*,
I$#*, 245<, 3($"*, $+0, =*4*, %5'&#, '+, #(*, "$)*,
3&$:*", $+0, ='#(, $, "')'&$4, &$6-5#>, G(*, "$)*,
<'+0, -., (-5"*", ='#(, #('+, $+0, 4-5;(&6, )$0*,
=$&&",:-+#'+5*0,#-,%*,.4*X5*+#&6,4*L%5'&#F,=('&*,
the general layout of the se#lement, at least
'+, #('", $4*$F, $33*$4", #-, ($J*, %**+, #($#, -., $+,
'+"5%"#$+#'$&,J'&&$;*>
, \')'&$4, :-+#'+5'#6, :$+, %*, $&"-, -%"*4J*0, '+,
3-##*46, )$+5.$:#54*F, #(-5;(, "-)*, :($+;*",
*+$%&*, 5", #-, 4*:-;+'"*, $, +*=, 3($"*>, G(*,
:-)%'+$#'-+,-.,-&0,$+0,+*=,#4$'#",'",3$4#':5&$4&6,
evident in the last of the levels a#ributed to
#(*,I$#*,245<,3*4'-0F,=(':(F,#-;*#(*4,='#(,#(*,
3*4"'"#*+#, 34*"*+:*, -., %*J*&&*0, 4'), %-=&", $+0,
the whole inventory of ledge (Fig. 8.11.4), band
$+0, '+#54+*0, 4'), %-=&"F, "(-=", #(*, *M:&5"'J*,
5"*F,$)-+;,#(*,O$4"F,-.,+*:<*0,J*""*&",='#(,(';(,
+*$4&6, :6&'+04':$&, +*:<", $+0, "')3&*, *J*4#*0,
EN';>, U>TT>TeH, -4, "&';(#&6, #(':<*+*0, 4-5+0, 4')">,
A few deep bowls with a carinated profile, one
='#(, $, =$J6, '+:'"*0, 0*:-4$#'-+, EN4$+;'3$+*,
and Bucak 2001, fig. 5.8, 7), were found only
'+, #('", #4$+"'#'-+$&, &*J*&, $+0, $4*, :-)3$4$%&*,
='#(, *M$)3&*", .4-),K)5X, h, E74$'0=--0, $+0,
Braidwood 1960, fig. 220.23–25) and Mohammad
K4$%,TF,$,&*J*&,:-+"'0*4*0,%6,#(*,*M:$J$#-4",$",
$, 3-"#L245<F, #4$+"'#'-+$&, #-, ?'+*J'#*, b, 3($"*,
(Killick 1986, fig. 2.8–9). A few examples of large
deep bowls with fla#ened rims decorated with
incisions (Frangipane and Bucak 2001, fig. 8.3)
$&"-,"**),#-,($J*,%**+,34-05:*0,%-#(,'+,#(*,&$"#,
I$#*,245<,&*J*&",$+0,'+,#(*,#4$+"'#'-+$&,3($"*",
to EB I. Different from the wavy line incised
%-=&"F,=(':(,$33*$4,#-,%*,$,+-4#(*4+,#63*F,#(*"*,
*M$)3&*",$4*,$,)-4*,='0*"34*$0,.*$#54*F,=(':(,
%*&-+;",#-,$,='0*4,P/*"-3-#$)'$+Q,*+J'4-+)*+#F,
"#'&&,&'+<'+;,53,#(*,+-4#(,='#(,#(*,"-5#(,'+,#(*,
final Late Uruk and Jemdet Nasr periods.
, N-54,&*J*&",($J*,%**+,*M:$J$#*0,'+,#(*,533*4,
3$4#,-.,"-5+0'+;,7UF,=(':(,=*,.5&&6,$":4'%*,#-,
$+,!7,9,(-4'8-+>,G(*,0'"#'+;5'"('+;,.*$#54*",-.,
#('",+*=,*$4&6,!7,9,3($"*,E!7,9KH,$4*Z
• the appearance of band rim – or carinated
– bowls with high cylindrical stems oCen
0*:-4$#*0, %6, (-4'8-+#$&, 3$4$&&*&, ;4--J*",
E"-L:$&&*0,:($)3$;+*,:53"H,EN';>,U>TT>TbH^
• #(*,0'"$33*$4$+:*,-.,%*J*&&*0,4'),%-=&"^
TYT
• #(*, 0'"$33*$4$+:*, -., '+:'"*0, :4-""($#:(*0,
0*:-4$#'-+,$+0,+-"*L&5;",EN';>,U>TS>,YH^
• #(*, '+:4*$"*0, +5)%*4, -., %$+0L4'), %-=&"F,
very oCen marked with clearly distinguished
bands (Fig. 8.11.13–14), which appear to have
%*:-)*,%6,.$4,#(*,34*J$'&'+;,"($3*,-.,%-=&F,
$",$,"-4#,-.,P'+05"#4'$&Q,34-05:#'-+>
9+, ;*+*4$&, #*4)"F, $", $&4*$06, )*+#'-+*0F, #(*,
3-##*46, (-=*J*4, )$'+#$'+", #63-&-;':$&, $+0,
#*:(+-&-;':$&,#4$'#",J*46,"')'&$4,#-,#(-"*,.-5+0,'+,
#(*,&*J*&",%*&-+;'+;,#-,#(*,I$#*,245<,3*4'-0>,
, K,4*)$4<$%&*,:-+#'+5'#6,'",$&"-,)$+'.*"#*0,'+,
0$'&6,&'.*>,G(*,"5%"#$+#'$&&6,(';(,3*4:*+#$;*",-.,
"(**31;-$#",4*:-40*0,'+,#(*,245<,3*4'-0,&*J*&",
$#,@*6#'+&',7$(A*,$4*,"#'&&,#(*,:($4$:#*4'"#':,#4$'#,
-., #(*, !7, 9K, .$5+$&, 4*)$'+", E\'4$:5"$+-, RSSRF,
96–98, fig. 42).
, K&&, #(*, $4:($*-&-;':$&, )$#*4'$&", .-5+0, $#,
@*6#'+&',7$(A*F,=(*+,:-)3$4*0,='#(,0$#$,.4-),
-#(*4,"'#*"F,'+,)6,-3'+'-+,'+0':$#*,#(*,.-4)$#'-+,
-., $, 4*;'-+$&, !7, 9, :5&#54*, '+, #(*, V$4:(*)'"(,
4*;'-+,$+0,'+,#(*,=(-&*,!53(4$#*",$4*$,"-5#(,-.,
#(*,G$545",:($'+F,=(':(,*)*4;*0,0'4*:#&6,.4-),$,
&-:$&,0*J*&-3)*+#,-.,#(*,+-4#(*4+,245<,(-4'8-+>,
G('",:5&#54*,)$6,($J*,34'J'&*;*0,:-+#$:#",$&-+;,
#(*, 4'J*4, J$&&*6, ='#(, #(*, :-))5+'#'*", -., #(*,
+-4#(*4+, "#4*#:(*", '+, #(*, )-5+#$'+"F, =(*4*, '#,
"34*$0, '#", %$"':, .*$#54*", $+0, .4-), =(*4*, '#, '+,
turn received some stimuli and influences, due
#-,#(*'4,"#45:#54$&,"')'&$4'#6>,
The later Early Bronze I se1lements (EB IB)
in the upper trench C6–7: new trends towards
‘urban’ arrangements in an uninterrupted
cultural development
K, )-4*, )$4<*0F, #(-5;(, +-#, $%453#F, :($+;*,
:$+, %*, "**+, '+, #(*, &$#*4, 0*J*&-3)*+#", -., !7, 9F,
4*34*"*+#*0,'+,#(*,533*4,3$4#,-.,#(*,"#4$#';4$3(':,
"*X5*+:*F, %4-5;(#, #-, &';(#, '+, $, &$4;*, #4*+:(,
(C6–7) opened at a higher level on the western
slope of the lower mound (Figs 8.3, 8.4). Here,
+'+*, "53*4')3-"*0, &*J*&", ='#(, ')3-"'+;,
0-)*"#':, $4:('#*:#54*F, .-4)'+;, $, (5;*, 0*3-"'#,
$&)-"#, b, ), 0**3F, ($J*, %**+, *M:$J$#*0>, G(*6,
:-+"'"#*0, -., &$4;*, :$4*.5&&6, %5'&#, (-5"*", ='#(,
#(':<, )50L%4':<, =$&&", "*3$4$#*0, %6, "#4**#", -4,
$&&*6", '+, $, ;*+*4$&, =*&&L3&$++*0, &$6-5#, EN';",
U>TRF,U>TYH>,G(*"*,%5'&0'+;"F,=(':(F,%*'+;,-.,&$4;*,
0')*+"'-+",$4*,-+&6,3$4#&6,5+:-J*4*0F,=*4*,)$0*,
-., ='0*, X5$04$+;5&$4, 4--)"F, =*&&L3&$"#*4*0,
$+0, *X5'33*0, ='#(, %*+:(*", $+0, .'4*3&$:*",,
TYR !"#$%&&"'(#")*+,")%
(+*:#%'-.?F.'I%;1+)&+'<"3J%.'B3%'5&7%01'/"#&;'<#5)=%'
IB level reached so far in trench C6–7
(Fig. 8.14). The fireplaces, usually round, slightly
sunken into the floor and with a small central
(-&*,.-4,#(*,$"(*"F,%*&-+;,#-,$,:($4$:#*4'"#':,!7,
9,#63*,:&*$4&6,4*:-;+'"$%&*,'+,#(*,=(-&*,/'00&*,
$+0,233*4,!53(4$#*",J$&&*6F,$+0,'+,#(*,K)5X,
3&$'+>,2+5"5$&,$+0,'+#*4*"#'+;,'",$,4*:#$+;5&$4,
*M$)3&*F, =(':(, "**)", #-, 4*:$&&F, '+, '#", ;*+*4$&,
shape, some Late Uruk fireplaces (Fig. 8.15).
G(*, (-5"*", =*4*, 4*:-+"#45:#*0, "*J*4$&, #')*"F,
4*#$'+'+;,)-4*,-4,&*"",#(*,"$)*,3&$+,$+0,&-:$#'-+F,
except for slight shiCs or changes in the room size
EN4$+;'3$+*,%1'"&. 2002, figs 8, 9). This architectural
:-+#'+5'#6F,=(':(,)$'+#$'+",#(*,;*+*4$&,&$6-5#,-.,
the se#lement, with standardised well‑planned
(-5"*",$+0,5+:($+;*0,"#4**#,&$6-5#"F,"5;;*"#",
#(*,0*J*&-3)*+#,'+,#('",3*4'-0,-.,$,)-4*,54%$+,
$44$+;*)*+#, -., #(*, "'#*F, $++-5+:'+;, #(*, #4*+0,
#-=$40", #(*, )'0LY40, )'&&*++'5), 54%$+'"$#'-+,
in the region, well a#ested in sites such as Titris
BC6D<,E24.$H,EK&;$8*,T___H>
, G(*,)$O-4'#6,-.,#(*,4--)",=*4*,*)3#6>,]+&6,
$,.*=,-.,#(*),($0,)$#*4'$&",+)'0+1:,$+0,#=-,($0,
(+*:#%'-.?P.'I%;1+)&+'<"3J%.'Q&")'56'13%'5&7%01'/"#&;'
Bronze IB se?lement excavated so far
'+.$+#,3-#,%54'$&",&-:$#*0,'+,$,:-4+*4,-4,:&-"*,#-,
$, =$&&, -., #(*, 4--), $+0, +-#, '+, #(*, 5"5$&, 3&$:*,
under the floor. The pots were large kitchen jars
$+0,=*4*,"*$&*0,4*"3*:#'J*&6,%6,$+,53"'0*,0-=+,
.45'#"#$+0,:53,EN';>,U>Te>YH,$+0,%6,$,#(':<,&$6*4,
-., )50, 3&$"#*4, :-J*4'+;, #(*, )-5#(, $+0, +*:<,
-.,#(*,O$4>,]+&6,-+*,-.,#(*"*,(-5"*",($0F,5+0*4,
the usually empty cleaned floor, an earlier floor
&*J*&,=(':(,)$'+#$'+*0,&$4;*,$)-5+#",-.,%54+#,
)$#*4'$&",+)'0+1:, both po#ery and charred wood
3'*:*">,
The po#ery found in all nine levels shows the
"$)*,#63-&-;6F,:-+.'4)'+;,#(*,*M#4$-40'+$46,
continuity and conservative character of po#ery
34-05:#'-+,'+,#('",3($"*F,#-->,G(*,0*J*&-3)*+#,
 -.' /01"2&+034%)1'56'"'!+77&%89,,%#'/:,3#"1%0'/"#&;'<#5)=%'>'$:&1:#% TYY

(+*:#%'-.?S.'I%;1+)&+'<"3J%.'Q"#1'56'")'/"#&;'<#5)=%'
><'35:0%'

-., $, .*=, #63':$&, "($3*", $+0, #(*, *J-&5#'-+, -.,

some specific details of already known profiles,
(-=*J*4F,*+$%&*,5",#-,:&*$4&6,0'"#'+;5'"(,#('",&$#*, Figure 8.15. Peculiar rectangular fireplace in house
!7,9,3($"*,E!7,97H,.4-),#(*,*$4&'*4,-+*F,0*"3'#*, 56'(+*.'-.?S
#(*,:-+#'+5'#6,'+,#*4)",-.,$,;*+*4$&,'+J*+#-46,-.,
.-4)"F,"#6&*F,#$"#*,$+0,34-05:#'-+,#*:(+-&-;'*">,
, G(*, #=-, !7, 9, 3($"*", $4*, :($4$:#*4'"*0, %6,
0-)'+$+#, 3&$'+, "')3&*, =$4*F, ='#(, "')'&$4&6,
"($3*0, %-=&"F, (';(L"#*))*0, %$+0L%-=&",
-4, :($)3$;+*, :53"' $+0, +*:<*0, O$4", )$'+&6,
0*:-4$#*0, ='#(, 4*"*4J*0, "&'3>, B-=*J*4F, '+, #(*,
&$#*, 3($"*, -., !7, 9F, +*:<*0, O$4", $4*, -., &$4;*4,
0')*+"'-+"F, 5"5$&&6, ($J*, )-4*, -J-'0, %-0'*"F,
&-=*4, $+0, ='0*4, +*:<"F, $+0, #(*, 4*"*4J*0, "&'3,
decoration has very oCen complex pa#erns (Figs
8.17.10–11, 13; 18.5). The reserved slip decoration
is oCen combined with one or two rows of deeply
incised motifs in its upper part (Fig. 8.18.4).
7-=&",='#(,:-+J*M,=$&&",$+0,#(':<*+*0,4-5+0,
4')",$4*,+-=,&$4;*4,#($+,'+,34*J'-5",3*4'-0,$+0,
fairly common (Fig. 8.17.1); they are sometimes
0*:-4$#*0, ='#(, 4*"*4J*0, "&'3, EN';>, U>TU>RH>, G(*,
%$+0L4'),%-=&",$+0,#(*,:($)3$;+*,:53",($J*,
wider bands (Figs 8.17. 5–7; 16.2), which cover
#(*, =(-&*, 533*4, 3$4#, -., #(*, :53F, $+0, #(':<*4,
"#*)"F, =(':(, ;'J*, #(*), $, )-4*, )-+5)*+#$&,
appearance than in the early phase (Figs 8.17.8–9;

Figure 8.16. (right) Early Bronze I po?ery from

Zeytinli Bahçe. 1: Ledge‑rim and band‑rim bowls
from Early Bronze IA; 2–5: Band‑rim bowls and
high‑stemmed bowls (‘champagne’ cups) from Early
<#5)=%'><
134 !"#$%&&"'(#")*+,")%

Figure 8.17. Zeytinli Bahçe. Po?ery from the Early Bronze IB phase
 -.' /01"2&+034%)1'56'"'!+77&%89,,%#'/:,3#"1%0'/"#&;'<#5)=%'>'$:&1:#% TYb

16.4–5). Moreover, the characteristic parallel

(-4'8-+#$&, ;4--J*"F, =(':(, $&"-, 0*:-4$#*, #(*,
"#*)",'+,!7,9KF,#*+0,#-,%*:-)*,#('++*4F,'+,"-)*,
:$"*","')3&*,'+:'"'-+"F,$+0,)-4*,'44*;5&$4,'+,!7,
IB (Figs 8.17.8; 16.4).
, 7*"'0*",#(*"*,)'+-4,:($+;*"F,=(':(,"**),#-,
%*,#(*,4*"5&#,-.,$,0*J*&-3)*+#,-.,)*+#$&,)-0*&",
$+0,)$+5.$:#54'+;,34$:#':*",#(4-5;(,#')*F,+*=,
shapes appear. The most significant are necked
jars on a pedestal (Figs 8.17.12; 18.5) and the
#63':$&, $;4"' #%$1" bowls of very fine greenish‑
buff or whitish clay (Figs 8.17.2; 18.1); they both
:($4$:#*4'"*,#('",&$#*,3($"*,$+0,$4*,:-)3&*#*&6,
$%"*+#,'+,#(*,*$4&'*4,!7,9K,&*J*&">
, 9#,'",'+#*4*"#'+;,#-,+-#*,#($#,#(*,$+')$&,%4**0'+;,
pa#erns also show remarkable differences from
#(*,*$4&'*4,3($"*,-.,!7,9,$+0,#(*,#*4)'+$&,245<,
period (Siracusano 2002, 96–98, fig. 42). In EB
97F, 3';, %4**0'+;, ;4*$#&6, -J*4#$<*", "(**3, $+0,
;-$#,4*$4'+;F,.-&&-='+;,$,#4$+".-4)$#'-+,34-:*"",
=(':(,'","')'&$4,#-,=($#,=*,<+-=,#-,($J*,#$<*+,
3&$:*,$#,B$""*<,BC6D<,%*#=**+,I$#*,245<,$+0,
!7,9,E7-*""+*:<,T__R^,N4$+;'3$+*,$+0,\'4$:5"$+-,
1998). It is difficult to explain this substantial
:($+;*F,%5#,'#,"**)",#-,:-44*"3-+0,#-,$,;*+*4$&,
#4*+0,'+,#(*,$4*$,"-5#(,-.,G$545",'+,#(*,:-54"*,
of the first half of the 3rd millennium, though
sometimes with chronological differences from Figure 8.18. Zeytinli Bahçe. Po?ery from the Early
"'#*, #-, "'#*>, i';, %4**0'+;, =$", $, 0**3&6L4--#*0, <#5)=%'><'&%C%&0
#4$0'#'-+, '+, #(*, $4*$, .4-), #(*, ?*-&'#(':F, "5:(,
#($#,'#,'",3-""'%&*,#($#,'#,=$",#(*,245<,*:-+-)':,
)-0*&"F, #-;*#(*4, ='#(, #(*, 0*J*&-3)*+#, -., %4-5;(#,$%-5#,%6,#(*,245<,3(*+-)*+-+>,G(*,
:*+#4$&'"*0,*:-+-)'*"F,#($#,'+#4-05:*0,$,:($+;*, ?'+*J'#*,$4*$,"(-=",=($#,"**)",#-,($J*,%**+,
'+,#('",&-:$&,#4$0'#'-+>,G('",=$",&$#*4,4*"#-4*0F,$#, #(*,:-+"-&'0$#'-+,-.,54%$+'"$#'-+F,$&#(-5;(,='#(,
&*$"#,'+,#(*,:-5+#46"'0*F,=(*+,245<,'+#*4.*4*+:*, )$O-4,;*+*4$&,:($+;*"F,=(*4*$",#(*4*,$4*,+-,:&*$4,
was only a distant memory, and the effects of that '+0':$#'-+",'+,#('",4*"3*:#,$",.$4,$",#(*,!53(4$#*",
<'+0,-.,0'4*:#,:*+#4$&'"*0,:-+#4-&,-J*4,34')$46, [$&&*6,'",:-+:*4+*0>,B*4*F,$&&,$&-+;,#(*,:-54"*,
*:-+-)6,($0,0'"$33*$4*0>, -.,#(*,G54<'"(,!53(4$#*"F,-+,#(*,:-+#4$46F,#(*,
, f($#, )';(#, $33*$4, #-, %*, $+, P54%$+Q, &$6-5#, :4'"'",'+,#(*,I$#*,245<,"6"#*),"**)",#-,($J*,
of the se#lement probably reflects a general :$5"*0,$+,$33$4*+#,:-&&$3"*,-.,#(*,:*+#4$&'"*0,
change in se#lement organisation at a regional -4;$+'"$#'-+,EK&;$8*,T___H>,G(*,"')'&$4'#6,'+,3-"#L
&*J*&>,B-=*J*4F,#(*,")$&&,"'8*,-.,@*6#'+&',7$(A*, 245<,3-&'#':$&,$+0,*:-+-)':,0*J*&-3)*+#",)$6,
together with this animal breeding pa#ern might well explain the fact that, still in the first centuries
'+0':$#*, #($#, #(*, "'#*, '#"*&., =$", 34-%$%&6, +*J*4, -.,#(*,Y40,)'&&*++'5)F,#(*,"3(*4*,-.,'+#*4$:#'-+,
$+,54%$+,:*+#4*F,%5#,)$6,($J*,4*#$'+*0,$,%$"':, )$'+&6,:-+:*4+*0,#(*,#=-,!53(4$#*",$4*$",+-4#(,
454$&,$+0,J'&&$;*L&'<*,:($4$:#*4> $+0,"-5#(,-.,#(*,G$545"LK+#'#$545",)-5+#$'+">,
, 9+,#(*,*$4&6,:*+#54'*",-.,#(*,Y40,)'&&*++'5)F, , ?*=,*M#*4+$&,4*&$#'-+",='#(,#(*,+-4#(L*$"#*4+,
'+0**0F,$,)$4<*0,0'..*4*+:*,=$",*"#$%&'"(*0, K+$#-&'$+, $+0, G4$+":$5:$"'$+, =-4&0, =*4*,
%*#=**+,#(*,/'00&*1233*4,G54<'"(,!53(4$#*", *"3*:'$&&6,5+0*4#$<*+,%6,#(*,3-35&$#'-+",'+,#(*,
4*;'-+,E#(*,V$4:(*)'"(,$+0,a$4$%$%$,$4*$"H,$+0, +-4#(*4+,3$4#,-.,#(*,J$&&*6>,75#,#(*6,)$6,($J*,
:*+#4$&L*$"#*4+,3$4#",-.,?-4#(*4+,/*"-3-#$)'$, transmi#ed some new elements borrowed from
(the Ninevite area), breaking up – as suggested #(*,+-4#(L*$"#*4+,:5&#54*",#-,#(*,3*-3&*,"-5#(,
above – the relative socio‑political homogeneity -.,#(*,)-5+#$'+"F,=(-,"**),#-,($J*,"*&*:#'J*&6,
TYe !"#$%&&"'(#")*+,")%
(+*:#%'-.?T.'I%;1+)&+'<"3J%.'!%1"&&+$'@"#%E'$5##:*"1%7'
*52&%10'")7'6551'6#"*4%)10'6#54'1#+,57'C%00%&0'65:)7'
in final Early Bronze levels under the Middle Bronze
fortification wall in squares C5–6
4*:*'J*0,#(-"*,#4$'#",=(':(,=*4*,)-4*,"5'#$%&*,#-,
*M34*"",#(*'4,+*=,.-4)",-.,3-&'#':$&,-4;$+'"$#'-+>,
i$4#':5&$4&6F, #(*, $&4*$06, )*+#'-+*0, %54'$&,
customs, which stressed social differentiation,
#(*,')3-4#$+#,4-&*,-.,#(*,)'&'#$46,.5+:#'-+F,+*=,
concepts of wealth – no longer based on staple
34-05:#,$::5)5&$#'-+,%5#,4$#(*4,-+,&5M546,;--0",
such as metals – became a new characteristic
.*$#54*,-.,#(*,G54<'"(,!53(4$#*",:5&#54*">,V'"#,-4,
stone graves rich in metal giCs, sometimes in large
:*)*#*4'*"F,&'<*,#(*,7'4*:'<,+*:4-3-&'",E\*4#-<,$+0,
!4;*A,T___HF,"34*$0,"-5#(=$40",$&-+;,#(*,4'J*4,
J$&&*6,'+,#(*,:-54"*,-.,#(*,.'4"#,($&.,-.,#(*,Y40,
)'&&*++'5)F,4*$:('+;,#(*,\64'$+,%-40*4,*M$:#&6,'+,
the area of Carchemish (Woolley 1914; Carchemish
999H>,G('",#4$0'#'-+,%*:$)*,"-,=*&&L4--#*0,#($#,'#,'+,
"-)*,=$6,3*4"'"#*0,'+,#(*,$4*$F,='#(,"5::*""'J*,
modifications and local adaptations, in the second
($&.,-.,#(*,Y40,)'&&*++'5)F,:($4$:#*4'"'+;F,'+,'#",
+*=,.-4)"F,$&"-,#(*,&$#*4,Y40,)'&&*++'5),:5&#54*",
-.,#('",4*;'-+,EK&;$8*,%1'"&>,T__e^,B$53#)$++,T__RF,
T__Y^,I$+*4',T___^,i*&#*+%54;,T___^,i*&#*+%54;,%1'
"&>,T__b^,RSSS^,\:(=$4#8,%1'"&>,RSSSF,RSSYH>
(+*:#%0'-.FUDF?.'!+77&%'<#5)=%'C%00%&0'6#54'I%;1+)&+'
<"3J%
Changes in the se1lement pa1ern and site
function in the transition between the 3rd to
the 2nd millennium
G(*,*M#4$-40'+$46,4':(+*"",-.,#(*"*,&$#*4,#-)%",
'", *X5$&&6, $+, '+0':$#'-+, -., "5%"#$+#'$&, :($+;*",
'+,#(*,0*J*&-3)*+#,-.,#(*"*,:-))5+'#'*">,]+*,
-., #(*, )-"#, ')3-4#$+#, $:('*J*)*+#", '+, #(*,
"*:-+0, ($&., -., #(*, Y40, )'&&*++'5), =$", $&"-,
#(*, 4*"5)3#'-+, -., 54%$+'"$#'-+, '+, #(*, =*"#*4+,
4*;'-+,-.,233*4,/*"-3-#$)'$F,3$4#':5&$4&6,'+,#(*,,
24.$, $4*$F, "-5#(, -., #(*, a$4$%$%$, 0$), EK&;$8*,
T___H>, \'#*", $", G'#4'"F, a$8$+*F, 34-%$%&6, I'0$4F,
#-;*#(*4,='#(,#(*,+5)*4-5",&$4;*,5+*M:$J$#*0,
)-5+0",'+,#(*,24.$,3&$'+,$33*$4,$",4*$&,54%$+,
"*##&*)*+#", EB$53#)$++, T__Y^, /$#+*6, $+0,
K&;$8*, T__b^, /$#+*6, %1' "&. 1999; Wa#enmaker
T__eH, $+0, '+0':$#*, $, "*:-+0, 54%$+'"$#'-+,
3(*+-)*+-+F,=(':(,=$",)$'+&6,4*:-;+'"$%&*,'+,
 -.' /01"2&+034%)1'56'"'!+77&%89,,%#'/:,3#"1%0'/"#&;'<#5)=%'>'$:&1:#%
(+*:#%'-.FFDFS.'Q&")'")7'C+%@0'6#54'13%')5#13'")7'
13%' 05:13' 56' 13%' !+77&%' <#5)=%' R*%' 7%6%)$%' @"&&'
with a quadrangular tower, built at the base of the
3+*3'$5)+$"&'45:)7.'R'&"#*%'*"1%@";'*+C+)*'"$$%00'
15'13%'$54,&%A'+0'C+0+2&%'+)'(+*:#%0'-.FF'G"25C%H'")7'
-.FP'G15,'#+*31H'
#(*,3&$'+",$+0,.--#('&&",-.,233*4,/*"-3-#$)'$F,
=('&*,%*'+;,)-4*,:'4:5)":4'%*0,'+,#(*,!53(4$#*",
[$&&*6, 34-3*4>, G(*, :5&#54$&, &'+<", %*#=**+,
#(*, *$"#*4+, $+0, =*"#*4+, 3$4#", -., #(*, 4*;'-+,,
became stronger again, and a town–country
"6"#*)':,4*&$#'-+"('3,=$",34-%$%&6,*"#$%&'"(*0,
%*#=**+,#(*,&$4;*,:*+#4*",$+0,#(*,")$&&*4,"'#*",
='#('+, $, +*=, ('*4$4:(':$&, $44$+;*)*+#, -., #(*,
#*44'#-46>
, f*,0-,+-#,($J*,*+-5;(,'+.-4)$#'-+,.-4,#('",
period from Zeytinli Bahçe, but the po#ery found
in stratified levels in a small area at the base of
#(*,(';(*4,:-+':$&,)-5+0F,-+,#(*,=*"#*4+,"&-3*F,
can be ascribed to a typical EB III–IV horizon of
#(*,4*;'-+,EN';>,U>T_H>
, ?-,!7,99,='#(,3$'+#*0,a$4$%$%$,=$4*,-4,!7,
999, &$6*4", ($J*, "-, .$4, %**+, .-5+0, '+, #(*, &-=*4,
)-5+0>,G('",$%"*+:*,)$6,%*,05*,#-,$,4*$&,;$3,
in the sequence or to a shiC or reduction in
"'8*,-.,#(*,'+($%'#*0,$4*$>,9.,@*6#'+&',7$(A*,=$",
'+($%'#*0, $#, $&&, '+, #(*, )'0LY40, )'&&*++'5), '#,
)';(#,($J*,%**+,:-+:*+#4$#*0,'+,#(*,")$&&,:*+#4$&,
$4*$, $#, #(*, %$"*, -., #(*, (';(, :-+':$&, )-5+0F,
where remains of EB III–IV structures have been
.-5+0>, f*, 0-, +-#, <+-=, =(*#(*4, #('", 3$4#, -.,
the se#lement housed an inner town citadel or
137
=(*#(*4,'#,=$","')3&6,$,")$&&*4,'+($%'#*0,$4*$,
in the mid–late 3rd millennium.
, G(*,"'#5$#'-+,'",)5:(,:&*$4*4,$#,#(*,%*;'++'+;,
of the 2nd millennium. An undoubtedly fortified
$4:('#*:#54$&,:-)3&*M,E:'#$0*&,-4,P3$&$:*QH,"#--0,
-+,#('",3$4#,-.,#(*,)-5+0,'+,#(*,/'00&*,74-+8*,
Age, forming the first nucleus of the steep conical
('&&>, K, (5;*, )-+5)*+#$&, Y), #(':<, )50L%4':<,
=$&&, ='#(, $, X5$04$+;5&$4, P#-=*4Q, 34-#450'+;,
from the exterior of the walls and flanking a
3$J*0, 4-$0, -4, ;$#*=$6, ;'J'+;, $::*"", #-, #(*,
'+#*4'-4,-.,#(*,:-)3&*M,($",%**+,%4-5;(#,#-,&';(#,
'+, #(*, *M:$J$#'-+, $4*$, -3*+*0, -+, #(*, "-5#(L
western flank of this cone. The abundant +)'0+1:,
materials found on the floor of the tower in this
seriously fire‑damaged building all point to a
)$#54*, /'00&*, 74-+8*, 3($"*F, 34-%$%&6, /799F,
=(':(, '", :&-"*&6, :-)3$4$%&*, #-, -#(*4, /'00&*,
74-+8*,"'#*",'+,#(*,4*;'-+F,"5:(,$",a54%$+,$+0,
Lidar Höyük (Figs 8.20–24; $6>, K&;$8*, T__S^,
a$":($5,T___H>
, c*)$'+", -., /'00&*, 74-+8*, &*J*&", ($J*, $&"-,
%**+, .-5+0, -+, #(*, *$"#*4+, "'0*, -., #(*, &-=*4,
)-5+0,E"-5+0'+;,NbHF,5+0*4,$,"*X5*+:*,-.,I$#*,
Byzantine and damaged Roman se#lements. It
'", +-#, 6*#, :&*$4, =(*#(*4, #(*"*, R+0, )'&&*++'5),
TYU !"#$%&&"'(#")*+,")%
4*)$'+",$4*,3$4#,-.,$,P&-=*4,#-=+QF,=(':(,($0,'#,
*M'"#*0,$#,$&&,=-5&0,34-%$%&6,($J*,%**+,&')'#*0,
'+, '#", *M#*+"'-+F, -4, =(*#(*4, #(*6, $4*, )*4*&6,
the remains of sca#ered buildings around the
P.-4#4*""Q>,
During the EB III–IV and Middle Bronze
ages, the se#lement therefore seems to have
%**+, 4*"#4':#*0, #-, $, ")$&&*4, $4*$F, $+0, $#, #(*,
%*;'++'+;,-.,#(*,R+0,)'&&*++'5),=$",$,:'#$0*&,
or acropolis surrounded by fortification walls.
This period seems to have marked a significant
change in the se#lement type, aCer a period of
3-""'%&*, $%$+0-+)*+#, -4, :4'"'"F, $+0, '#, =-5&0,
%*, '+#*4*"#'+;, #-, <+-=, =(*#(*4, #('", :($+;*,
)$#:(*0, $, )-4*, ;*+*4$&, #4$+".-4)$#'-+, -., #(*,
se#lement pa#ern in the region. Though not
6*#,#(-4-5;(&6,'+J*"#';$#*0F,#(*,/'00&*,74-+8*,
)-+5)*+#$&, :-)3&*M, $#, @*6#'+&', 7$(A*F, ='#(,
'#",')3-"'+;,=$&&"F,)$6,%*,*J'0*+:*,-.,$,3*4'-0,
of insecurity and conflicts – also suggested by
the spreading of walled se#lements – in what
$33*$4", #-, ($J*, %**+, $, <'+0, -., %-40*4'+;, $+0,
:4-""'+;, &$+0, %*#=**+, '+:4*$"'+;&6, 3-=*4.5&,
*)*4;'+;,#*44'#-4'$&,"#$#*">,
Concluding remarks
G=-,-4,#(4**,3$4#':5&$4&6,'+#*4*"#'+;,$"3*:#",'+,
)6,-3'+'-+,*)*4;*,.4-),=($#,($",%**+,"#$#*0,
so far. The first, which is well documented in the
@*6#'+&',7$(A*,"*X5*+:*F,'",#($#,#(*,!7,9,:5&#54*,
-.,#(*,G54<'"(,!53(4$#*",:-))5+'#'*","**)",#-,
have developed specifically in the southernmost
$4*$,-.,V$4:(*)'"(,$+0,#(*,a$4$%$%$,0$),-5#,
of the local Uruk culture – an adaptation process
#($#,=$",$&4*$06,'+,34-;4*"",'+,#(*,&$#*,3($"*,-.,
#(*,245<,3*4'-0,EIVbH>,G(*,J*46,34-+-5+:*0,
:-+#'+5'#6,.-5+0,%*#=**+,I$#*,245<,$+0,!7,9,'+,
#('","-5#(*4+,3$4#,-.,#(*,G54<'"(,!53(4$#*",'",+-#,
.-5+0,'+,#(*,)-4*,+-4#(*4+,"*:#'-+F,+-4#(,-.,#(*,
G$545">,G('",'",*J'0*+#,$#,K4"&$+#*3*F,=(*4*F,'.,#(*,
)$4<*0,3-&'#':$&,$+0,"6"#*)':,%4*$<0-=+,$4-5+0,
YSSS,7V,=(':(,"500*+&6,%&-:<*0,#(*,0*J*&-3)*+#,
-.,K4"&$+#*3*Q",*$4&6,"#$#*,"-:'*#6,)';(#,-+&6,($J*,
been specific to this site because of its dominant
4-&*F,#(*,:($+;*",'+,'#",:*4$)':,4*3*4#-'4*,($J*,
)-4*,;*+*4$&,')3&':$#'-+",EN4$+;'3$+*,RSSSH>,
For it was only in EB I that the Arslantepe po#ery
4$+;*,Ei*4'-0,[97RH,$:X5'4*0,"-)*,-.,#(*,*&*)*+#",
of Uruk origin – that were already part of the
4th millennium inventory in the southernmost
region – such as the band‑rim and ledge‑rim
%-=&",EN4$+;'3$+*,$+0,i$&)'*4',T_UYH>,G(*"*,
=*4*,'+0**0,:-)3&*#*&6,$%"*+#,'+,#(*,i*4'-0,[9K,
34-05:#'-+,E#(*,&-:$&,I$#*,245<,3($"*HF,$+0,=*4*,
'+#4-05:*0,'+#-,#(*,!7,9,4*3*4#-'4*,34-%$%&6,$",#(*,
4*"5&#,-.,:-+#'+5'+;,&'+<",='#(,#(*,"-5#(*4+)-"#,
3$4#,-.,#(*,J$&&*6>,G(*,"$)*,)';(#,%*,"$'0,-.,#(*,
.45'#L"#$+0"Z,#(*,!7,9,.45'#L"#$+0",$#,K4"&$+#*3*,
='#(,$,:$4'+$#*0,:53,$+0,:6&'+04':$&,"#*),0-,
+-#,"**),#-,($J*,$+6#('+;,'+,:-))-+,='#(,#(*,
*$4&'*4,K4"&$+#*3*,[9K,.45'#L"#$+0"F,-4,#(*,G*3*:'<,
*M$)3&*",'+,#(*,!&$8';,$4*$,E!"'+,T_URHF,%5#,:-36,
#(*,"-L:$&&*0,"-5#(*4+,:($)3$;+*,:53"')-0*&F,
=(':(,'+,#54+,"**),#-,-4';'+$#*,.4-),#(*,%$+0L
4'),%-=&,#63*>
, G(*"*, &'+<"F, $", '+0':$#*0, *$4&'*4F, :$+, $&"-,
%*, "**+, .4-), #(*, :5&#54$&, *&*)*+#", "*&*:#'J*&6,
filtered in the opposite direction, from north
#-, "-5#(F, "5:(, $", #(*, :'"#, #-)%", $+0, #(*, +*=,
.5+*4$46, #4$0'#'-+"F, =(':(, %*:$)*, *"#$%&'"(*0,
#(4-5;(-5#, #(*, 4*;'-+, ;4$J'#$#'+;, $4-5+0, #(*,
G54<'"(,!53(4$#*",$+0,%*6-+0>,K+-#(*4,&'+<,'",
4*34*"*+#*0, %6, )*#$&&54;6, ='#(, #(*, "34*$0, -.,
"')'&$4,)-0*&",$+0,)$+5.$:#54'+;,#*:(+'X5*">,
, G(*,"*:-+0,'+#*4*"#'+;,4*)$4<,'",#($#F,0*"3'#*,
#(*,.$:#,#($#,#(*,=(-&*,J$&&*6,=$",+-=,0'J'0*0,
into two clearly distinct zones – a northern zone
#-, #(*, +-4#(, -., #(*, )-5+#$'+", $+0, $, "-5#(*4+,
zone – it was affected throughout by a similar
3-&'#':$&, :4'"'", =(':(, 4$0':$&&6, :($+;*0, 3-=*4,
4*&$#'-+",$+0,#(*,=(-&*,*:-+-)':,$+0,#*44'#-4'$&,
"6"#*),$#,#(*,%*;'++'+;,-.,#(*,Y40,)'&&*++'5)>
, G(*, -5#:-)*", -., #('", :4'"'", 0'..*4*0, .4-),
-+*, $4*$, #-, $+-#(*4F, %5#, 4$0':$&, "#45:#54$&,
:($+;*", =*4*, #$<'+;, 3&$:*, *J*46=(*4*F, &'+<*0,
#-, #(*, :-&&$3"*, -., #(*, *:-+-)':, $+0, 3-&'#':$&,
:*+#4$&'"$#'-+, "6"#*)>, G(*, 0'"$33*$4$+:*, -.,
:&$6L"*$&'+;",$+0,"*$&"F,#(*,$&)-"#,#-#$&,$%"*+:*,
-.,)$""L34-05:*0,:-+':$&,%-=&"F,$+0,#(*,.$'&54*,
to find any monumental public buildings, set
#(*, 4*;'-+, -., #(*, 233*4, !53(4$#*", $3$4#, .4-),
the rest of Mesopotamia in the first half of the
Y40, )'&&*++'5)>, N-4, #(*, 54%$+'"$#'-+, -., #(*,
*$"#*4+)-"#,4*;'-+",-.,233*4,/*"-3-#$)'$,0-*",
+-#,"**),*J*4,#-,($J*,:*$"*0F,%5#,)$6,-+&6,($J*,
5+0*4;-+*,$,4*-4;$+'"$#'-+$&,3($"*,'+,#(*,*$4&6,
:*+#54'*", -., #(*, Y40, )'&&*++'5)F, O50;'+;, .4-),
#(*,0*J*&-3)*+#",-.,#(*,?'+*J'#*,b,:5&#54*,Ec-J$,
$+0,f*'"",RSSYH>,
The different social, economic and political
0'4*:#'-+", #$<*+, %6, #(*, #=-, $4*$", :$+, &$4;*&6,
%*, 35#, 0-=+, #-, #(*'4, 0'..*4*+#, *:-&-;':$&,
se#ing, which enabled the Khabour plains to
0*J*&-3,$,=*$&#(6,*:-+-)6,%$"*0,-+,34')$46,
 -.' /01"2&+034%)1'56'"'!+77&%89,,%#'/:,3#"1%0'/"#&;'<#5)=%'>'$:&1:#%
:-))-0'#'*"F, 3$4#':5&$4&6, $;4':5&#54*F, $", #(*,
*""*+#'$&, %$"'", .-4, #(*'4, 54%$+, ;4-=#(>, 9#, '",
$&"-, 3-""'%&*, #($#, #(*, .$4L4*$:('+;, :4'"'", '+, #(*,
\#$#*, .-4)$#'-+, 34-:*""F, =(':(, )-4*, "#4-+;&6,
affected the western areas around the Euphrates,
)$6, ($J*, .$:'&'#$#*0, #(*, 4*L*"#$%&'"()*+#, -.,
#4$0'#'-+$&,"6"#*)",-.,4*&$#'-+",#($#,=*4*,#63':$&,
-.,#4'%$&,"-:'*#'*",%$"*0,-+,&'+*$;*",$+0,:&$+",$+0,
on elite kin relations (Stein 2004). The spread
-., .5+*4$46, 4'#5$&", ='#(, =*&&L*+0-=*0, #-)%"F,
4':(,'+,)*#$&,$+0,=*$3-+"F,$+0,#(*,34$:#':*,-.,
"'#'+;, )-+5)*+#$&, #-)%", '+, ')3-4#$+#, $4*$",
of the se#lements and in acropolises, which is
$&4*$06,4*:-;+'"$%&*,$#,#(*,%*;'++'+;,-.,#(*,Y40,
)'&&*++'5),$#,K4"&$+#*3*,EN4$+;'3$+*,%1'"&>,RSSTHF,
:-5&0,%*,4*&$#*0F,.4-),#(*"*,*$4&'*"#,3($"*",E!7,9HF,
#-,#(*,+**0,#-,&*;'#')'"*,$5#(-4'#6,%6,j$+:*"#-4,
J*+*4$#'-+,$+0,.5+*4$46,J'"'%'&'#6k,'+,$,3*4'-0,
-., 3-&'#':$&, '+"#$%'&'#6F, $", ($", %**+, "5;;*"#*0,
.-4,&$#*4,0*J*&-3)*+#",'+,#(*,"*:-+0,($&.,-.,#(*,
Y40, )'&&*++'5), Ei*&#*+%54;, T___^, i-4#*4, RSSR^,
Schwartz 2003, 338–340). The establishment
-., #('", 34$:#':*F, =(':(, "5%"*X5*+#&6, *)*4;*0,
='#(,'+:4*$"'+;&6,)-4*,*J'0*+#,$+0,-"#*+#$#'-5",
.-4)",#(4-5;(-5#,#(*,=(-&*,$4*$,%-#(,'+,"-5#(L
*$"#*4+,K+$#-&'$, EG'#4'"F, h4*, ['4'<*H, EK&;$8*, %1'
"&>,T__e^,l<"*,RSSRH,$+0,'+,+-4#(L=*"#*4+,\64'$,
E`*4$%&5",G$(#$+'F,7$+$#F,K()$41G'&,7$4"'3F,2)),
*&L/$44$H, Ei*&#*+%54;, %1' "&>, T__b^, /:V&*&&$+,
$+0, i-4#*4, T___^, c--%$*4#, $+0, 75++*+", T___^,
\:(=$4#8,RSSS^,RSSYH,=-5&0,"**),#-,%$:<,53,#('",
#(*-46F,'+0':$#'+;,#($#,#(*,"-:'*#'*",-.,#(*,233*41
/'00&*, !53(4$#*", $+0, +-4#(L=*"#*4+, \64'$,
were different in character from the societies in
#(*,*$"#*4+)-"#,8-+*",-.,233*4,/*"-3-#$)'$F,
*J*+,'+,#(*,3*4'-0,'+,=(':(,$,+*=,54%$+'"$#'-+,
34-:*"", =$", #$<'+;, 3&$:*, $+0, +*=, #*44'#-4'$&,
states were being formed. This difference is
.54#(*4, (';(&';(#*0, %6, #(*, .$:#, #($#, #(*, $&&L-5#,
54%$+'"$#'-+, -., #(*, +-4#(, '+, #(*, "*:-+0, ($&., -.,
the 3rd millennium only marginally affected the
34-3*4,233*4,!53(4$#*",8-+*">
, K00'#'-+$&&6F, $+, *:-+-)6, %$"*0, -+, =*$&#(,
finance to support the power of the elites would
$&"-, %*, :-+"'"#*+#, ='#(, #(*, "#45:#54*, -., #4'%$&,
$+0, &'+*$;*L%$"*0, :-))5+'#'*", "5;;*"#*0, .-4,
the Turkish–Syrian Euphrates areas in the 3rd
)'&&*++'5), E\:(=$4#8, RSSYH>, K+0, #('", =-5&0,
$&"-,*M3&$'+,#(*,"3*:'$&,4*&$#'-+",#($#,&'+<*0,#(*,
southern areas, at least in the first half of the 3rd
)'&&*++'5)F,#-,#(*,+-4#(*4+,8-+*",-.,#(*,233*4,
!53(4$#*"F,.4-),=(*4*,#(*6,)$6,($J*,34-:54*0,
4$=,)$#*4'$&"F,3$4#':5&$4&6,)*#$&">
TY_
, V5&#54$&, :-+#'+5'#6, $+0, $%"*+:*, -., $+6, 4*$&,
%4*$<F, :-)%'+*0, ='#(, #(*, *J'0*+:*, #($#, "-)*,
se#lements possibly underwent moments of
%*'+;,$%$+0-+*0,$+0,4*-4;$+'"*0,'+,#(*,"*:-+0,
($&.,-.,#(*,Y40,)'&&*++'5)F,$","(-=+,$#,"5:(,"'#*",
$",@*6#'+&',7$(A*,$+0,B-45),BC6D<,E/$44-,%1'"&.'
2000), may reflect on the one hand the long‑term
)$'+#*+$+:*,-.,#(*,:5&#54$&,$+0,"-:'$&,'0*+#'#6,
-.,#(*,!53(4$#*",;4-53"F,$+0,-+,#(*,-#(*4,($+0,
$,:*4#$'+,'+"#$%'&'#6,-.,#(*'4,3-&'#':$&,"6"#*)">
, !J*+,#(*,'+0':$#'-+",*)*4;'+;,.4-),!%&$,#*M#",
"(-=,#($#F,$#,#(*,*+0,-.,#(*,!d,3*4'-0F,#(*4*,=$",
$, j(';(, :-+:*+#4$#'-+, -., ")$&&F, +*';(%-54'+;,
<'+;0-)"k, '+, #(*, !53(4$#*", 4*;'-+, $4-5+0,
V$4:(*)'"(, $+0, $, #*44'#-46, j:($4$:#*4'"*0, %6,
'+#*+"*,54%$+'"$#'-+k,$+0,#*44'#-4'$&,5+'#",-+,$,
&$4;*4,":$&*,'+,#(*,$4*$,-.,a($%-54,E/'&$+-,$+0,
c-J$,RSSSH>
, G(*, j+-4#(*4+, 54%$+'")k, =(':(, \#*'+, ($",
:-)3$4*0,='#(,#(*,"-5#(*4+,:'#'*",$",$,5+'#$46,
3(*+-)*+-+, -., =(':(, #(*, 4':(, )-+5)*+#$&,
#-)%", '+, #(*, =*"#*4+, 8-+*, $&"-, .-4)*0, 3$4#,
(Stein 2004, 72) is much more a geographically
diversified phenomenon in which on the one
($+0,E#-,#(*,*$"#H,#(*4*,=$",54%$+,;4-=#(,$+0,
*M3$+0*0,:-+#4-&,-J*4,#(*,#*44'#-46,%6,#(*,&$4;*,
:*+#4*", #($#, ($0, $&4*$06, :-)*, '+#-, %*'+;, '+,
#(*,34*J'-5",3*4'-0F,$+0,-+,#(*,-#(*4,($+0,E#-,
the west) there was a complex and fluctuating
34-:*"",-.,*"#$%&'"('+;,+*=,3-&'#':$&,*+#'#'*",-5#,
-., #(*, #4'%$&, $+0, &'+*$;*, "#45:#54*", #($#, )$0*,
53, #(*, "-:'$&, $+0, 3-&'#':$&, "5%"#4$#*, -., #(*, Y40,
)'&&*++'5),233*4,!53(4$#*",:5&#54*">
References
K&;$8*F,h>,E*0>H,T__S
B5@)'")7'$5:)1#;'+)'V5:13%"01%#)'R)"15&+"'99.'B3%'01#"1+*#",3+$'
sequence at Kurban,KL;MN>,]4'*+#$&,9+"#'#5#*,i5%&':$#'-+",
TTS>,V(':$;-F,2+'J*4"'#6,-.,V(':$;-,i4*"">
K&;$8*F,h>,T___
G4*+0", '+, #(*, $4:($*-&-;':$&, 0*J*&-3)*+#, -., #(*,
233*4, !53(4$#*", %$"'+, -., \-5#(*$"#*4+, K+$#-&'$,
054'+;,#(*,I$#*,V($&:-&'#(':,$+0,!$4&6,74-+8*,K;*>,
9+,B+03#+)'W"4, 535–572.
K&;$8*F,h>F,G>,/$#+*6F,d>,\:(&**,$+0,`>,a*&&6,T__e,
I$#*,!7K,54%$+,"#45:#54*,$#,G'#4'",BC6D<F,\-5#(*$"#*4+,
G54<*6Z,#(*,T__b,"*$"-+>,R)"15&+$" 22, 129–143.
7*()L7&$+:<*F, />F, />, c>, B-(F, ?>, a$4;F, I>, /$":(F, !>,
i$4":(*F,a>,I>,f'*+*4F,K>,J>,f':<*0*,$+0,h>,@'*;*&)$6*4,
1984
140 !"#$%&&"'(#")*+,")%
B$""*<, BC6D<>, [-4&m5.';*4, 7*4':(#, D%*4, 0'*,
Ausgrabungen in den Jahren 1981–1983, >01")2:&%#'
Mi?eilungen 34, 31–150.
7-*"*F,`>,T__b
Ausgrabungen in Tell Sheikh Hassan, Vorläufige Berichte
M2%#'7+%'X#"2:)*0N"4,"*)%)'?T-S–?TTU':)7'?TTF–?TTS.,
\$$4%4D:<*+F,\$$4%4D:<*4,d45:<*4*',5+0,[*4&$;>
7-*""+*:<F,`>,T__R
7*"3*4:(5+;, 0*4, G'*4<+-:(*+, 5+0, /-&&5"<*+4*"#*>,
9+, />, c>, 7*()L7&$+:<*, E*0>H, K"00%N' KL;MN.'
Y"1:#@+00%)0$3"61&+$3%' 9)1%#0:$3:)*%)' :)7' &+1+0$3%'
>)7:01#+%, 58–74. Tübingen, Ernst Wasmuth Verlag.
74$'0=--0F,c>,`>,$+0,I>,74$'0=--0,T_eS,
/A$"C"1+5)0'+)'13%'Q&"+)'56'R)1+5$3.'B3%'%"#&+%#'"00%42&"*%0'
GQ3"0%0' R–Z.H.' ]4'*+#$&, 9+"#'#5#*, i5%&':$#'-+", eT>,
V(':$;-F,2+'J*4"'#6,-.,V(':$;-,i4*"">
V-+#'F,K>,/>,$+0,V>,i*4"'$+',T__Y
f(*+, =-4&0", :-&&'0*>, V5&#54$&, 0*J*&-3)*+#", '+,
!$"#*4+, K+$#-&'$, '+, #(*, !$4&6, 74-+8*, K;*>, 9+, />,
Frangipane, H. Hauptmann, M. Liverani, P. Ma#hiae,
/>, /*&&'+<, E*0"H, <%1@%%)' 13%' #+C%#0' ")7' 5C%#' 13%'
45:)1"+)0.' R#$3"%5&5*+$"' R)"15&+$"' %1' !%05,51"4+$"'
R&2"'Q"&4+%#+'W%7+$"1", 361–413. Roma, Università ‘La
\$3'*+8$Q>
!"'+F,2>,T_UR
Tepecik excavations, 1974, Keban Project 1974–1975
R$1+C+1+%0, 71–118. Ankara, METU (Middle Eastern
G*:(+':$&,2+'J*4"'#6H>
N4$+;'3$+*F,/>,RSSS
G(*, I$#*, V($&:-&'#(':1!7, 9, "*X5*+:*, $#, K4"&$+#*3*>,
V(4-+-&-;':$&, $+0, :5&#54$&, 4*)$4<", .4-), $, .4-+#'*4,
"'#*>,9+,Chronologies, 439–471.
N4$+;'3$+*F,/>,RSST
V*+#4$&'8$#'-+, 34-:*""*", '+, h4*$#*4, /*"-3-#$)'$>,
245<,j*M3$+"'-+k,$",#(*,:&')$M,-.,"6"#*)':,'+#*4$:#'-+",
$)-+;,$4*$",-.,#(*,h4*$#*4,/*"-3-#$)'$+,4*;'-+>,9+,
/>,c-#()$+,E*0>H,9#:N'!%05,51"4+"'")7'+10')%+*325#0.'
Cross‑cultural interactions in the era of state formationF,
307–347. Santa Fe, School of American Research
i4*"">
Frangipane, M. (ed.) 2004
Alle Origini del Potere. Arslantepe, la Collina dei Leoni>,
/'&$+-F,/-+0$0-4'1!&*:#$>
N4$+;'3$+*F,/>,$+0,K>,i$&)'*4',T_UY
V5&#54$&,0*J*&-3)*+#",$#,K4"&$+#*3*,$#,#(*,%*;'++'+;,
-.,#('40,)'&&*++'5)>,[#+*+)+ 12/2, 523–574.
N4$+;'3$+*F,/>,$+0,h>,\'4$:5"$+-,T__U
V($+;*",'+,"5%"'"#*+:*,"#4$#*;'*",'+,!$"#,K+$#-&'$,054'+;,
the 4th and 3rd millennium BC. In L. Bartosiewicz, E.
`*4*),$+0,f>,/*'0,E*0"H,!")'")7'13%'")+4"&'@5#&7.'
V1:7+%0'+)'R#$3"%5=55&5*;E'R#$3"%5&5*;E'R)13#5,5&5*;'")7'
Q"&"%&+)*:+01+$0'+)'4%45#+"4'V\)75#'<LNL);+, 237–246.
750$3*"#F,K4:($*-&'+;5$,K&$3n#Jo+6>
N4$+;'3$+*F,/>F,h>,/>,d',?-:*4$F,K>,B$53#)$++F,i>,
/-4%'0*&&'F,K,>,i$&)'*4'F,I>,\$0-4'F,/>,\:(5&#8,$+0,G>,
\:()'0#L\:(5&#8,RSST,
?*=,"6)%-&",-.,$,+*=,3-=*4,'+,$,j4-6$&k,#-)%,.4-),
YSSS,7V,K4"&$+#*3*F,/$&$#6$,EG54<*6H>,Q"&]5#+%)1 27/2,
105–139.
N4$+;'3$+*F,/>,$+0,!>,75:$<,RSST
!M:$J$#'-+",$+0,4*"*$4:(*",$#,@*6#'+&',7$(A*,BC6D<F,
T___>,9+,Carchemish Dam II, 84–131.
N4$+;'3$+*F,/>F,V>,K&J$4-F,c>,N4$+:*":$,7$&-""',$+0,
h>,\'4$:5"$+-,RSSR
G(*, RSSS, V$)3$';+, $#, @*6#'+&', 7$(A*, BC6D<>, 9+,
Carchemish Dam III, 41–99.
B$53#)$++F,B>,T__R
I'0$4,BC6D<>,Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi 26–1, 93–110.
B$53#)$++F,B>,T__Y
Vier Jahrtausende Siedlungsgeschichte am mi#leren
!53(4$#>,R#$3^5&5*+%'+)'W%:10$3&")7 1, 10–15.
a$":($5F,h>,T___
Lidar Höyük. Die Keramik der Mittleren Bronzezeit>,
K4:($*-&-;':$, !53(4$#':$, Y>, /$'+8F, i('&'3, J-+,
@$%*4+>
a'&&':<F,c>,T_Ue
G(*,!"<',/-"5&,4*;'-+>,9+,2>,N'+<%*'+*4,$+0,f>,cC&&';,
E*0"H, X"47"1' Y"0#.' Q%#+57' 5#' _%*+5)"&' V1;&%` BeiheCe
zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients 62, 229–244.
f'*"%$0*+F,c*':(*4#>
,
I$+*4'F,?>,T___
9+#4$)54$&,#-)%">,K,.5+*4$46,#4$0'#'-+,-.,#(*,/'00&*,
!53(4$#*", J$&&*6, 054'+;, #(*, Y40, )'&&*++'5), 7V>,
R)"15&+$" 25, 221–241.
/$44-F,V>F,K>,G'%*#,$+0,N>,75&;$+,RSSS
N-5'&&*",0*,"$5J*#$;*,0*,B-45),BC6D<,E34-J'+:*,0*,
h$8'$+#*3HZ,X5$#4'p)*,4$33-4#,34*&')'+$'4*>,R)"15&+"'
Antiqua 8, 257–278.
/$#+*6F,G>,$+0,h>,K&;$8*,T__b
24%$+, 0*J*&-3)*+#, $#, )'0L&$#*, !$4&6, 74-+8*, K;*,
G'#4'",BC6D<,'+,\-5#(*$"#*4+,K+$#-&'$>,<:&&%1+)'56'13%'
R4%#+$")'V$355&0'56'[#+%)1"&'_%0%"#$3 299/300, 33–52.
 -.' /01"2&+034%)1'56'"'!+77&%89,,%#'/:,3#"1%0'/"#&;'<#5)=%'>'$:&1:#%
/$#+*6F,G>F,h>,K&;$8*,$+0,\>,K>,c-"*+,T___
!$4&6, 74-+8*, K;*, 54%$+, "#45:#54*, $#, G'#4'", BC6D<F,
\-5#(*$"#*4+, G54<*6Z, #(*, T__U, "*$"-+>, R)"15&+$", RbF,
185–201.
/:V&*&&$+F,G>,$+0,K>,i-4#*4,T___
\54J*6,-.,*M:$J$#'-+",$#,G*&&,7$+$#Z,N5+*4$46,34$:#':*">,
9+,B+03#+)'W"4, 107–116.
/'&$+-F,I>,$+0,!>,c-J$,RSSS
V*4$)':, 34-J'+:*", $+0, 3-&'#':$&, %-40*4", '+, 233*4,
/*"-3-#$)'$,'+,#(*,I$#*,!$4&6,d6+$"#':,3*4'-0>,9+,\>,
h4$8'$+',E*0>H,V1:7+'0:&'a+$+)5'[#+%)1%'R)1+$5'7%7+$"1+'
alla memoria di Luigi Cagni, 709–749. Napoli, Istituto
2+'J*4"'#$4'-,]4'*+#$&*>
]$#*"F,d>,$+0,`>,]$#*",T__Y
Excavations at Tell Brak 1992–93. Iraq 55, 155–199.
]$#*"F,`>,RSSR
The rea#ribution of Middle Uruk materials at Brak. In
!>,!(4*+%*4;,E*0>H,b%"C+)*')5'015)%0':)1:#)%7.'/00";0'
5)'13%'R)$+%)1'Y%"#'/"01'")7'/*;,1'+)'35)5#'56'W5)"&7'
K")0%), 145–154. Winona Lake, Eisenbrauns.
l<"*F,K>,G>,RSSR
!M:$J$#'-+", $#, h4*, ['4'<*, RSSS>, 9+, Carchemish Dam
III, 241–286.
i*&#*+%54;F,!>,T___
G(*, &'J'+;, $+0, #(*, $+:*"#-4"Z, !$4&6, 74-+8*, K;*,
)-4#5$46, 34$:#':*", $#, `*4$%&5", G$(#$+'>, 9+, B+03#+)'
W"4, 427–442.
Peltenburg, E. J., S. Campbell, P. CroC, D. Lunt, M.
Murray and M. Wa# 1995
Jerablus‑Tahtani, Syria, 1992–4: Preliminary report.
b%C")1 27, 1–28.
i*&#*+%54;F,!>F,!>,!$"#$5;(F,/>,B*="-+F,K>,`$:<"-+F,
K>,/:V$4#(6,$+0,G>,c6)*4,RSSS
Jerablus Tahtani, Syria, 1998–9: Preliminary report.
b%C")1 32, 53–75.
i-4#*4F,K>,RSSR
G(*,06+$)':",-.,0*$#(Z,K+:*"#-4"F,3$"#-4$&'")F,$+0,
#(*,-4';'+",-.,$,#('40,)'&&*++'5),:'#6,'+,\64'$>,<:&&%1+)'
56'13%'R4%#+$")'V$355&0'56'[#+%)1"&'_%0%"#$3 325, 1–36.
c--%$*4#F,K>,$+0,h>,75++*+",T___
!M:$J$#'-+",$#,G*&&,K()$41G'&,7$4"'3>,9+,B+03#+)'W"4F,
163–178.
c-#()$+F,/>,E*0>H,RSST
Uruk Mesopotamia and its neighbors: Cross‑cultural
View publication stats
141
+)1%#"$1+5)0'+)'13%'%#"'56'01"1%'65#4"1+5)>,\$+#$,N*F,\:(--&,
-.,K)*4':$+,c*"*$4:(,i4*"">
c-J$F,!>,$+0,B>,f*'"",RSSY
The origins of North Mesopotamian civilisation: Ninevite
5 chronology, economy, society>, \5%$4#5, _>, G54+(-5#F,
74*3-&">
\*4#-<F,a>,$+0,c>,!4;*A,T___
K, +*=, !$4&6, 74-+8*, K;*, :*)*#*46>, !M:$J$#'-+",
+*$4,#(*,7'4*:'<,d$)F,\!,G54<*6>,i4*&')'+$46,4*3-4#,
(1997–98). R)"15&+$" 25, 87–107.
\:(=$4#8F,h>F,B>,V54J*4"F,N>,h*44'#"*+F,`>,/$:V-4)':<F,
?>,/'&&*4,$+0,`>,f*%*4,RSSS
!M:$J$#'-+",$+0,"54J*6,'+,#(*,`$%%5&,i&$'+F,f*"#*4+,
Syria: Umm el‑Marra 1996–1997. R4%#+$")'Z5:#)"&'56'
R#$3"%5&5*; 104, 419–462.
\:(=$4#8F,h>F,B>,V54J*4"F,\>,d5+($),$+0,7>,\#5$4#,
RSSY,
K, #('40, )'&&*++'5), 7V, *&'#*, #-)%, $+0, -#(*4, +*=,
*J'0*+:*, .4-), G*&&, 2)), *&L/$44$F, \64'$>, R4%#+$")'
Z5:#)"&'56'R#$3"%5&5*; 107/3, 325–361.
\'4$:5"$+-F,h>,RSSR
i4*&')'+$46, "#506, -., #(*, .$5+$, $#, @*6#'+&', 7$(A*,
BC6D<>,9+,Carchemish Dam III, 80–81, 96–98.
Stein, G. 2004
\#45:#54$&, 3$4$)*#*4", $+0, "-:'-:5&#54$&, .$:#-4", '+,
#(*, *:-+-)':, -4;$+'"$#'-+, -., ?-4#(, /*"-3-#$)'$+,
54%$+'"), '+, #(*, #('40, )'&&*++'5), 7V>, 9+, h>, />,
N*'+)$+, $+0, I>, />, ?':(-&$", E*0"H, R#$3"%5&5*+$"&'
Q%#0,%$1+C%0' 5)' Q5&+1+$"&' /$5)54+%0, 61–78. Salt Lake
V'#6F,2+'J*4"'#6,-.,2#$(,i4*"">
\#*'+F, h>F, c>, 7*4%*:<F, V>, V-54"*6F, K>, /:/$(-+F, ?>,
Miller, A. Mısır, J. Nicola, H. Pi#man, S. Pollock and
B>,f4';(#,T__e,
245<, :-&-+'$&, *M3$+"'-+, $+0, /*"-3-#$)'$+,
communities: an interim report on the 1992–93
*M:$J$#'-+",$#,B$:'+*%'F,G54<*6>,R4%#+$")'Z5:#)"&'56'
R#$3"%5&5*;'100, 205–260.
Wa#enmaker, P. 1996
a$8$+*,BC6D<F,T__bZ,!M:$J$#'-+",$#,$+,*$4&6,:'#6>,Kazi
V5):J&"#+'B5,&")1+0+ 18, 81–92.
Woolley, C. L. 1914
Hi#ite burial customs. b+C%#,55&'R))"&0'56'R#$3"%5&5*;'
")7'R)13#5,5&5*;'6, 87–98.