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1. (b) Meteor is a small celestial body which has entered
the earth’s atmosphere by the gravitational force of
earth, when they pass close to it. Meteors typically
occurs in the mesosphere, and most range in altitude
from 75 km to 100 km.
2. (a) In the graph the temperature ranges from 15° to
25°. So, the graph indicates wet and dry tropical
region, and in this region rain fall does not exceed 25 cm.
3. (c) It is a tropical cyclone of north-west Australia.
Willy Willy originates in the Timor sea and causes
rainfall in different parts of Australia.
4. (d) Ionosphere is the top layer of the atmosphere.
Radio waves are deflected in the ionosphere of the
atmosphere. Ionosphere is composed of D, E and F
layers. D layer (60 km from earth) is good at absorbing
AM radio waves.
5. (a) The assertion is correct and reason correctly
explains the assertion because due to high temperature
the atmospheric air gets heated and rises up. It cools
down and precipitates while the cool air descends
down to take the place of the vaccum.
6. (a) Both the statement are correct and reason is
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correctly explained.
Mangroves are found in the bordering region of
tropical and sub-tropical sea coast. Mangroves
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stabilise the shoreline and act as bulwark against sea
erosion which make the specialised forest ecosystem.
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7. (c) Diamond ring is observed during solar eclipse,
only along the peripheral regions of the totality trail.
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8. (b) Due to the monsoon drift of Indian ocean, its
regular direction of the ocean currents changes twice
an year.
9. (d) The asteroids are group of small pieces of rock
revolving round the sun between the orbit of Mars
and Jupiter. They are approximately 40,000 in number.
10. (b) Iron ore is exported to Japan. Leather goods are
exported to Russia. Tea is exported to U.K. Cotton
fabric is exported to U.S.A.
11. (a) India is a large country spanning over 30° of
longitude. It is unusual in having a single time zone
all over the country, 5½ hours fast.
If the direction of rotation of earth is reversed then
Indian Standard Time will be – 5½ hr.
When it is noon the time is 12:00; that will be 6:30
A.M.in place of 17:30 P.M. or 5:30 P.M.
12. (c) Sun is the star nearest to the earth. It is 150 million
kilometer away from earth. Sun has temperatures of
over 15 million ºC.
13. (c) Mars is the only planet with similar day time
temperatures and an atmosphere similar to earth. The
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most relevant condition for presence of life on Mars is
occurrence of ice caps and frozen water.
14. (a) In the given world map ‘1’ refers the hot, dry
summers, mild and moist winter in California (U.S.A).
15. (c) The asteroids are group of small pieces of rocky
debris of different sizes. Some asteroids are small and
some asteroids even have diameter 1000 km. The
asteroids revolve between Mars and Jupiter.
16. (c) The correct sequence of different layers of
atmosphere from the surface of earth is Troposphere,
Stratosphere, Mesosphere and Ionosphere.
Troposphere extends upto 8 km from earth
surface, but at equator it is 16–18 km.
Stratosphere extends above Troposphere 18–50
km.
Mesosphere extends up to 80 km and above
Mesosphere Ionosphere is present, which extends up
to 400 km.
17. (a) Red tides are a speical type of blooms, which are
found at the estuaries. These blooms are pigmented
dinoflagellates. These single celled organisms are able
to swim short distances. When the algae present in
high concentration, the water appears purple or pink
in colour.
18. (a) The climatic conditions, which are given in the
table denotes the climatic condition of China.
19. (d) A. The smallest planet of the solar system is–
Pluto
B. The largest planet of the solar system is–Jupiter
C. The planet second from the Sun in the solar system
is–Venus
D. Planet nearest to the Sun is – Mercury.
20. (a) In the given figure :
• Andes is marked as ‘1’, which is located at the
western coast of South America.
• Brazilian shield is marked as ‘2’, this area is
located at the eastern part of South America. The
shield extends over 8.5 million square.
• Guyana highland is marked as ‘3’ Guyana
highland is a plateau and low mountain region of
South America located north of Amazon river and
South of Orinoco river.
• Amazon basin is marked as ‘4’, it is the tropical
rain forest in the world. Amazon river drains more
than half of Brazil, part of Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador.
21. (d) Anthracite is a dense, shiny coal that has a high
carbon content. Very little volatile matter is present
in it. It gives a clean flame while burning. Anthracite
contains 91% of carbon; is very little volalile and has
almost smokeless burning.
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22. (d) O. Schmidt in 1943 gave Inter-Slellar Dust
Hypothesis for the origin of the earth and solar system.
23. (d) Benguela is a cold current flows from south to
north along the west coast of Africa.
Guinea current is a worm current flowing east of
Guinea along the west coast of Africa.
24. (b) In the given figure ‘B’ lies between two cyclone
zone ‘A’ and ‘D’. At the ‘B’ marked region rainfall would
be accompanied by thunder storms.
25. (d) The given data shows the climatic condition of
Mediterranean type. In this climatic zone the
temperature varies from 7 – 15°C and rainfall varies
from 6 – 16 cm.
26. (d) Cedar is found in Canada, Douglas fir is found in
Mexico, Mahagony is found in Myanmar. Teak is found
in Honduras.
27. (d) The first light of the sunrise of new millenium in
India experienced at Kathal island of Andaman and
Nicobar, which is located at 92°30 E meridian.
28. (d) Statement 1 is right because it helps in navigation.
29. (b) The westerlies in the southern hemisphere is
called as roaring forties; lies between 40°S to 50°S and
is a permanent wind. It is slow over landmass.
30. (a) In stormy weather condition the pressure of
atmosphere varies, which causes sudden fall in
barometer reading.
31. (a) Aristotle in 340 B.C first stated that the earth was
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spherical in his book “On the Heaven”.
32. (a) If the stars are seen to rise perpendicular to the
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horizon by an observer then the observer is at the
equator because celestical equator is an imaginary
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circle around the sky directly above the earth's
equator. It is always 90º from the pole. All the stars
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rotate in a path that is parallel to the celestical equator.
33. (d) All the statements are true about the sedimentary
rock.
34. (a) The basathic rock found in Baltic sea is
transported by glacier.
35. (c) Quartzite is a metamorphosed rock originally
sandstone. Converted dut to heat and pressure.
36. (a) The correct order of soil erosion process is splash
erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion and gully erosion.
Splash occurs when the raindrop hits the surface;
explosive impact soil into individual particles. Sheet
erosion is the detachment of soil particles by rain drop
and their removal down slope by water flowing
overland as a sheet in definite channels. Rill erosion
refers to the development of small ephemeral
concentrated flow paths which function as both
sedimentary source and sediment delivery systems
for erosion on hill slopes. Sheet erosion removes the
this top layer by raindrop kill or orion occurs in lines
which are less than 30 cm deep when these rills are
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Page 66
deeper than 30 forming channels are called as gully
erosion. Gully erosion occurs when water flows in
narrow channels after heavy rain and melting
snow.
37. (c)
38. (b) Both the statements are correct, but reason is not
the correct explanation of the statement. The sun, the
earth and the moon come in the position of quadrature
(form-a right angle) on seventh and eighth day of
every fortnight of a month and thus the tide producing
forces of the sun and the moon works in opposite
direction, causing low tide. This is lower in height
than the normal tide and is called neap tide. But the
spring tide occurs during full moon and are called
high tides.
39. (d) The ice crystals suspended in cirrus clouds (5-10
k.m.) in the upper atmosphere are responsible for
sun’s halo.
40. (b) Ocean currents are not slow most of the time and
can be subsurface current also. So, statement '1' is
wrong. But '2', '3' and '4' statements are correct.
41. (d) 1st statement is wrong: Equational region has
only two seasons.
2nd statement : Mediterranean gets rainfall during
winter season is also wrong.
42. (c) The average albedo of earth is 34%. It varies
according to the colour and texture of the surface.
According to the ecosystem, the maximum albedo
would be of Tundra, then Taiga, then tropical green
forest and tropical deciduous forest respectively.
43. (c) A is true but R is false.
Sub-polar low pressure is located between 60–
65º latitude in both hemisphere. Low pressure is
produced in this area, because the surface air spreads
outward from this zone due to rotation of earth.
44. (a) The surface wind spiral inwards the centre of the
cyclone, which create a low pressure area in the
centre.
45. (d) Thunder cloud develops due to high temperature
and humidity, which pushes the wind vertically up
within the atmosphere. Water vapour condenses to
form clouds which precipitate to rain due to presence
of orography.
46. (c) Movement of Jet stream affects the mansoon rain
in India. Jet stream is a strong and rapidly moving
circumpolar westerly air extending upto troposphere,
having meandering course. The upper air westerly
jet stream bifurcates into two as they flow over Indian
sub-continent due to occurance of Himalayas. The
northern jet stream washes the northern Himalayas
and Tibetan plateau. The southern part moves south
of Himalayas in a cyclone form from west to east, bring
rain and lowering the temperature of the northern
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Indian plain. Usually this condition last from October
to February but if presist longer then hinders the
arrival of monsoon in India. Low pressure develops
over north-west India in the months of April and May
but the upper hight pressure jet stream decends down
and obstruct the ascent of wind in the region of low
pressure. This wind withdraws from North India by
mid June but if the condition presists these wind
obstructs the upward movement of surface wind and
giving no way to monsoon to arrive.
47. (c) Periyar lake is not a lagoon. It is surrounded by
mountain ridges of candaman hills.
48. (a) The earth is the densest of all the planet. Density
of Earth is 5.52, Venus–5.50, Mercury 5.27, Mars – 3.95,
Jupiter and Saturn – 0.69, Uranus – 1.27.
49. (a) The amount of moisture in atmosphere is related
to latitude because the temperature depends upon the
latitude and capacity to hold moisture is related to
temperature.
50. (b) The primary productivity of tropical rain forest
is very high as the tropical rain forest contains
decayed leaves, plants, etc. which acts as organic
fertilizers. Hence tropical rain forest can be productive
farmland for several years even without fertilizers.
51. (a) Area lying with 5°–8° latitude is nearer to equator,
where the temperatures are high and humidity is high
throughout the year.
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52. (a) Temperature coniferous forests covers the highest
percentage of forest area in the world.
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53. (b) Jupiter takes maximum time for one revolution
i.e., 11 year 86 days. Mars take 687 days, Venus takes
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267 days.
54. (d) The circulation of atmosphere and oceans is
funda-mentally caused by the fact that the amount of
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incoming solar radiation varies from a maximum at
the equator to a minimum at the poles. More reflection
and absorption of incoming radiation takes place in
high latitude because of the greater thickness of
atmosphere that must be penetrated. Thickness of the
earth is maximum over the pole.
55. (c) Biosafety protocol is an agreement designed to
regulate the international trade, handling and use of
any genetically engineered organism that may have
adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable
use of biological diversity, taking also into account
risks to the human health.
The first meeting was held in 2004 in Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia. India is a signatory member to it the
Biosaflty protocol deals with genetically modified
organism but they donot name them so. USA has sign
it put not yet ratify this treaty.
56. (d) Volcanic mountain. St. Helen is located in United
States of America.
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Page 67
57. (a) We see the same face of the moon from earth in
because the rotation of the earth is similar to moon
23½ hrs.
58. (a) The atmosphere of Venus has carbon dioxcide
primainly followed by nitrogen. Making it denser and
hotter for the resistances of human life.
59. (d) A is false as the direction of wind in the northern
hemisphere is anit clock wise and in southern
hemisphere it is clock wise. The explaination is correct
as this is mainly due to coriolis effect.
60. (a) Balearic islands are located in Mediterrian sea. It
is an autonomous division of Spain and the North
African Coast.
61. (c) Managua is the c apital of Nicaragua, not
Balmopan. Balmopan is the capital city of Balize.
62. (b) Earth magnetic field is inchined between –90° to
90°. In the northern hemisphere it points downwards
and upward in the southern hemisphere.
63. (a) Total land area is area is 148226000 km2 square
kilometers. So, the ratio of land area to water area of
earth is approximately 1 : 3. The Pacific Ocean is the
largest ocean, so maximum percentage of earth's
water is present in it.
64. (c) Diamantine Trench is istuated in south-east part
of Indian Ocean. The depth of Diamantine Trench is
8047 m.
65. (d) A is incorrect as the mars revolution round the
sun takes 1.88 years of Earth's revolution. The
diametre of earth is 12,742 km (7,918 miles) and the
mass is 6,734 km (4,200 miles).
66. (d) The actual average distance between the sun and
the earth is 152 × 106 km which is near to 150 × 106
km.
67. (a) 25°–35° N and S in both hemisphere is a high
pressure belt and high temperature zone. This belt
owes its origin to the rotation of the earth and sinking
and setting down of winds. This zone is of high
pressure is called horse latitude because in ancient
times the merchant carrying horse in their ships had
to throw out of some of the horse while passing
through this zone of calm in order to lighten their
ships.
68. (b) Climates in the Southern Hemisphere tends to be
milder than those in the Northern Hemisphere.
Southern Hemisphere has significantly more ocean
and less land. The water heats up and cools down
more slowly than land. The annual range of
temperature is higher in Atlantic Ocean than in
Pacifica ocean.
69. (a) Albedo is the fraction of the incident sunlight that
is reflected. When an object reflects most of the light
that hits it and looks bright then it has high albedo.
Albedo of mercury is 0.142 and that of the earth its
0.367.
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70. (b) The correct sequence of the median age of their
populations is India < China < USA < UK.
27 36.4 32.6 40.4
71. (b) Jupiter and Saturn are located between Mars and
Uranus.
72. (a) Jupiter has maximum moons accounting to 63
whereas Satun has 61, Mars has 2 and Venus has none.
73. (c) The core of earth is made up of nickle and iron.
74. (d) Tropical rain forest temperature gets higher than
34°C and drops below 20°C and average rain fall 50–
260 inches yearly.
75. (b) Normal El Nino forms in south–eastern Pacific
whereas as El Nino Modoki forms in central Pacific
and causes greater number of hurricanes.
76. (d) Biodiversity hot spots are found in temperature
regions only. Eastern Himalayas, Western Ghats and
Andaman Islands are such hot spots.
77. (d) All are soil conservation methods.
78. (c) Snow's Albedo is highest.
79. (d) Luni river originates from Aravalli range and
flows in south west direction through the hills and
finally ends up in the marshy land of Rann of Kutch.
80. (a) Mediterrian climate have mild, rainy winter and
hot, dry summers and Evergreen, Oak trees.
81. (c) Rotation of the earth causes wind to deflect
towards left in the Southern Hemisphere.
82. (b) The sunlight which is very much important
component for the growth of plant, donot reach the
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surface as the trees there are long and donot allow the
sunlight to pass through them.
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83. (d) Ionosphere has high concentration of free
electrons and gases. These free electrons completely
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surrounds the earth.
84. (d) La Nina is a cold current flowing accross the west
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coast of South America. It is characterized by the low
and high pressure prevailing in the Pacific Ocean. Low
pressure there brings good moonsoon to Indian
subcontinent.
85. (b) Comets found beyond Neptune i.e. kupier belt.
86. (a) The speed of these winds are higher and
persistence in southern hemisphere. The land mass
in southern hemisphere is lesser in comparison on
toss northern hemisphere. As these winds crosses the
landmass its velocity decreases. Thus the effect of
westerlies is less over northern hemisphere than in
southern hemisphere.
87. (a) It is under the influence of cold ocean current. So
given second statement is wrong.
88. (c) Jet fly in the lower stratoshpere to avoid the
turbulence. There are no clouds and the air is dry with
little water vapour. These are no vertical convection
in the stratosphere.
89. (b) It will help probe the possibility of the existence
of stars and galaxies made of anti-mater. It will also
help in understanding the evolution of the universe.
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Page 68
90. (a) Only 1st and 2nd are correct.
91. (b)
1. Rotation of the Earth
2. Air pressure and wind
3. Density of ocean water. Revolution has no import
on ocean current.
92. (c)
1. the atmosphere can be heated upwards only from
the Earth's surface
2. there is more moisture in the upper atmosphere
3. the air is less dense in the upper atmosphere
93. (d) The characteristic of the Tropical Savannah
Region is a definite dry and wet season.
94. (b) Atlas mountain ranges are situated in the north
western part of Africa. They extend almost 2000 km.
They pass through Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.
95. (b) Rotation of earth on its axis causes day and night
but the revolution of earth in an elliptical manner
around the sun causes seasons, equinoxes and solstices.
96. (c) The percentage of freshwater that exists on earth
is 2.5–2.7% out of which almost 70% is icecaps and
glaciers. And the remaining 30% is the ground water.
97. (d) From electromagnetic radiation to revolution of
the earth, everything is responsible for bringing
dynamic changes on the surface of the earth. For
example: Electromagnetic radiation brings changes
in the field of microwaves, wavelengths of radio, UV
rays, infra red rays, X rays and gamma rays.
Geothermal energy is the heat received from the
earth’s core. This heat continuously flows outward. It
transfers to the surrounding layers of rock, the mantle.
When temperature and pressure becomes very high
some mantle rocks melt becoming magma. It then
either comes out as lava or heat up the nearby rocks
and water which comes out as hot springs or geysers.
Gravitational force is constantly working on all
physical bodies. It is giving weights to objects with
mass and causes them to fall to the ground when
dropped. Plate movement is a dynamic change on the
surface of the earth. It explains many aspects of the
interrelationship of volcanoes, earthquakes, climate
change, and the evolution of life itself. Everything
about our planet is related either directly or indirectly
to plate tectonic. Rotation causes day and night.
Revolution causes seasons, change in the length of day
and night.
98. (c) The mixing of warm and cold current in the region
where planktons are found, is food for fishes. The
temperature is just right for them to survive.
The temperature is just right for the growth of firsh
food called planktons.
99. (d) The canopy is the primary layer of the forest
forming a roof over the two remaining layers. The
densest of the biodiversity is found here along with a
large variety of epiphytes.
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100. (a) The first statement is correct. One major factor
affecting the distribution of the temperature of Earth
is distribution of Land and Oceans. Since there is
more land in Northern Hemisphere and more
waters in Southern hemisphere and there is a big
difference between the specific heat of land and
water; the loss of heat from the continents is bigger
than the oceans. The continents get heated faster
and get cooled faster in comparison to the Oceans.
This is the reason that the temperatures of the Oceans
are moderate while that of continents is extreme. The
moderating effect on temperature of the land due to
proximity of the seas is called Maritime influence. The
increasing effect on temperature of the land at interior
of the continents is called Continental Influence.
101. (b) The c entral Asian steppes run through
Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and
Mongolia. The climate here is harsh with dust storms,
little to no rainfall and temperature ranging from – 4
to 50 degree Celsius.
102. (c) Continental drift has affect the evolution of
animals. Pangoa split apart in the triassic period (245
to 208 million years ago) dividing landmass in
gondwanaland and lavrasia. The rearrangement of
landmass lead diversity among animals.
Glacial period helped int he evolution of many species
as they provided a favourable condition for there
growth.
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The eventual warning caused by accumulation of
CO2, from volcano allowed melting of snow and
triggered a cyanobacterial bloom and photosynthetic
oxygen took place.
103. (b) The Westerlies are prevailing winds from the
west toward the east in the middle latitudes between
30 and 60 degrees latitude. They originate from the
high-pressure areas in the horse latitudes and tend
towards the poles and steer extra tropical cyclones in
this general manner. The moist air masses that cause
winter rains in North-Western region of India are
part of westerlies.
104. (d) Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by
the combined effects of gravitational forces exerted
by the Moon, Sun, and rotation of the Earth.
105. (b) The passage points out equatorial region.
106. (a) In the South Atlantic and South-Eastern Pacific
regions in tropical latitudes, cyclone does not originate
because sea surface temperatures are low.
107. (a) The Earth's rotation on its axis explains the
eastward flow of the equatorial counter-current. The
earth would have been rotating east to west, the piled
up water would have come down on the west side.
Therefore, essentially it's the earth's rotation that
explains the eastward flow of equatorial counter
current.
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