Differential Calculus

Chapter 1
Title: Function

Relation
A relation in math is a set of ordered pairs defining the relation between two sets. A
function is a relation in math such that each element of the domain is related to a
single element in the codomain. A relation may or may not be a function. All
functions are relations. Example: {(1, x), (1, y), (4, z)}
Function
In mathematics, a function from a set X to a set Y assigns to each element of X
exactly one element of Y. The set X is called the domain of the function and the set
Y is called the codomain of the function.
A function is defined as a relation between a set of inputs having one/single output
each.
It is often written as "f(x)" where x is the input value. Example: f(x) = x/2 ("f of x
equals x divided by 2") It is a function because each input "x" has a single output
"x/2": • f(2) = 1.
Even Function and Odd Function
A function f is even if 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥), for all x in the domain of f. A function f is odd
if 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥), for all x in the domain of f.
Periodic Function
A periodic function or cyclic function is a function that repeats its values at regular
intervals. That is if 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑥) then 𝑓 is said to be a periodic function with
period t.
Example: 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥
In other words, a periodic function is a function whose values recur after a specific
time interval. A periodic function is represented as f(x + p) = f(x), where “p” is the
period of the function. Sine wave, triangular wave, square wave, and sawtooth wave
are some examples of periodic functions.
 .

Explicit Function
An explicit function is an algebraic function in which the output variable
(dependent variable) can be written explicitly only in terms of the input
variable.
Example: 𝒚 = 𝒄𝐨𝐬 𝐱, 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏, 𝒙 = 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑

Implicit Function
An implicit function is a function, written in terms of both dependent and
independent variables, like y-3x2+2x+5 = 0.
One-One (Injective) Function
A function is said to be a one-one function if every element of the range to exactly
one element of its domain i.e., the outputs never repeat.
As an example, the function g(x) = x - 4 is a one-to-one function since it produces a
different answer for every input. Also, the function g(x) = x2 is NOT a one to one
function since it produces 4 as the answer when the inputs are 2 and -2. A function
that is not one-to-one is called a many-to-one function.

Onto (Surjective) Function

An onto function is such that for every element in the codomain there exists an
element in the domain that maps to it. That is A function f from A to B is called onto
if for all b in B there is an a in A such that f(a) = b. That is, all elements in B are
used.
Bijective Function (one-one and onto both)

Domain of a function
The domain of a function is the set of input values for f, in which the function is
real and defined.

Range of a function

Range
The set of all the outputs of a function is known as the range of the function or after
substituting the domain, the entire set of all values possible as outcomes of the
dependent variable.
Inverse function
Let f:A→B be one-one and onto function then there is a function f-1:B→A exist where
for each b in B there exist a unique f-1(b) in A, then f-1 is said to be inverse function
of f.
Rules of Finding Domain of a Function
• The domain of any polynomial (linear, quadratic, cubic, etc) function is ℝ (all real numbers).
• Domain of a square root function √x is x ≥ 0.
• The domain of an exponential function is ℝ.
• Domain of logarithmic function is x>0.
• To find the domain of a rational function y = f(x), set the denominator ≠ 0.

Rules of Finding Range of a Function

The best way to determine the range of a function is by graphing it and looking at the y-value
that the graph covers. But here are the general rules used to find the range of some popular
functions. Note that ℝ is the set of all real numbers here.

• The range of a linear function is ℝ.

• Range of a quadratic function y = a(x - h)2 + k is:
y ≥ k, if a > 0 and y ≤ k, if a < 0
• The range of a square root function is y ≥ 0.
• The range of an exponential function is y > 0.
• The range of logarithmic function is ℝ.
• To find the range of a rational function y = f(x), solve it for x and set the denominator ≠ 0.

How to Find the Range of a Function?

If a function is present in one of the functions mentioned in the above rules, we can
straight away apply the rules and find its range. Otherwise, we can graph it and look at
the y-values the graph covers to calculate the range.

Domain and Range of Exponential Functions

The function y = ax, a ≥ 0 is defined for all real numbers. Hence, the domain of the exponential
function is the entire real line. The exponential function always results in a positive value. Thus,
the range of the exponential function is of the form y= ax is {y ∈ ℝ: y > 0}. Therefore, Domain =
ℝ, Range = (0, ∞)

Example: Look at the graph of this function f: 2x

Observe that the value of the function is closer to 0 as x tends to ∞ but it will never attain the
value 0. The domain and range of exponential functions are given as follows:

• Domain: The domain of the function is the set ℝ.

• Range: The exponential function always results in positive real values.

Domain and Range of a Square Root Function

A square root function is of the form f(x) = √(ax+b). We know that the square root of a
negative number is not defined. So the function y= √(ax+b) is defined only when ax +
b ≥ 0. When we solve this for x, we get x ≥ -b/a.

So, the domain of the square root function is the set of all real numbers greater than or
equal to -b/a. We know that the square root of something always results in a non-
negative value. Thus, the range of a square root function is the set of all non-negative
real numbers. Hence, the domain and range of a square root function are given as:
Domain = [-b/a,∞), Range = [0,∞)
Domain and Range from Graph

It is very easy to find the domain and range of a graph. The set of values of x covered by the
graph gives the domain and the set of values of y covered by the graph gives the range. But
keep a note of the following things while writing the domain and range from a graph.

• See whether the graph passes the vertical line test. Otherwise, it is not a function and we
do not usually define domain and range for such curves.
• If there is any hole on the graph, then its coordinates shouldn't be in the domain and range.
• If there is a vertical asymptote, then the corresponding value of x shouldn't be there in
the domain.
• If there is a horizontal asymptote, then the corresponding value of x shouldn't be there
in the range.
• If the graph is broken into pieces, then we get multiple sets/intervals in the domain and range
and we club all such sets/intervals by the "union" symbol (∪).
• If there is an arrow at the end of a curve, then it means that the curve is supposed to be
extended infinitely in that particular direction.

Example 1: Here is an example of a graph and we will find the domain and range of the graph.

In the above graph:

• All the x-values from -∞ to ∞ are covered by the graph (because of arrows, the two curves
extend infinitely in the given directions). Hence, the domain = (-∞, ∞).
• All the y-values greater than or equal than or equal to 0 are covered by the graph (see there is
no part of the curve that is below the y-axis). Hence, the range = [0, ∞).
Example 2: Using the same process mentioned above, the domain of the graph below is [-5, ∞)
and its range from graph is (-∞, 5].

Example 3: We define a function f: R - {0} → R as f(x)=1/x. Complete the table shown below.
Find the domain and range of the function.

x -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0.25 0.5 1 1.5 2

f(x)
Example 4: Find the domain and range of a function f(x) = 3x2 – 5.
Solution:
Given function:
f(x) = 3x2 – 5
We know that the domain of a function is the set of input values for f, in which the
function is real and defined.
The given function has no undefined values of x.
Thus, for the given function, the domain is the set of all real numbers.
Domain = [-∞, ∞]
Also, the range of a function comprises the set of values of a dependent variable
for which the given function is defined.
Ley y = 3x2 – 5
3x2 = y + 5
x2 = (y + 5)/3
x = √[(y + 5)/3]
Square root function will be defined for non-negative values.
So, √[(y + 5)/3] ≥ 0
This is possible when y is greater than y ≥ -5.
Hence, the range of f(x) is [-5, ∞).

Example 5: Find the domain and range of a function f(x) = (2x – 1)/(x + 4).
Solution:
Given function is:
f(x) = (2x – 1)/(x + 4)
We know that the domain of a function is the set of input values for f, in which the
function is real and defined.
The given function is not defined when x + 4 = 0, i.e. x = -4
So, the domain of given function is the set of all real number except -4.
i.e. Domain = (-∞, -4) U (-4, ∞)
Also, the range of a function comprises the set of values of a dependent variable
for which the given function is defined.
Let y = (2x – 1)/(x + 4)
xy + 4y = 2x – 1
2x – xy = 4y + 1
x(2 – y) = 4y + 1
x = (4y + 1)/(2 – y)
This is defined only when y is not equal to 2.
Hence, the range of the given function is (-∞, 2) U (2, ∞).

Example 6: Check whether the function is one-to-one or not: f(x) = 3x – 2

Solution:
To check whether a function is one to one or not, we have to check that elements of t he
domain have only a single pre-image in codomain or not. For checking, we can write the
function as,

f(x1) = f(x2)
3x1 – 2 = 3x2 – 2
3x1 = 3x2
x1 = x2
Since both x1 = x2 which means that elements of the domain having a single pre-image
in its codomain. Hence the function f(x) = 3x – 2 is one to one function.
Example 7: Check whether the function is one-to-one or not: f(x) = x2 + 3.
Solution:
To check whether the function is One to One or not, we will follow the same procedure.
Now let’s check, we can write the function as,

f(x1) = f(x2)
(x1)2 + 3 = (x2)2 + 3
(x1)2 = (x2)2
Since (x1)2 = (x2)2 is not always true.
Hence the function f(x) = x2 + 3 is not one to one function.

Example 8: If f:N --> N, f(x) = 2x + 1 then check whether the function is injective or
not.
Solution:
In question N --> N, where N belongs to Natural Number, which means that the domain
and codomain of the function is a natural number. For checking whether the function is
injective or not, we can write the functions as,

Let, f(x1) = f(x2)

2x1 + 1= 2x2 + 1
2x1 = 2x2
x1 = x2
Since x1 = x2, means all elements of the domain are mapped with a single element of the
codomain. Hence function f(x) = 2x + 1 is Injective (One to One).

Example 9: f(x) = x2, check whether the function is Many to One or not.
Solution:
Consider Domain = {1, -1, 2, -2}, let’s put the elements of the domain in the function
f(1) = 12 = 1
f(-1) = (-1)2 = 1
f(2) = (2)2 = 4
f(-2) = (-2)2 = 4
Thus, we can see that more than one element of the domain have similar image after
mapping. So this is Many to One function.

Example 10: If f(x) = 2x + 1 is defined on R:-> R. Then check whether the following
function is Onto or not
Solution:
For checking the function is Onto or not, Let’s first put the function f(x) equal to y

f(x) = y

y = 2x + 1

y – 1 = 2x

x = (y – 1) / 2

Now put the value of x in the function f(x), we get,

f((y – 1) / 2) = 2 × [(y – 1) / 2] +1

Taking LCM 2, we get

= [2(y – 1) + 2] / 2

= (2y – 2 + 2) / 2

=y

Since we get back y after putting the value of x in the function. Hence the given function
f(x) = 2x + 1 is Onto function.
Example 11: If f:N -> N is defined by f(x) = 3x + 1. Then prove that function f(x) is
Surjective.
Solution:
To prove that the function is Surjective or not, firstly we put the function equal to y. Then
find out the value of x and then put that value in the function. So let’s start solving it.

Let f(x) = y

3x + 1 = y

3x = y – 1

x = (y – 1) / 3

Now put the value of x in the function f(x), we get

f((y – 1) / 3) = {3 (y – 1) / 3} + 1

=y–1+1

=y

Since we get back y after putting the value of x in the function. Hence the given function
f(x) = (3x + 1) is Onto function.

Example 12: If A = R – {3} and B = R – {1}. Consider the function f: A -> B defined
by f(x) = (x – 2)/(x – 3), for all x ∈ A. Then show that the function f is bijective.
Solution:
To show the function is bijective we have to prove the given function both One to One
and Onto.

Let’s first check for One to One:

Let x1, x2 ∈ A such that f(x1) = f(x2)
Then, (x1 – 2) / (x1 – 3) = (x2 – 2) / (x2 – 3)
(x1 – 2) ( x2 – 3) = (x2 – 2) (x1 – 3)
x1 . x2 – 3x1 – 2x1 + 6 = x1 . x2 – 3x2 -2x1 + 6
-3x1 – 2x2 = -3x2 – 2x1
-3( x1 – x2) + 2( x1 – x2) = 0
-( x1 – x2) = 0
x1 – x2 = 0
⇒ x1 = x2
Thus, f(x1) = f(x2) ⇒ x1 = x2, ∀ x1, x2 ∈ A
So, the function is a One to One

Now let us check for Onto:

Let y ∈ B = R – {1} be any arbitrary element.

Then, f(x) = y

⇒ (x – 2) / (x – 3) = y

⇒ x – 2 = xy – 3y

⇒ x – xy = 2 – 3y

⇒ x(1 – y) = 2 – 3y

⇒ x = (2 – 3y) / (1 – y) or x = (3y – 2) / (y – 1)

Now put the value of x in the function f(x)

f((3y – 2) / (y – 1)) = { (3y – 2) / (y – 1) } – 2 / { (3y – 2) / (y – 1) – 3 }

= (3y – 2 – 2y + 2) / (3y – 2 – 3y + 3)

=y

Hence f(x) is Onto function. Since we proved both One to One and Onto this implies that
the function is Bijective.
1. Find the domain and range of the following functions:
i. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1 xi. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = ln(𝑥 − 2)
ii. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 xii. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = log(2 − 𝑥 )
𝑥
iii. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √𝑥 xiii. 𝑓(𝑥 ) =
1+𝑥 2
iv. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √4 − 𝑥 𝑥 2 −16
xiv. 𝑓(𝑥 ) =
𝑥−4
v. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √𝑥 − 3
𝑥 2 +𝑥+1
xv. 𝑓(𝑥 ) =
vi. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √25 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 2 −6𝑥+8
1
vii. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √𝑥 2 − 49 xvi. 𝑓(𝑥 ) =
√𝑥−6
𝑥+5
viii. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √36 + 𝑥 2 xvii. 𝑓(𝑥 ) =
2𝑥+3

ix. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 21 xviii. 𝑓(𝑥 ) =

5𝑥−7
7𝑥−2
x. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √8 + 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 2
xix. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = |𝑥 + 3| + |𝑥 | + |𝑥 − 2|

2. Find the inverse of the following functions:

𝑥−3
i. 𝑓(𝑥 ) =
2+5𝑥
5𝑥−7
ii. 𝑓(𝑥 ) =
7𝑥−2
3𝑥+2
3. If 𝑓(𝑥 ) = , then find the values of 𝑓(3) and 𝑓 −1 (4).
2𝑥−5