Could and be able to for expressing ability in the past

When expressing ability in the past, both "could" and "be able to" can be used. However, there are
nuanced differences between these two forms. In this explanation, we will explore the distinctions
and provide a comprehensive grammar explanation of when to use "could" and "be able to" in the
past tense.

"Could" (Past tense of "can"):

"Could" is the past tense form of "can" and is commonly used to express general or specific
abilities in the past. It refers to an ability that existed at a particular time or in a specific situation.

Examples:

a. He could swim when he was younger.

b. We could understand the instructions clearly.

Explanation:

In these examples, "could" indicates the ability to swim in the past and the ability to understand
the instructions at a particular time. "Could" focuses on the past ability without specifying the
exact circumstances or how the ability was acquired.

"Be able to":

"Be able to" is a phrase that is used to indicate the ability to do something. In the past tense, "be
able to" is used to describe specific instances or achievements of ability in the past.

Examples:

a. She was able to solve the math problem yesterday.

b. They were able to finish the project on time.

Explanation:

In these examples, "was/were able to" emphasizes the specific achievement or instance of ability
in the past. It suggests that the person succeeded in performing a particular task or activity at a
given time.
Nuances and Differences:

Specificity: "Be able to" emphasizes specific instances or achievements of ability, whereas "could"
refers to more general or unspecified abilities in the past.

Achievement: "Be able to" suggests successful accomplishment or completion of a task, while
"could" simply indicates the potential or capability without specifying the outcome.

Contextual Information: "Be able to" provides more details about the specific circumstances or
conditions of the ability, whereas "could" is less specific and does not provide as much contextual
information.

Formality: "Be able to" is generally considered more formal and precise, suitable for academic or
professional writing, while "could" is more common in everyday conversations and informal
contexts.

It is important to consider the context and the desired level of specificity when choosing between
"could" and "be able to" to express ability in the past. While both forms are grammatically correct,
understanding their nuances and usage can help convey the intended meaning accurately and
effectively.