Operation Research

September 24, 2023 Dr. Sizar A. Mohammed

Operation Research:
It is the organized application of modern science, mathematics
and computer techniques to complex military, government,
business or industrial problems arising in the direction and
management of large systems of men, material, money and
machines. The purpose is to provide the management with
explicit quantitative understanding and assessment of complex
situations to have sound basics for arriving at best decisions.

operations research seeks the optimum state in all conditions and

thus provides optimum solution to organizational problems.
September 24, 2023 Dr. Sizar A. Mohammed
Definition: OR is a scientific methodology – analytical,

experimental and quantitative – which by assessing the overall

implications of various alternative courses of action in a

management system provides an improved basis for

management decisions.

Two basic components are essential for constructing a model:

1- The objective of the system. ‫هدف النظام‬

2-The constraints imposed on the system.

September 24, 2023 Dr. Sizar A. Mohammed
.‫القيود المفروضة على النظام‬
Types of OR models
The general mathematical models can be written in
the form:

• Optimize Z = f (x1,x2,…,xn) (objective function)

• Subject to gi (x1,x2,…,xn) ≤ bi i=1,2,…,m (constraints)

• x1,x2,…,xn ≥ 0 (nonnegative restriction)

September 24, 2023 Dr. Sizar A. Mohammed

Phases of (OR) study
The major phases through which the OR team would
proceed in order to effect on OR study include:-
1- Definition of the problem. .‫ تعريف المشكلة‬- 1

2- Construction of the model. .‫ بناء النموذج‬-2

3- Solution of the model. .‫ حل النموذج‬-3

4- Validation of the model. .‫ التحقق من صحة النموذج‬-4

5- Implementation of the final results. .‫ تنفيذ النتائج النهائية‬-5

September 24, 2023 Dr. Sizar A. Mohammed

Linear programming (LP)
A linear programming (LP) is a resources allocation
model that seeks the best allocation of limited resources
to a number of activities .LP has been applied with
considerable success to a multitude of practical
problems.
A linear programming problem (L.P.P):
Is an optimization problem for which we do the
following?
1- We attempt to maximize (or min) a linear function of
the decision variables. The function that is to be
maximum or minimum is called the objective function.
September 24, 2023 Dr. Sizar A. Mohammed
2- The values of the decision variables must satisfy
a set of constraints. Each constraint must be a linear
equation or linear inequality.

3- A sign restriction is associated with each variable

for any variable xi, the restriction specifies either
that xi must be none negative (xi ≥ 0) or that xi may
be unrestricted (absolute) in sign.

September 24, 2023 Dr. Sizar A. Mohammed

General form of (L.P.P):-
The general form of L.P.P is:
Max (or min) Z = c1x1+c2x2 + …+cnxn (objective function)
Sub.to
a11x1 + a12x2 + … + a1nxn (≥ , = , ≤) b1
a21x1 + a22x2 + … + a2nxn (≥ , = , ≤) b2
.....
.....
am1x1 + am2x2 + … + amnxn (≥ , = , ≤) bm
x1,x2, ... ,xn ≥ 0 (nonnegative const.)
aij , bi , cj i = 1 , 2 , …, m (constant number)
j=1,2,…,m

September 24, 2023 Dr. Sizar A. Mohammed

Formulation problems:
Example:- A factor produced two kind of toys on three machines the first
kind required (3) minutes on a machine (1) , (4) minutes on machine (2) ,
(2) minute on machine (3) .While the other kind required (2) minutes on
machine (1), and (1) minute on machine (2), (6) minutes on machine (3), the
available time for machine (1) is (6) time unit, and the other hand
production planning department determine the working time for machine (2)
is (8) time unit to complete the manufacturing successfully and the time for
the machine (3) is (12) time unit the manufacturing cost per unit are (3)
diners for kind (1) and (2) diners for kind (2) .formulate the mathematical
models for the problem above to find the Less expensive of production?

September 24, 2023 Dr. Sizar A. Mohammed

September 24, 2023 Dr. Sizar A. Mohammed
Solution:
Let x1 = first kind
x2 = second kind
Min Z = 3 x1 + 2 x2
Sub.to
3 x1 + 2 x2 ≥ 6
4 x 1 + x2 ≥ 8
2 x1 + 6 x2 ≥ 12
x1 , x2 ≥ 0

September 24, 2023 Dr. Sizar A. Mohammed

Example:

A company produces two products A and B which

possess raw materials 400 quintals and 450 labour
hours. It is known that 1 unit of product A requires 5
quintals of raw materials and 10 man hours and yields a
profit of Rs 45. Product B requires 20 quintals of raw
materials, 15 man hours and yields a profit of Rs 80.
Formulate the LPP, to find the biggest profit.

September 24, 2023 Dr. Sizar A. Mohammed

Solution
Let
x1 be the number of units of product A
x2 be the number of units of product B

September 24, 2023 Dr. Sizar A. Mohammed

Hence

Maximize Z = 45 x1 + 80 x2

Subject to

5 x1 + 20 x2 ≤ 400

10 x1 + 15 x2 ≤ 450

x1 ≥ 0 , x2 ≥ 0

September 24, 2023 Dr. Sizar A. Mohammed

H.W.
A firm manufactures 3 products A, B and C. The profits are
Rs. 3, Rs. 2 and Rs. 4 respectively.
The firm has 2 machines and below is given the required
processing time in minutes for each
machine on each product.

Machine X and Y have 2000 and 2500 machine minutes

availability . Find the biggest profit.
September 24, 2023 Dr. Sizar A. Mohammed
H.W.
A company owns 2 oil mills A and B which have
different production capacities for low, high and
medium grade oil. The company enters into a contract
to supply oil to a firm every week with 12, 8, 24
barrels of each grade respectively. It costs the
company Rs 1000 and Rs 800 per day to run the mills
A and B. On a day A produces 6, 2, 4 barrels of each
grade and B produces 2, 2, 12 barrels of each grade.
Formulate an LPP to determine number of days per
week each mill will be operated in order to meet the
contract economically, find the Less expensive of
production.
September 24, 2023 Dr. Sizar A. Mohammed
 Thanks
September 24, 2023 Dr. Sizar A. Mohammed