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ITALIAN BAROQUE
Spring 2021

BAROQUE
1600-1750
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What İs Baroque And Its Spread

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BAROQUE BAROQUE
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BAROQUE CULTURE BAROQUE CULTURE

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BAROQUE CULTURE
SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY
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BAROQUE CULTURE LM8!>J;Mg$N>Oc>!8e$T$;gG;g;!e$T$JeJ!>cM!;fM!;Og$OG$JHML>$

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BAROQUE CULTURE
SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY

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SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY

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REFORMATION AND REFORMATION

COUNTER-REFORMATION
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COUNCIL OF TRENT
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13
 11.06.21

COUNTER-REFORMATION
COUNCIL OF TRENT NEW RELIGIOUS ORDERS

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$0"'(*<"$9+,,+(4&'2:$-'#&1"+4<:$&4.$#.*1&0+(4&3$D('UA$

Peter Paul Rubens (Flemish, 1577-1640)

c. 1620-22, Oil on canvas, (223.5 x 138.4 cm)

14
 11.06.21

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15
 11.06.21

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TERESA OF AVILA (1515-1582)

O4#$(/$0"#$9(,0$+9-('0&40$1(*40#'Y'#/('9&0+(4$,&+40,A$
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0"#$,29F(3,$(/$L(*40#'Y8#/('9&0+(4$&4.$%&'()*#$&'0A$

TERESA OF AVILA, Rubens Saint Teresa d'Avila, Bernini.

16
 11.06.21

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17
 11.06.21

;0$D&,$.#1'##.$0"&0$^<'#&0$F#4#/+0_$1(*3.$F#$.#'+C#.$/'(9$,&1'#.$+9&<#,A$

!"'(*<"$&'0:$F#3+#C#',$D(*3.$F#$^#P1+0#.$0($&.('#$&4.$3(C#$N(._$

Annibale Carracci, Pieta, ci. 1600

Height 156 cm Length 149 cm, Oil, National Museum of Capodimonte

The Council instituted rules of decorum regarding religious imagery.

18
 11.06.21

Inquisitor General of Spain

19
 11.06.21

Decisions on Art at the Council of Trent j#1+,+(4,$(4$M'1"+0#10*'#$&0$0"#$L(*41+3$(/$!'#40$

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20
 11.06.21

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 11.06.21

$
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John Rupert Martin (1916-2000)

Professor of Art and Archaeology at Princeton University

Baroque, 1977,
by John Rupert Martin

22
 11.06.21

BAROQUE %M8Oab>$Y$LOccOg$G>M!b8>J$
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23
 11.06.21

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('<&4+]#.$

24
 11.06.21

O4#Y-(+40$-#',-#10+C#$~~~~~~~~~~~~q$!"#'#$+,$(432$(4#$C&4+,"+4<$-(+40A$
;0E,$3+U#$0"#$-+10*'#$D&,$'#1#,,#.A$ Scenography Giuseppe Galli-Bibiena: set design: Dungeon
Diagonal perspective

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25
 11.06.21

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26
 11.06.21

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Caravaggio, The Crucifixion of Saint Peter, 1600

Annibale Carracci, Domine Quo Vadis, 1602 Cerasi Chapel, Santa Maria del Popolo

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Cerasi Chapel, Santa Maria del Popolo, Rome

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He wanted to make religion real by

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Michelangelo Caravaggio, The Crucifixion of Saint Peter, 1600

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How to recognize Baroque art

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Approaching the divine, Il Gesù, Rome

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Il Gesù
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• g#D$1"*'1"#,$D#'#$F*+30:$&4.$4##.#.$.#1('&0+(4,$
• %&'()*#$-&+40#',$.'#D$*-(4$0"#$.+,1(C#'+#,$(/$0"#$8#4&+,,&41#$0($9&U#$9+'&1*3(*,$
C+,+(4,$,##9$-&3-&F32$'#&3A$

!'(9-#Y3EÉ+3$$1#+3+4<$-&+40+4<$

c&+4$g&C#$>40'&41#$N&0#$

Il Gesu

N+(C&44+$%&00+,0&$N&*33+$I+3$%&1+11+(K:$!'+*9-"$(/$0"#$g&9#$(/$r#,*,:$56?[Y?Z:$
9&+4$4&C#$1#+3+4<$/'#,1($ N+(C&44+$%&00+,0&$N&*33+$I+3$%&1+11+(K:$!'+*9-"$(/$0"#$g&9#$(/$r#,*,:$56?[Y?Z:$9&+4$4&C#$
1#+3+4<$/'#,1($

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0"#$1#+3+4<:$9&'F3#$,0&0*#,:$&4.$-&+40+4<,A$

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 11.06.21

M30&'$(/$J0$;<4&0+*,$h(2(3&$IZK$
56Z[YZZ:$c&'F3#:$F'(4]#:$;3$N#,Ç:$8(9#$

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-'&2#'A$;4$0"#$1"&-#3$.#.+1&0#.$0($J0A$;<4&0+*,:$0($0"#$3#/0$(/$0"#$9+..3#$&30&':$0"#$-&+40#.$
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0"#$-&+40+4<A$!"#$0'+*9-"$(/$%&'()*#$&'0$0'&4,/('9#.$+40($0"#$0"#&0'#$;0$+,$9*1"$9('#$0"&4$
%#'4+4+E,$L('4&'($1"&-#3$+4$J&40&$c&'+&$.#33&$i+00('+&A$

53
 11.06.21

J0$;<4&0+*,$h(2(3&$L"&-#3$IZK$
56Z[YZZ:$c&'F3#:$F'(4]#$
;3$N#,Ç:$8(9#$

Saint Ignatius crushing Heresy.

Mimar: N+&1(9($%&'(]]+$.&$i+<4(3&$ Barok cephe: N+&1(9($.#33&$H('0&:$5[?6$

54
 11.06.21

L"*'1"$(/$J0$;<4&0+*,$h(2(3&:$L&9-*,$c&'0+*,:$8(9#:$56s6Y56[7$

55
 11.06.21

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 11.06.21

J&40&$J*,&44&$$
L&'3($c&.#'4(:$567m$

POPE SIXTUS V (1521-1590)

Papal Period 1585-1590

%&'()*#$J1&3#$

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• &$*4+/+#.$C+,+(4$/('$
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'#-&+',:$+4/'&,0'*10*'#$
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5?0"$1#40*'2$1(-2$(/$J&40&$J*,&44&$+4$hC+C:$bU'&+4#A$ Sixtus V ci.,1589

57
 11.06.21

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I5[s5YZ7K$D+0"$&$-3&4$/('$0"#$4#D$i&0+1&4$h+F'&'2A$
%2$G'&41#,1($i+33&9#4&$I5[66Y56s6K$

In the 1500s, only one aqueduct was working in Rome and everyone had to go around
the Trevi Fountain to get water. The Pope repaired the aqueducts, built a new one, and
presented them to the public with the image of the pope serving.

Ancient Rome had 11 Aqueducts

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 11.06.21

H(-#$J+P0*,$i$.#1+.#.$0($F'+4<$D&0#'$(41#$&<&+4$0($0"#$"+33,$(/$8(9#:$D"+1"$"&.$'#9&+4#.$D&0#'3#,,$&4.$
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I5[XmY567?K$ 4

G(40&4&$.#33EM1)*&$G#3+1#:$,0&0*#$(/$c(,#,$ The Fountain of Moses and the Church of Santa Maria Della Vittoria with
Baroque façade

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 11.06.21

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Papa Sixtus V Planı

Plan of Pope Sixtus V (1585-90) (1585-90)
Planning of Rome as the center of 85 – 1590)
Christendom

9&<<+('#$ 3&0#'&4$

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 11.06.21

j#,+<4$H'+41+-3#,$(/$0"#$J+P0*,$i$H3&4$

61
 11.06.21

The Quirinal Palace (Papal summer residence, 1583)

62
 11.06.21

Piazza di Popolo: Main entrance to the city

Three ceremonial axes

leading from Piazza di Popolo
to important Catholic
monuments.

63
 11.06.21

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J&40&$c&'+&$.#+$c+'&1(3+$I566sY?ZK$Å$J&40&$c&'+&$.+$c(40#,&40($I56?[Y@[K$

ki kilise arasında Via del Corso ba lar.

Piazza del Popolo, Rome

• Pope Alexander VII (1655-67).
• Monumental entrance and redesign of the piazza
• Architect Carlo Rainaldi (1611-91),
• (Gian Lorenzo Bernini revised the plans, Carlo Fontana completed
it.)

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 11.06.21

The chronological design phases of Piazza del Popolo

!8;j>g!$
8(9#:$H+&]]&$.#3$H(-(3(\$H+(4##'+4<$-'&10+1#$0"&0$F#1&9#$&$9(.#3$/('$9(.#'4$*'F&4$.#,+<4

65
 11.06.21

TRIDENT
Rome, Piazza del Popolo: Pioneering practice that became a model for modern urban design

Three ceremonial axes leading

from Piazza di Popolo to important
Catholic monuments.

66
 11.06.21

A NEW URBAN CONTACT WITH WATER A NEW URBAN CONTACT WITH WATER
In the Baroque period, a new form of urban relationship with the river In the Baroque period, a new form of urban relationship with the river and
and water comes to the fore in the city. water comes to the fore in the city.

A NEW URBAN CONTACT WITH WATER

In the Baroque period, a new form of urban relationship with the river
and water comes to the fore in the city.

67
 11.06.21

Restored view of the Porta di Ripetta, Rome, 1705 (demolished), by Specchi

Fountains of Rome
ROME is the city with the most fountains in the world:

• (Over 2000 fountains, close to 50 monumental and

hundreds of smaller scales.)
BAROQUE FOUNTAINS • These fountains are found in different scales and urban
locations:
– monumental fountains
– decorative fountains
– wall fountains
– Roman's 'talking sculpture' fountains

• Creating new public services and public space

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 11.06.21

Fountains of Rome Fountain in Piazza Santa Maria in

Trastevere
Monumental fountains •
•
Rome, (1499-1659)
In front of the Church of Santa Maria
• In ancient Rome, there was a tradition of making monumental, • Became a model for other fountains
commemorative fountains at the last point where aqueducts connect to the • (8th century Rome's oldest fountain)
city, and this tradition was revived in the Renaissance. • Architect Donato Bramante
• (Later additions by Bernini and Fontana)
• They were built at the last point (terminus) where the restored aqueducts of
Rome connect to the city.
• Providing water to the public
• Flamboyant designs to glorify the (Bani) Popes who built them.
• Examples:
– Fontana dell'Acqua Felice in the Quirinal District
– Architect Domenico Fontana (1585–86)
– Fontana dell'Acqua Paola (Gianicolo, Via Garibaldi) (1610–1612)

– Fontana di Trevi, (Trevi Fountain) (1732–1762)

Decorative Fountains
– Roman's 'talking sculpture' fountains

• Space-constituent element in piazzas and squares

• Public domain element
• Providing drinking water to the population around the squares.

Fontana dell'Acqua Paola, 1612, Janiculum Hill

Patronage Pope Paul V
The end of the Aqua Paul Aqueduct

69
 11.06.21

•
TREV FOUNTAIN
1732-62, Architect Nicola Salvi
• At the intersection of three roads !'#C+$G(*40&+4$-&-&3$1(&0$(/$&'9,$
• The largest and most famous Baroque fountain
• 26m high and 49m wide
• Mythological, allegorical figures, triumphal arch

Oceanus

TREV FOUNTAIN

70
 11.06.21

O1#&4*,:$0"#$J#&$!+0&4$&0$0"#$!'#C+$G(*40&+4$

MF*4.&41#$ Q#&30"$

Triton: A sea god with a human body from the waist up and a fish shape from the waist down, and feet like
horse legs.

The Trevi Fountain has appeared in numerous books and films, notably OPEN PUBLIC SPACE
Federico Fellini's film La Dolce Vita (1960).
Piazza di Spagna (Spanish Steps)

• 1723–1725, late baroque

• Architect: Francesco de Sanctis
• The monumental stairway of 135
steps
• Shaped and angled steps
• In the upper elevation:
• Trinita Dei Monti Church
• In the lower base:
• the Piazza di Spagna and the
Early Baroque fountain called
"Fountain of the longboat", 1627–
29, by Bernini

LA DOLCE V TA, 1960 / FELL N

71
 11.06.21

Framing irregular topography with shaped and angled steps. G(40&4&$j#33&$%&'1&11+&$BG(*40&+4$(/$0"#$3(4<F(&0B:$56s?nsZ:$F2$%#'4+4+$

M0$0"#$H+&]]&$.+$J-&<4&$$
>&'32$%&'()*#$/(*40&+4$

In the Baroque period, it was decided to build a fountain in almost every

piazza.

Spanish Steps, 1723–1725

1723–1725, late baroque
The monumental stairway of 135 steps

Fontana Della Barcaccia "Fountain of the

longboat", 1623, Bernini

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 11.06.21

NEW ST. PETER’S BASILICA NEW ST. PETER’S BASILICA

1506-1655
Vatican City, Rome
• Pope Julius II decided on the old St. Peter's destruction and
rebuilding in 1506.
• Many architects took part in almost 150 years of
construction and design process stretching from the high
renaissance to the baroque period in the years between
1506-1655:
– 1506, Bramante designed the first centralized plan with
renaissance ideals.
– 1546-64, Michelangelo made changes based on Bramante's
centralized plan, designed and built the dome (western façade
left unbuilt): Mannerist touches.
– 1607-12, Carlo Maderno extended the plan towards the entrance
and designed the early baroque entrance facade.
– 1655, Bernini designed a monumental front piazza characterized
by high baroque.
1506-1655
Vatican City, Rome
The importance and influence of the church
• The most important and ambitious architectural project of
the High Renaissance period.
• Both, one of the most sacred pilgrimage sites of
Christianity, and also among the first early Christian
churches built on St. Peter's tomb.
• Although it is not the cathedral church of the Roman
Diocese (the Cathedral of Saint John Lateran in Rome), it
has a unique position in Christendom and is the largest
church.
• St. Peter's influenced the whole Christian world with its
architectural style and monumental scale and modeled
many times.

The Rebuilding of St. Peter’s

New St. Peter's Church Design Chronologically

Gian Lorenzo Bernini,1655

Michelangelo was brought in to design the unfinished dome.

In the next century, several architects were brought in to redesign the

building to conform to the traditional basilica format.

73
 11.06.21

c+1"#3&4<#3(E,$.(9#$D&,$(432$1(9-3#0#.$0($0"#$F&,#$D"#4$"#$.+#.A$
;0$D&,$3&0#'$/+4+,"#.$F2$N+&1(9($.#33&$H('0&$+4$5[Z7$

model large enough to be entered

74
 11.06.21

Circumference of the dome drum 191 m

Height of the dome drum 20 m and 73 m high from the ground
The height of the large dome from the ground (including the lantern) 136 m and 42 m in
diameter.
The dome has 16 rib arches.
The ends of the rib arches meet with a roof lantern from above.
The roof lantern is surrounded by 16 pairs of small pillars.
A !"#$"#+<"0$(/$0"#$3&'<#$.(9#$/'(9$0"#$<'(*4.$I+413*.+4<$0"#$3&40#'4K$5m6$9$&4.$Xs$9$+4$.+&9#0#'A$

0"#$"#+<"0$(/$0"#$4&C#$$XX$9$

Under the dome lantern;

S.PETRI GLORIAE SIXTVS.PP.V.A.M.D. XC.PONTIF.V.
“To the glory of St. Peter; Sixtus V, pope, in the year
1590 and the fifth year of his pontificate.”

!"#$+4,1'+-0+(4$+,$D'+00#4$+4$h&0+4$+4$<+&40$3#00#',$Is$9K$+4,+.#$0"#$.(9#\$
$
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<+C#$2(*$0"#$U#2,$(/$0"#$U+4<.(9$(/$0"#$"#&C#4,Av$

75
 11.06.21

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0"#$F&'()*#$#40'&41#$/&1&.#$
$
• Q*9&4+,0+1$0"(*<"0$+,$1(9-&0+F3#$D+0"$0"#$4#D$-3&0(4+1$-"+3(,(-"2$F*0$4(0$D+0"$0"#$
L"'+,0+&4$3+0*'<2A$
• N(0"+1$&'1"+0#10*'#$D&,$,*11#,,/*3$+4$9(C+4<$-#(-3#$#9(0+(4&332A$$
• !"#$8#4&+,,&41#$D&,$0"(*<"0Y-'(C(U+4<A$

With the enlargement of the church, Michelangelo's dome became imperceptible.

76
 11.06.21

Piazza St. Pietro

J0A$H#0#'E,$J)*&'#$$
I;0&3+&4\$H+&]]&$J&4$H+#0'(K$
i&0+1&4$OF#3+,U$

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8(9&4,$+4$0"#$5,0$1#40*'2$%L$&4.$
D&,$.#.+1&0#.$0($M*<*,0*,A$

• L&3+<*3&$1&''+#.$+0$0($8(9#$&4.$-*0$+0$
+4$0"#$L+'1*,$g#'(A$

• 5[@6:$H(-#$J+P0*,$i$"&.$0"#$M'1"+0#10$
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-+&]]&$+4$/'(40$(/$J0A$H#0#'E,A$

• !"#$OF#3+,U$+,$0"#$/+',0$#3#9#40$(/$0"#$
%&'()*#$H+&]]&A$

77
 11.06.21

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!"#$0(-$(/$0"#$(F#3+,U$+,$.#1('&0#.$D+0"$9(*40&+4,$&4.$0"#$,0&'$(/$J+P0*,$iA$

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78
 11.06.21

%#'4+4+$.#,1'+F#.$0"#$1(3(44&.#$&,$F#+4<$3+U#$0"#$
^D#31(9+4<$&'9,$(/$0"#$1"*'1"_$'#&1"+4<$(*0$0($
#9F'&1#$+0,$/3(1U$Y$9&U+4<$+0$&$/+00+4<$,29F(3$(/$
0"#$L(*40#'$8#/('9&0+(4$L"*'1"v,$<(&3$0($1(9F&0$
"#'#,2$&4.$#P-&4.$+0,$-(-*3&'$F&,#A$

He designed a grand colonnade that enclosed the piazza space, which

included an Egyptian obelisk topped by a crucifix – symbolic of the
church’s triumph over “paganism”

%#'4+4+v,$<#(9#0'+1$,(3*0+(4$
/('$3&2+4<$(*0$J0A$H#0#'v,$
J)*&'#$

79
11.06.21

80
11.06.21

81
 11.06.21

Scala Regia

Monumental Perspective Staircase

82
11.06.21

83