Contents

Page

1 Singular and Plural 1

2 Comparatives and Superlatives 2
3 Quantifiers 3
4 Articles 4
5 Prepositions 5
6 Pronouns 6
7 Simple Present 7
8 Present Continuous 8
9 Simple Past 9
10 Past Continuous 10
11 Present Perfect Simple 11
12 Present Perfect Continuous 12
13 Past Perfect Simple 13
14 Past Perfect Continuous 14
15 Simple Future « will » 15
16 Simple Future « Be going to» 16
17 Simple Future « Simple present - Present Continuous » 17
18 Future Continuous 18
19 Future Perfect Simple 19
20 Future Perfect Continuous 20
21 Conditional 21
22 Expressing Wishes 22
23 Modals 23
24 Perfect Modals 24
25 Passive Voice 25 – 26
26 Reported Speech « 1 » 27 – 28
27 Reported Speech « 2 » 29
28 Gerund & Infinitive 30
29 Relative Pronouns 31
30 Linking Words 32
31 Linking Words « Examples » 33
32 Expressing Purpose 34-35
32 Prefixes 36
33 Suffixes 37
34 Phrasal verbs 38 – 39
35 Proverbs 40
36 Idioms 41
37 Irregular verbs 40
 Singular and Plural

By ABDELKHALEK

In English, there are two types of nouns; countable (nouns with plural forms) and uncountable nouns
(nouns that can’t take plural forms); therefore, when talking about singular and plural we are referring only
to countable nouns.
Examples of uncountable nouns: water, money, sugar, information, advice, furniture, gas, power, rice…
countable nouns are divided into two types; regular and irregular

Regular Nouns

I. Nouns to the end of which we add ‘s’ II.Nouns to the end of which we add ‘es’

a house houses  ‘s’ e.g.: a bus buses

a car cars ‘ss’ e.g.: a kiss kisses
a taxi taxis ‘ch’ e.g.: a match matches
‘sh’ e.g.: a wish wishes
‘o’ e.g.: a hero heroes
‘x’ e.g. a fox foxes
‘z’ e.g.: a quiz quizzes
III. Nouns ending in ‘y’

1 .If the ‘y’ is preceded by a vowel (a – e – i – o – u) IV. Nouns ending in ‘f ’ or ‘fe’ :

we just add ‘s’ to the end of the noun. The ‘f ’ becomes ‘v’ followed by ‘es ’
Examples: a boy boys an essay essays
a day days a toy toys Examples:

2. If the ‘y’ is preceded by a consonant, a shelf shelves

the ‘y’ becomes ‘i’ followed by ‘es’. a thief thieves
Examples: a family Families a sky skies a wife wives
a lorry lorries a baby babies a knife knives

Irregular Nouns

Irregular nouns, normally, do not follow the rules of regular nouns seen before.

a man men a sheep sheep a foot feet

a woman women a fish fish a tooth teeth
a child children a deer deer a goose geese
a mouse mice
a person people
an ox oxen
a louse lice

1
 Comparatives and Superlatives

By ABDELKHALEK

Comparatives and Superlatives are special forms of adjectives. They are used to compare between two or
more things. Adjectives in English are divided into Regular and Irregular adjectives.

Regular Adjectives

Forming Regular Comparatives and Superlatives depends on how many syllables are in the adjective.

Adjective Comparative Superlative

One syllable adjectives We add ‘er’ We add ‘est’
Cheap Cheaper than The cheapest
Tall Taller than The tallest
One syllable adjectives ending We add : ‘r’ We add : ‘st’
in ‘e’
Fine Finer than The finest
Wide Wider than The widest
One syllable adjectives with We double the last consonant and We double the last consonant
one vowel and consonant at the add :‘er’ and add : ‘est’
end.
Fat Fatter than The fattest
Big Bigger than The biggest
Hot Hotter than The hottest
Two syllable adjectives ending We change the ‘y’ into ‘i’, then we add We change the ‘y’ into ‘i’ then
in ‘y’ ‘er’ we add ‘est’
Happy Happier than The happiest
Silly Sillier than The silliest
Lonely Lonelier than The loneliest
Two or more syllable We use ‘more’ before the adjective We use ‘most’ before the
adjectives, not ending in ‘y’ adjective
Interesting More interesting than The most interesting
Modern More modern than The most modern
Expensive More expensive than The most expensive

Irregular Adjectives

Irregular adjectives are exceptional and do not follow the rules we have seen above.

Adjective Comparative Superlative

Good Better than The best
Bad Worse than The worst
Far Farther than The farthest
Further than The furthest

2
 Quantifiers

By ABDELKHALEK
Quantifirs are words used to state amount or number without stating the exact or actual quantity or number.
Quantifiers answer the quastion ‘how many ?’ for countable nouns and ‘how much ?’ for uncountable nouns.

Plenty of Meaning ‘large amount or number’. It is used with both countable and uncountable
nouns.
Examples: There are plenty of telephone boxes in Beni Mellal (countable)
Hollywood stars earn plenty of money (uncountable)

A lot of / lots of Meaning ‘large amount or number. It is also used with countable and uncountable
nouns.
Examples: A lot of people came to the party yesterday (countable)
You are putting on weight; what you need is a lot of exrcise (uncountable)

Many Refers to a considerable number of people or things. It is used only with countable
nouns
Example: Many children visit the park on weekends
There aren’t many people who would agree with you.
How many students are absent today?

Much Refers to a large amount or degree. It is used only with uncountable nouns
Examples: She does much of her writing before she sleeps
I don’t have much free time because of the demands of work
How much money have you spent on the new furniture?

Several A word indicating a small number. It is used only with countable nouns
Example: I tried to call you several times yesterday

Some Used to indicate an unspecified or unknown amount or number. It is used with both
countable and uncountable nouns
Examples : There are still some unsolved problems between the two countries
(countable)
I’m looking for some information about brain drain in Morocco (uncountable)
A few / Few Refers to a limited number of people or things. They’re used only with countable
nouns
A few Used to indicate that there are not a lot of something, but there is enough (number)
Example: There were a few interested students in the class. (not many but enough)

Few Used to indicate that there is not enough of something (number)

Example: Few people voted for him (not enough)

A little / Little Refers to a little or small quantity of something. They’re used only with uncountable
nouns
Alittle Used to indicate that there are not a lot of something, but there is enough (amount)
Example: The pieces of advice I gave him have a little effect (not much but enough)

Little Used to indicate that there is not enough of something (amount)

Example : I speak little Spanish. (not enough)
Any Used to indicate one, some or several, when the quality, type or number isn’t important
It is used with countable and uncountable nouns, but only with negative and
intrrogative sentences
Example : Have you got any books on cooking?
She didn’t buy any dessert

3
 Articles

By ABDELKHALEK

In English there are two kinds of Articles: Definite (specific) [The] and Indefinite (not specific) [a - an].

Uses of Indefinite Articles : [a - an]

a student
Singular words a country
a Countable words Examples: a new house
Words that begin with a consonant sound a fresh apple

We use also [a] with words that start with a vowel letter but begin with a consonant sound like :
a university a European country a one-parent family…
We use [a] a in number expressions like: Once a week Twice a year…
We use [a] in quantity expressions such as: a little a few a big / large / huge number of…

Singular words an orange

an Countable words an elephant
Words that start with a vowel sound Examples: an invitation
An arc-ruler
an intelligent boy

We use [an] with a silent (mute) ‘h’ like : an hour – an honor – an honest person…
[an] is also used with abbreviations used as individual letters and which start in :
A – E - F- H – I – L M – N – O – R – S or X.
Examples: an MP an EU country an FBI agent …

The Uses of Definite Article : [The] [The] is used :

To say that something is unique : e.g. : Casa is the economic capital of Morocco
This is the only book left.
With things of which there is only one. e.g. : The moon – The sky – The sun - The weather
The atmophere – The wind – The human race – The past…
When the listener/reader is expected to identify the thing or person being talked about.
e.g.: The teacher has arrived. (Both speaker and listener know exactly which teacher)
Did you find the key? (Both speaker and listener know which key is meant in the question)
The noun is mentioned for a second time; that is to say, it has alreadybeen identified.
e.g: Janet has bought a a sweater and a coat, but she forgot the sweater in the shop.
Names of rivers, seas, oceans, mountain ranges and group of islands.
e.g.: The Nile river –The Black sea – The Atlantic ocean – The Atlas Mountains – The Canary islands
Superlatives and Ordinal numbers. e.g. : The best – The most beautiful – The first – The seventh

Ø No article use – Zero article [Ø] We use ‘Zero Article’ [Ø] with:

Generalizations : e.g. : Hard working people always succeed

Names of people. e.g. : Tom Hanks is my favourite actor Elvis presly is a legend of Rock N’ Roll
Names of Places. e.g.: Switzerland is a peaceful country Ouzoud is a wonderful place to visit.
Institutions like: university – school – prison – hospital...
e.g.: They are at university now He has been in hospital for six months she likes school very much.

4
 Prepositions

By ABDELKHALEK

Prepositions of Time

Preposition Usage Example

on Days of the week – Date On Monday – On Tuesday evening – On March 3rd
Months In November – in September …
Seasons In Winter – in Spring – in Summer – in Autumn
in A year In 1998 – in 2001 …
Time of day In the morning – in the afternoon – in th evening
Period of time (when ?) In a minute – in an hour – in 48 hours…
at Time - Night – weekend At 9 :00 – at night – at weeknds – at the weekend
At dinner – at christmas – at the beginning / end of…
From to Marking the beginning and the From 8 :00 to 10 :00
end of a period From Monday to Friday

Prepositions of Place

Preposition Usage Example

Surface / attached On th desk –on the floor - on the door- on the wall …
on Public transport On a train / plane / bus /ship…
A certain side On the right / on the left
others On a bike – on a horse – on foot - on the way …
On TV - on the radio – on th cover …
Car / taxi /boat In the car – in a taxi – in a boat
in Building / room / town / country In the sitting-room – in Beni Mellal – in Morocco…
Others In the world – in the sky – in the middle of
In the newspaper – in a row – in the garden…
Meaning ‘next to’ At the station – at the door – at the bus stop…
Events At the concert – at the party – at the wedding…
at A place where you are for a At school – at work – at the cinema – at the stadium
typical reason (study – work…) At university – at home …
Others At the top - at the bottom – at the corner – at the table
By – next to Right or left of somebody or By the car – next to Tom – beside the bed …
beside something
into Enter a place Into his room – into the kitchen…
under Lower than / covered by sth Under the table …
below Benath or lower than sth below the surface
above Highr than sth else, but not Over the bridge – ovr the city…
derctly over it
across Getting to the other side Across the sea …

5
 Pronouns

By ABDELKHALEK

Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns Possessive adjectives Possessive Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns
I Me My Mine Myself
You You Your Yours Yourself
He Him His His Himself
She Her Her Hers Herself
It It Its Its Itself
We Us Our Ours Ourselves
You You Your Yours Yourselves
They Them Their Theirs Themselves

Subject Pronouns

Examples: In my free time I write poems and stories

Kate likes movies very much, but she hates horror ones
Jack is very disappointed because he got a bad mark in his Maths test
Kate and jack are in the same class, but they rarely have the opportunity to talk to each other
I and my little brother are fond of the Spanish leaga; we never miss a single match
That’s Bobby, It is my dog. This is my house. It is not very big, but I like it.
Object Pronouns

Examples: Could you pass me the salt, please? Can I help you?
Jack was absent this morning, please if you see him, tell him to call me
Kate is at the school’s library, could you please give her this book?
I will call Jack and Kate to inform them that the trip has been postponed
I and Khalil went to the club yesterday, but they didn’t let us in; they said we are too young
Someone has let the car’s door opened, would you mind closing it please?
Possessive Adjectives

Examples: This is Jack, he is my best friend Kate seems sad, her mother is very ill
Jack wants to change his car; he says it’s too old.
Jack and Kate agree that their Physics teacher is the best teacher in the whole school
I and the rest of my family memebers like our house very much
Possessive Pronouns

Examples: Yesterday I borrowed Jack’s car, beacause mine had broken down
Kate is wearing her sister’s dress; she says hers is too short
In their daughter’s wedding, The Robinsons used their neighbours’ garden because theirs was too
small and the guests were too many.

Reflexive Pronouns

Examples: I prefer to do everything myself Your car is too old, you have to buy yourself a new one
Kate cut herself when she was peeling a carrot
Sara is a solitary girl, she is always sitting by herself; she says she feels better when she is alone
Jack and Kate went on a trip last weekend, they enjoyed themselves very much
I and the rest my friends were very proud of ourselves because performed well during the show
NB: Some verbs are not used with reflexive pronouns like: Wash – shave – dress – hurry – feel

6
 Simple Present

Form By ABDELKHALEK

Example: To Work

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

Full Forms Short Forms
I work I do not work I don’t work Do I work?
You work You do not work You don’t work Do You work?
He He He He
She works She does not work She doesn’t work Does She work?
It It It It

We We We We
You work You do not work You don’t work Do You work?
They They They They

In the Negative and Interrogative forms the verb itself does not change, but in the Affirmative form with
He / She / It some verbs take either ‘s’, ‘es’ or ‘ies’.
We add ‘es’ to the end of verbs ending in: ‘ss’ e.g.: to miss misses ‘o’ e.g.: to go goes
‘ch’ e.g.: to watch watches ‘x’ e.g.: to fix fixes
‘sh’ e.g.: to wish wishes
Verbs ending in ‘y’: * If the verb ends in a ‘y’ preceded by a vowel (a – e – i – o – u), we just add ‘s’ to the
end of the verb. e.g.: to play plays
If the verb ends in a ‘y’ preceded by a consonant, the ‘y’ becomes ‘i’, followed by ‘es’
e.g.: to carry carries

Uses

The Simple Present tense is used to describe habitual, usual actions. The action can be a habit,
a hobby, a daily event or something that often happen.

Example: She plays tennis / He goes to school on foot...

The Simple Present is used with Adverbs of Frequency:
Always (100 ℅) e.g.: He always reads something before he goes to bed
Usually (75 ℅) e.g.: She usually uses the internet to look for the information she needs
Often (50 ℅) e.g.: I often watch the news in the morning.
Sometimes (25 ℅) e.g.: They sometimes have dinner at a restaurant
Rarely / Seldom (5 ℅) e.g.: John is all the time busy, he rarely finds time to watch TV.
Never (0 ℅) e.g.: Ahmed is a Muslim, He never drinks wine

The simple present with ‘every’: e.g.: We take a test every fortnight (two weeks)
The simple present with; ‘once / twice/ three times...’ e.g.: Muslims go on pilgrimage once (1 time) a year.
I play football twice (two times) a week
She takes this medicine three times a day
The Simple Present can also be used with: occasionally, frequently, very often, and quite often.
The Simple Present is also used to talk about general truths and scientific facts.
e.g.: The earth turns round itself
Smoking causes lung cancer
7
 Present Continuous

By ABDELKHALEK
Form Simple Present of ‘To be’ + verb + ing

Example: To Work

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

Full Forms Short Forms Full Forms Short Forms
I am I’m I am not I’m not Am I
You are You’re You are not You aren’t Are You
He He He He He
She is She ’s She is not She isn’t Is She
It It It It (’s not) It
working working working working working?

We We We We We
You are You ’re You are not You aren’t Are You
They They They They (’re not) They

If the verbs ends in ’e’, we omit the ‘e’ after adding ‘ing’. e.g.: To make making
With verbs ending in consonant, vowel, consonant we double the last letter. e.g.: To swim swimming
To plan planning

Uses We use The Present Continuous with normal verbs to express the idea
that something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be
used to say that sth is not happening now.

Examples: You are learning English now

They are not swimming at the moment
Are you sleeping?
The Present Continuous can also be used to talk about longer actions in progress now

Examples Iam studying to become a Doctor

Iam reading a book by James Joyce
We use also the Presnt Continuous with expressions like: ‘look’ , ‘listen’ and ‘be quiet’.
Examples: Look! two policemen are chasing a thief
Listen! the baby is crying
Be quiet! The baby is sleeping
Remember that there are verbs which can’t be used in progressive forms, they are called:

Non-Progressive Verbs (Non-action verbs)

Describe state of being (feel – be)

Express emotions and feelings (like – love – adore – dislike – hate – detest)
Describe mental status (know – remember – forget – believe – think – suppose – understand – expect – assume –
realize - see ...)
Show possession (have – own – possess – belong – owe)
Describe perceptions and senses (hear – see – taste – feel – notice – observe- seem – look [seem] – appear – sound)
Describe needs and preferences (need – want – prefer)
Describe measurements (weigh – cost – contain)
8
 Simple Past

By ABDELKHALEK
Form

Verbs in English are divided into two categories: Regular and Irregular.
I. Regular Verbs: Verbs to the end of which we add ‘d’, ‘ied’ or ‘ed’
We add ‘d’ to Regular Verbs ending in ‘e’, For example: to hire hired
We add ‘ied’ to verbs ending in ‘y’ preceded by a consonant. For example: To study studied, but if the
‘y’ is preceded by a vowel (a-e-i-o-u) we just add ‘ed’ to the end of the verb. For example: To play played
To the rest of Regular Verbs we add ‘ed’. For example: To visit visited
II. Irregular Verbs: Examples: To see saw (see Irregular Verbs List)
Example: To Visit – To See
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
Full Forms Short Forms
I I I I
You You You You
He He He He
She She She She
It visited It did not visit It didn’t visit Did It visit?
saw did not see didn’t see see?
We We We We
You You You You
They They They They

Uses

I. Simple Past is used with a completed action in the past

Examples:
Yesterday, I saw an interesting movie

Monday Five hours

Week Two days
Last Month Jim bought a new house Three weeks ago, Kate got her first promotion
Year Five months
Summer Four years

The World War II broke out (started) in 1939.

II. The simple past tense is also used with a series of completed actions in the past

Examples : I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.

III. The simple past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past.

Example: I studied French when I was a child

9
 Past Continuous

By ABDELKHALEK

Form Was / were + present participle (verb + ing)

Example: To Work

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

Full Forms Short Forms
I was I was not I wasn’t Was I
You were You were not You weren’t Were You
He He He He
She was She was not She wasn’t Was She
It It It It
working working working working?
We We We We
You were You were not You weren’t Were You
They They They They

Uses

I - Action in progress in the past. Example: It was snowing all day yesterday
Simple past
II - An interrupted action in the past.
Past continuous

Examples: I was doing my homework when you called me.

When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.
What were you doing when the light went off?
I was listening to my iPod, so I didn’t hear the door bell.
He wasn’t doing anything, when we arrived.
While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car.

III- Parallel actions in the past.

Past continuous
Past continuous

Examples: I was watching my favourite TV show while he was chatting with his friend
While Tim was repairing his computer, his father was reading the newspaper
Were you listening while he was talking?
They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time. (Same sentence, same
subject ‘They’; so there’s no need to repeat ‘be’ before each verb).

10
 Present Perfect Simple

By ABDELKHALEK

Form Have / has + past participle

Example: To Work / To Take

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

Full Forms Short Forms Full Forms Short Forms
I have I’ve I have not I haven’t Have I
You have You’ve You have not You haven’t Have You
He He He He He
She has She ’s She has not She hasn’t Has She
It worked It worked It worked It worked It worked?

We taken We taken We taken We taken We taken?

You have You ’ve You have not You haven’t Have You
They They They They They

Uses

I. When the time is recent. Example: Our plane has just landed.
II. When the time is not mentioned.

Example : Tim has called again There have been many earthquakes in California (In these sentences we
don’t know when the acions took place).
III. When the time period has not finished.
Examples: I have seen three movies this week. (the week has not finished yet)
Monday Sunday

Friday
He has read two novels this month.(the month has not finished yet)

1st 30th

19th
III. The Present Perfect Simple can also be used with expressions like:
 Just - [Since - for] - [already - yet] ever – never.

Examples: They have just announced that tomorrow is Aid Al Fitr

Robert has lived in Liverpool since 2001 Robert has lived in Liverpool for six years.
Tom has already found a job, but Jim hasn’t found one yet.
Have you ever been to Paris?
Yes, I think I have seen it before.
Have you ever seen this movie? No, I have never seen it before.

11
 Present Perfect Continuous

By ABDELKHALEK

Form Have / has + been + present participle (verb + ing)

Example: To Wait

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

Full Forms Short Forms Full Forms Short Forms
I have I’ve I have not I haven’t Have I
You have You’ve You have not You haven’t Have You
He He He He He
She has been She ’s been She has not been She hasn’t been Has She been
It waiting It waiting It waiting It waiting It waiting?

We We We We We
You have You ’ve You have not You haven’t Have You
They They They They They

Uses

I. We use the present perfect continuous to show that sth started in the past and has continued up until now.

For

Examples : They have been talking on the phone for the last hour. (And they’re still talking)
Albert has been working at that company for three years. ( And he’s still working for it)
I have been doing this exercise for the last 30 minutes. (And I’m still working on it)
II. Focus on duration of time.

Examples: I have been waiting for you for more than two hours.
The kids have been playing video games for more than four hours.
It has been raining for more than two weeks.

III. An action in the past that has an effect in the present.

Examples: I’m so tired; I have been working all day.

The effect in the present The action in the past

You look in a good shape, have you been exercising regularly?

The effect in the present The action in the past

12
 Past Perfect Simple

By ABDELKHALEK

Form Had + past participle

Example: To Visit / To See

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

Full Forms Short Forms Full Forms Short Forms
I I I I I
You You You You You
He He He He He
She She She She She
It visited It visited It visited It visited Had It visited?
had seen ’d seen had not seen hadn’t seen Seen?
We We We We We
You You You You You
They They They They They

Uses An action before another action in the past

The Past Perfect Simple expresses the idea that an action happened before another action in the past. It can also
show that something occurred before a specific time in the past.

Past Perfect Simple Past

Examples
He had studied English before he moved to New York.
After she had graduated, she applied for a job.
As soon as (once) they had had their breakfast, they went out to school.
I didn’t have any money because I had lost my wallet.
Had Kim studied Spanish before she moved to Spain?
She understood the film very well because she had read the book.
Had you ever visited Essaouira before your trip in 2005?
► Yes, I had been to Essaouira Twice before.
By 2002 Jane had finished her university studies
I had never seen such an interesting film before I watched ‘Gladiator’.

13
 Past Perfect Continuous

By ABDELKHALEK

Form Had + been + present participle (verb+ ing)

Example: To Learn

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

Full Forms Short Forms Full Forms Short Forms
I I I I I
You You You You You
He He He He He
She She She She She
It had been It ’d been It had not been It hadn’t been It been
learning learning learning learning Had learning?
We We We We We
You You You You You
They They They They They

Uses Duration before something in the past

For

Past Perfect Continuous Simple Past

The Past Perfect Continuous can be used to show that something started in the past and continued up till another
time in the past. ‘For ten minutes’ and ‘For five years’ are both durations which can be used with the Past Perfect
Continuous.

Examples: They had been waiting for two hours before the bus arrived.
He had been working for Microsoft for 17 years before he retired.
She had been using an old mobile for 5 months before her father bought her a brand new one.
How long had you been waiting before the train came?
► I had been waiting for more than 45 minutes.

Remember: It is important to remember that non-progressive verbs can not be used in Continuous
Tenses.
Example: The car had been belonging to Tim for four years before John bought it.

Incorrect

The car had belonged to Tim for four years before John bought it.

Correct

14
 Simple Future ‘Will’

By ABDELKHALEK

In English, Simple Future has two different forms: ‘Will’ and ‘Be going to’. Even though ‘Simple Present’
and ‘Present continuous’ can be used to talk about future events.

WILL

Form Will + Bare Infinitive

Example: To Tell

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

Full Forms Short Forms Full Forms Short Forms
I I I I I
You You You You you
He He He He he
She She She She she
It It It It it
will tell ’ll tell will not tell won’t tell will tell?
We We We We we
You You You You you
They They They They they

Uses

I. We use ‘Will’ to express a Voluntary action.

Example: I will get you some tea
I will send you the information when I get it
I will translate this letter to Mr. John so he can read it.

II. We use ‘will’ to express a promise

Example: I will call you when I get there.
I won’t tell anybody about the secret.

III. We use ‘will’ to make predictions not based on any kind of evidence.
Example: The year 2100 will be a very interesting year.
It will rain next week.
The movie ‘American Gangster’ will win many Academy Awards.
Remember: like all Future forms, The Simple Future cannot be used with expressions such as: when,
while, before, after, as soon as, by the time, if, unless etc...Instead of Simple Future we use The Simple
Present.
Some verbs are never used in the Future, like: hope, plan
Examples: I hope to succeed
I plan to travel

15
 Simple Future ‘Be going
to’
By ABDELKHALEK

Be Going to

Form Am / is / are going to + bare infinitive

Example: To Send

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

Full Forms Short Forms Full Forms Short Forms
I am I’m I am not I’m not Am I
You are You’re You are not You aren’t Are You
He He He He He
She is She ’s She is not She isn’t Is She
It going to It going to It going to It going to It going to
send send send send send?

We We We We We
You are You ’re You are not You aren’t Are You
They They They They They

Uses

I. ‘Be going to’ is used to express a Plan / Intention.

Examples: Jim is going to spend his holiday in Honolulu.
Kate is going to start her medical engineering school next year.
I’m going to invite all my friends to my birthday party.
I have just bought some paint; I’m going to decorate my room.

II. ‘Be going to’ can be used to make predictions based on physical evidence.
Examples There are thick clouds in the sky; it is going to rain tonight.
They have been cleaning the streets for more than a week; someone important is going to visit
the city.
It’s nearly eight now, we are going to be late.
Jane is going to have a baby next month.

16
 Simple Present
Simple Future
Present
Continuous By ABDELKHALEK

We can also use the Present Continuous and Simple Present to talk about Future events.

Present Continuous

Form See ‘Present Continuous’

Uses
Simple Future
Present
I. We use the present continuous for arrangements.
Examples: Continuous
I’m meeting Tim at 6:30 this evening.
I’m seeing the doctor at 10:30 this morning.
Frank is travelling to London next week.

II. The Present Continuous can also be used to talk about future plans and intention.
Lisa is making a speech at the conference next Monday
I’m exhausted. I’m not going to work tonight.
Some workers cleaned the beach yesterday, and they are cleaning it tomorrow.
Notice That the Present continuous and ‘be going to’ can have similar meanings.
We’re going to have a party next Saturday. (We intend / we decided to have one)
We’re having a party next Saturday. (We have made the arrangements)

Simple Present

Form See ‘Simple Present’

Uses

I. We use the Simple Present to talk about future events that are part of an official arrangement such as
a timetable or programme (schedule).

Examples: The plane takes off at 6:45.

The train leaves at 7:30.
The match starts at 9:15.
When does the class start tomorrow?

Notice that when talking about personal plans or predictions, we don’t use The Simple present.
Instead, we use ‘will’, ‘be going to’, or “the present continuous’.

17
 Future continuous

By ABDELKHALEK

Form Will be + present participle (verb + ing)

Example: To Fix

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

Full Forms Short Forms Full Forms Short Forms
I I I I I
You You You You You
He He He He He
She She She She She
It will be It ’ll be It will not be It won’t be It be
fixing fixing Simple Future
fixing fixing Will fixing?
We We We We We
You You You
Present Continuous You You
They They They They They

Uses

I. Interrupted action in the Future.

Examples : Tomorrow at 9 :30, I will be studying French. (I will be in the process of studying French).
Tonight at 21:00, I will be eating dinner.(I will be in the process of eating dinner).
Will you be waiting for her when the plane arrives tonight?
Tonight at 21:30, the Queen of Britain will be giving a speech.

II.Parallel actions in the future.

Examples :
When I arrive at the party, everybody will be celebrating; some will be dancing, others will be
talking.Some people will be eating pizza and a few people will be drinking.

  ‘Be going to + present participle’ can also be used to form The Future Continuous.

Remember: Non-progressive verbs (verbs to which we can’t add ‘ing’) can’t be used with continuous
tenses.

Examples: I will be being at my house when you arrive. Not Correct

I will be at my house when you arrive. Correct

18
 Future perfect Simple

By ABDELKHALEK

Form Will have + Past Participle

Example: To Finish – To Take

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

Full Forms Short Forms Full Forms Short Forms
I I I I I
You will have You ’ll have You will not have You won’t have You have
He finished He finished He finished He finished He finished?
She She She She She
It It It It It
Will
We will have We ’ll have We will not have We won’t have We have
You taken You Simple Future
taken You taken You taken You taken?
They They They They They
Present Continuous

Uses

The Future Perfect Simple is used to express the idea that something will happen before another action in
the future.

Examples : By next month, I will have finished this project.

By the time she gets home, I will have cleaned the entire house.
By the time you arrive, I will have filled in all the applications.
By next October, I will have got my promotion.
In three years time, she will have graduated from university.
I will have learnt all grammar lessons by the end of this course.
I will have learnt enough Spanish to communicate with spaniards before I leave to Barcelona.
By 2020 scientists will have found a cure for cancer.

II. Duration before something in the future. [ With Non-Progressive Verbs]

Examples: By Tuesday, Mark will have had my iPod for a week. (have; meaning ‘possess’ is a non-continuous
Verb, and thefore, saying: will have been having is incorrect)
By next July, we will have been in Tangier for seven months. (will have been being is incorrect)

Remember: Future Perfect like all Future forms can’t be used with time expressions like: when,
while, before, after, as soon as, by the time, if, unless etc...

19
 Future perfect Continuous

By ABDELKHALEK

Form Will have been + present participle (verb + ing)

Example: To Talk

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

Full Forms Short Forms Full Forms Short Forms
I I I I I
You You You You You
He He He He He
She will have She ’ll have She will not have She won’t have She have
It been It been It been It been It been
talking Simple Future
talking talking talking Will talking?
We We We We We
You You YouContinuous
Present You You
They They They They They

For
Uses

I. Duration before something in the future.

Examples : By 3:00, he will have been talking on the phone for over an hour.
She will have been teaching in this school for 7 years by the time she leaves to France.
By the time we get to Ouejda, we will have been driving for two days straight.
By next January, They will have been painting that building for four months.
By the time the bus arrives, we will have been waiting here for about 50minutes.
I will have been studying Arabic for 12 years by the end of this year.

II.Cause of something in the future.

Examples : Jim will be tired when he returns home, because he will have been playing football for two hours.
Robert’s Spanish will be perfect when he comes back from Spain, because he will have been
studying it for over three years.

Remember: Non-Progressive verbs cannot be used with continuous tenses.

Examples: By next September, I will have been having my driving licence for eight years.

Not Correct (‘have’ meaning ‘possess’ is a Non-Continuous Verb, and

Therefore can’t be used with ‘ing’ form)

By next September, I will have had my driving licence for eight years.

Correct

20
 Conditional

By ABDELKHALEK

Conditional Type ‘0’ Used to express statements about real and possible situations,
It also refers to general truths and scientific facts.

Structure If + Subject + Simple Present Subject + Simple present.

Examples: If you heat ice, it becomes water.

If you put water on fire for a long time, it evaporates.
If it does not rain, plants die.

Conditional Type ‘I’ Called also ‘First Conditional’, is used to talk about
possibilities in the present or the future

Structure If + Subject + Simple Present Subject + Simple Future.

Simple Future
Examples: If the weather is fine next Sunday, we will go on a picnic.
If Clause Main Clause
Present
It is also possible Continuous
to say: We will go on a picnic next Sunday if the weather is fine.
If they don’t hurry, they will miss the plane
If you watch this scary film, you won’t (will not) be able to sleep tonight.

Conditional Type ‘II’ We use Conditional Type ‘II’ to talk about things
Which are unreal (Impossible or not true; things
which won’t happen in The Present or The Future)

Structure If + Subject + Simple Past Subject + would + bare Infinitive.

Examples: If I were you, I would continue my university studies (but I’m not you)
If I had more free time, I would travel more (but I don’t / It’s unreal)
If they lost their way, they would ask someone.
If my car broke down, I’d (would) have to walk to the office.
It is also possible to start with the main clause:
I’d (would) have to walk to the office if my car broke down.

Conditional Type ‘III’ We use this type of conditional to talk about things
which we regret, or to imagine what would or might
have happened If circumstances had been different.
could
Structure If + subject + past perfect (had + p.p) Subject + would + have + p.p.
might

Examples: If they had taken a map with them, they wouldn’t have lost their way.
They wouldn’t have lost their way if they had taken a map with them.
( But they didn’t take a map so they lost their way)
If she hadn’t worked hard, she wouldn’t have passed the exam.
( But she worked hard, so she passed the exam)

21
 Expressing Wishes

By ABDELKHALEK

Expressing Wishes in The Present

Subject + Wish + Subject + Simple Past

Rule If only + subject + Simple Past

Examples:
I’m not free these days. I wish I were free these days.

If only I were free these days.

Verb ‘to be’
Simple Present, Negative form Verb ‘to be’ Simple Past, Affirmative form

Jim is not a star Simple Future He wishes / If only he were a star

I don’t have a friend I wish / If only I had a friend
She wishes / If only she didn’t live in a small city.
Ann lives in a small city. Present Continuous
He can’t remember his phone number He wishes / If only he could remember his phone number.
She has to / must do all the cooking. She wishes If only/she didn’t have to do all the cooking.
He doesn’t know how to use internet. He wishes / If only he knew how to use internet

Expressing Wishes in The Past

Subject + Wish + Subject + Past Perfect (had + past participle)

Rule If only + subject + Past Perfect (had + past participle)

Examples:
I missed my favourite TV show yesterday.
They arrived too late to get tickets for the show.
She didn’t get the job she applied for.
They took the wrong road.
We didn’t know you were coming.
I couldn’t find the shop I was looking for.
I wish/If only I hadn’t missed my favourite TV show
They wish they hadn’t arrived too late for the show.
She wishes she had got the job she applied for.
They wish / If only they hadn’t taken the wrong road.
We wish / If only we had known you were coming.
I wish I had been able to find the shop I was looking for
I wish I could have found the shop I was looking for

Expressing Wishes in The Future

Rule Subject + wish + would / could + bare infinitive (Infinitive without ‘to’)

Examples:
I wish / If only they would / could find a cure to AIDS.
I wish / If only I would / could pass my BAC and find a job.

22
 Modals

By ABDELKHALEK

Modal Function Examples

Ability in the present I can speak four languages (I’m able to speak four languages)
Can Request Can you tell me where the post office is, please?
Permission Daddy, can I go with my friend to the cinema tonight?
Impossibility He can’t be at home. (there is no answer)
Can’t Inability in the present He can’t swim. (He is unable to swim).
Prohibition You can’t park here, It’s a restricted area.
May Possibility It is cloudy today, It may rain tomorrow.
Permission May I go out, please?
Ability in the past He could speak three languages when he was still a child.
Could Request Could you lend me your book for a day, please?
Suggestion We could try the other option.
Might Possibility He might be at home now (but I doubt it)
Certainty He must be at home. The light’s on
Must Necessity /Obligation Simple Future
Candidates must obtain an average of 10/20 to pass the exam.
Mustn’t Prohibition You mustn’t drive beyond the speed limit.
Don’t / Absence of obligation /
Present Continuous
We don’t have to take our coats. It isn’t cold.
doesn’t necessity You needn’t buy another bottle of milk, we have plenty at home.
have to
( Needn’t)
Should Advice You should eat low fat food.
Ought to Advice You ought to try to understand his point of view.
Have to Necessity I have to go home now. It’s too late
Promise I will help you improve your English
Will Offer I will get you another cup of tea.
Shall Suggestion / Offer Shall we go to Ouzoud? - Shall I get something to drink?
Shouldn’t Undesirability You shouldn’t / oughtn’t to be so cruel to that poor cat.
Oughtn’t to Reproach
Couldn’t Inability in the past He couldn’t swim when he was a child.
Can’t Impossibility He can’t be at home (there’s no answer)
Won’t He won’t come. (he is very ill)
Used to Past habit They used to eat out a lot

Past Present Future

Could Can Will be able to
Was / were able to Am / is / are able to Will be able to
Had to Have / has to Will have to
Had to Must Will have to
Didn’t have to Don’t / doesn’t have to Won’t (will not) have to
Didn’t need to Needn’t Won’t (will not) need to

23
 Perfect Modals

By ABDELKHALEK

Structure Modal + have + past participle

Examples

Tom talked to his father inappropriately

Tom shouldn’t have talked to his father inappropriately (reproach)

I am sure Sandy worked hard since she got an excellent grade

Sandy must have worked hard since she got an excellent grade (certainty)

It’s possible their car broke down

Their car might have broken down (possibility in the past)

It was impossible for me to succeed without my friends’ help

Simple Future
I couldn’t have succeeded without my friends’ help

 Kevin didn’t work hardPresent

last year Continuous
Kevin ought to have worked hard last year

Present Modals

Structure Modal + be + verb + ing

Examples

I am sure Jim is chatting now. He has got a lot of friends on the net
Jim must be chatting now (certainty)

 It’s possible that the kids are playing football outside at this moment
The kids might be playing football outside (possibility)

 There is no way Kim is watching TV now. She has an exam tomorrow morning
Kim can’t be watching TV now. She has an axam tomorrow morning (impossibility)

Simple Future

Present Continuous

24
 Passive Voice

By ABDELKHALEK

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known; however, who or
what is performing the action.
Example: My car was stolen.
In this example the focus is on the fact that the car was stolen, I do not know, however, who did it, or it is not
important.
Form of Passive Voice: Subject + finite form of ‘to be’ + past participle (3rd column of Irregular Verbs)
To rewrite active sentences in passive forms we follow three steps:

1. The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
2. We put the verb ‘to be’ in the same tense as the main verb of the active sentence.
3. We add the past participle of the main verb of the active sentence.
Example:

Active Sentence Passive Sentence

He wrote a letter Simple Future A letter was written

The Past Participle
Present Continuous of the the main verb
Subject Main Verb Object Subject + ‘to be’ + of the active
(Simple Past) (Simple Past) sentence

Examples

Tense Subject Verb Object

SimplePresent Acive Rob writes A letter
Passive A letter Is written
Present Continuous Acive Rob Is writing A letter
Passive A letter is being written
Simple Past Acive Rob Wrote A letter
Passive A letter Was written
Past Continuous Acive Rob Was writing A letter
Passive A letter Was being written
Present Perfect Simple Acive Rob Has written A letter
Passive A letter Has been written
Past Perfect Simple Acive Rob Had written A letter
Passive A letter Had been written
Simple Future Acive Rob Will write A letter
Passive A letter Will be written
FuturePerfect Acive Rob Will (not) have written A letter
Passive A letter Will (not) have been written
Conditional Type I Acive Rob Would (not) write A letter
Passive A letter Would (not) be written
Conditional Type II Acive Rob Would (not) have written A letter
Passive A letter Would (not) have been written

25
 Can (not)
Could (not)
Should (not)
May(not)
Might (not)
Must (not)
Active Rob Has /had to write a letter
Doesn’t / didn’t have to
Is (not)/was (not) going to
Used to
Didn’t use to
Modals Can (not)
Could (not)
Should (not)
May (not)
Might (not)
Passive A letter Must (not) be written
Has/had to
Doesn’t / didn’t have to
Is/was going to
Used to
Didn’t use to

Active Rob must have written a letter

Perfect Rob should have written a letter
Modals Passive A letter must have been written
A letter should have been written
Active He Hates someone disturbing him
Gerund I like people respecting me
Passive He hates being disturbed
I like being respected
No one speaks German in our school
Active Nobody has ever defated him before
Negative She didn’t do anything
Sentences German is not spoken in our school
Passive He has never been defeated before
Nothing was done
Active He would like someone to accompany him
Infinitive He would like to be accompanied
Passive
They say women live longer than men
Active Scientists think the planet is in danger
Reported People assume that money brings happiness
Speech Women are said to live longer than men
passive The planet is thought to be in danger
Money is assumed to bring happiness

26
 Reported Speech

By ABDELKHALEK

When we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speaker’s exact words (direct speech),
but reported (indirect speech). The structure is a little different depending on whether you want to transform a
statement, question or request.
Statement He said: ‘I speak three languages’ He said that he spoke three languages
Question 1.Wh. Question She said: ‘why are you late?’ She asked me why I was late.
2. Yes / No Question He said: ‘do you speak English?’ He asked me whether / if I spoke
English.
Imperative Affirmative Tell + Object + Infinitive
e.g.: ‘Go upstairs’ Jim’s mother told him to go upstairs
Negative Tell + Object + Not + Infintive
e.g.: ‘Don’t do that again’ Jack’s father told him not to that again
When transforming a statement or a question from Direct into Reported form check whether you have to change
Tense, pronouns, and time and place expressions.
l. Changes in Tenses

Direct Speech Reported (Indirect) Speech

Simple Present Simple FutureSimple Past
‘I am a student’ / ‘ I go to work on foot’ He said he was a student / She said she went to
work on foot
Present Continuous Present Continuous
Past Continuous
‘Iam doing my homework’ He said he was doing his homework
Simple Past Past Perfect (had + past participle)
‘I bought a new car’ She said she had bought a new car
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
‘It was snowing all day’ He said it had been snowing all day
Present Perfect Simple (have / has + past participle) Past Perfect (had + past participle)
‘I have visited Paris three times’ She said she had visited Paris three times
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
(have /has been + verb + ing) (had been + verb + ing)
‘I have been working very hard’ He said he had been working very hard
Past Perfect Simple Past Parfect Simple ( No Change)
‘We had finished eating when he arrived’ They said they had finished eating when he arrived
Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous (No Change)
‘I had been living in London for two years before I He said he had been living in London for two years
moved to Liverpool’ before he moved Liverpool.
Will Would
‘I will call you as soon as possible’ ‘ He said he would call me as soon as possible’
Be going to Was / were going to
‘We are going to have a party’ They said they were going to have a party
Can Could
‘ I can speak five languages’ She said she could speak five languages
May Might
‘May I go out?’ He asked me If he might go out
Must (have / has to) Had to
‘You must submit your projects tomorrow’ He said we had to submit our projects the day after
Shall Should
‘Where shall we go?’ He asked me where we should go

27
 II. Time and Place References

Direct Speech Reported Speech

Now Then
At that time
Today That day
Tomorrow The following day
The day after
Next week The following week
The week after
Yesterday The previous day
The day before
The day after tomorrow Two days after
The day before yesterday Two days before
A week A week previously
A month ago A month before
A year A year earlier
Tonight That night
Last year The previous year
The year before
In two days time Two days from then
morning morning
Tomorrow afternoon The following afternoon
evening evening
night night
morning morning
Yersterday afternoon The previous afternoon
evening evening
night night

Direct Speech Reported Speech

Here There
There There
This That
That That
These Those
Those Those

III. Personal Pronouns

You also need to be careful with personal pronouns. They need

to be changed according to the situation.You need to know the context.

Examples
Direct Speech Reported Speech
She said I – my – me She – her – her
He said I – my – me He – his – him
They said We – our – us They – their – them

28
 Some sentences are reported following the meaning they express.
I Verb + (that)
I
‘ You really must trust me this time’
‘No, it’s not me !I didn’t send you any messages’
‘ I will call you tonight’
‘ Jack should go to university’
‘Yes, it’s me who stole the house’
‘Shall we change our seats?’
II Verb + Object + Infinitive
I
‘ You’d better consult a nutritionist’
‘If I were you, I wouldn’t drop out of school’
‘Don’t use that software, otherwise you’ll damage your P.C ’
‘Come on! Try on this black jacket, you’ll not regret it’
‘Will you come with us to the restaurant?’
‘Oh! Please, please stop singing’
III Verb + Infinitive
‘I will help you improve your English’
‘ Sorry sir, but I can’t let you in’
‘ It’s all right, I will accompany you to stadium’
‘ If you don’t leave the shop immediately, I’ll call the police’
‘ I will get you some coffee ‘
IV Verb + Gerund
‘ No, it’s not me !I didn’t send you any messages’
‘Shall we have an audio chat tomorrow morning?’
V Verb + Object + Preposition + Gerund
‘You stole my money’
‘you are responsible for the failure of the project’
‘Congratulations on having successfully passed your job
interview’
VI Verb + Preposition + Gerund
‘Iam terribly sorry I forgot your book’
‘You really must tell me where he lives’
‘I hate to mention this, but your dog kept us awake all night
long’
‘I’m sorry to say this, but you are making a lot of noise’
29
Admit – deny – insist – agree – suggest
promise - decide – explain - recommend
She insisted that I had to trust her that time
He denied that he had sent me any messages
She promised that she would call me that night
The Maths teacher recommended that Jack
should go to university
The burglar adimtted that he had stolen the
house
She suggested that we should change our seats
Advise – warn – remind
Invite – encourage - beg
He advised me to consult a nutritionist
She advised me not to drop out of school
She warned me not to use that software
The shop assistant encouraged me to try on
that black jacket
He invited me to come with them to
the restaurant
She begged me to stop singing
Promise – refuse – threaten – agree
Accept - decide – offer
My teacher promised to help me improve my
English
The security guard refused to let me in.
Jim agreed to accompany us to the stadium
The shop assistant threatened to call the police
‘ He offered to get me some coffee‘
Suggest – deny – recommend
He denied sending me any messages
She suggested having an audio chat the
following morning
Accuse + object + (of) + gerund
Blame + object + (for) + gerund
Congratulate + object + on + gerund
He accused me of stealing his money
She blamed me for being responsible for the
failure of the project
He congratulated me on having successfully
passed my job interview
Apologise + (for ) + gerund
Insist + (on) + gerund
Complain + (about) + gerund / noun
She apologised for forgetting my book
She insisted on telling her where he lived
They complained about keeping them awake
all night long
He complained about the noise I was making
 Gerund & Infinitive

By ABDELKHALEK
Expressions Followed by GERUND (1)

Expressions Examples
It’s no use To Complain about It’s no use trying to convince him to change his mind
To be accused of To be used to It’s no good disturbing him at the moment
There is no point in Would you mind…? Before submitting your exam papers, you should revise them
Inspite of - Despite To be busy It’s a boring film, it is not worth seeing
It’s no good Do you mind/object…? He is keen on / fond of playing guitar
Simple Future
Without To be afraid of Congratulations on having passed you Bac exam
After - Before To look forward to She apologised for being late
Fancy
Present Continuous
Would you mind closing that door?
While
Be (not) worth I can’t bear/stand He is afraid of losing his job
Instead of I can’t help I’m looking forward to hearing from you soon
To be keen on I can’t resist Fancy meeting you
To have the Be fed up with She can’t bear walking for along
opportunity of Dream about Despite / Inspite of waking up early , he missed his bus
To be fond of Be good / bad at … He can’t read without having his glasses
It’s been a pleasure To succeed in… Instead of helping him, they just let him down
Congratulations on Let’s go … It’s been a pleasure working with you
To feel like How about …? He is used to living in difficult conditions
Apologise for Be famous/known for … I’m busy working now
To be accustomed to How about having a cup of coffee?

Verbs Followed by GERUND (2)

Verbs Examples
Avoid Delay Appreciate He was driving fast, he couldn’t avoid hitting the little boy
Detest Forgive Congratulate on He told me that he gave up smoking
Understand Consider Escape They have put off / postponed discussing the new law
Give up/stop Postpone Dislike / hate She enjoyed spending her holiday with her parents
Suggest Excuse Apologise for She hates watching the news on TV
Mind Risk Leave off They suggested making him a surprise
Start /begin Put off Succeed in He denied using my personal computer
Deny Pardon Recollect Please forgive / excuse / pardon my disturbing you
Practise Mention Finish The children went on playing inspite of the rain
Miss Enjoy Go on I appreciate your iniviting me to your party

Verbs Followed by INFINITIVE

Verbs Examples
Advise Agree Intend He advised me to concentrate on my studies
Allow Attempt Like Our teacher allowed us to use dictioanries in class
Encourage Start Mean They invited us to joint hem for lunch
Invite Begin Prefer She reminded him to pay the bills
Remind Obj.+ Infinitive Cease Propose They agreed to accompany us to the mountain
Warn Continue Try + Inf. He forgot to colose his car’s door
Tell Dread Offer She prefers to stay at home
Forget Promise He tried to change his habits but he couldn’t
Threaten Refuse
Decide Accept
Recommend

30
 Relative Pronouns

By ABDELKHALEK

Relative Pronouns are who, whom, whose, which, that, where, when and why. They are used to join
two clauses to make a complex sentence.Relative Pronouns are used at the beginning of the subordinate clause to
give some specific or extra-information about the main clause.

Function in Reference to
the Sentence People Things / Concepts Place Time Reason
Subject Who Which
Object Whom Which Where When Why
Possessive Whose Whose

Who Subject or Object Pronoun for People

Example: The man is a scientist. He lives here The man who lives here is a scientist
The lady is our teacher. She is standing there The lady who is standing there is our teacher

Whom Object Pronoun for People

Example: I met an old friend. He invited me for dinner The old friend whom I met invited me for dinner
He was talking to a man. He is a lawyer. The man whom he was talking to is a lawyer.

Which Subject or Object for animals and things

Example: Can you see the cat? It is lying on the roof. Can you see the cat which is lying on the roof?
The house was sold. I wanted to buy it. The house which I wanted to buy was sold.

Whose Possession for people, animals and things

Example: The boy has got the first mark. His mother is a teacher. The boy whose mother is a teacher has
got the first mark
The house has a black door. It is ours. The house whose door is black is ours.

Why Refers to a reason

Example: The reason why I didn’t come yesterday is that I was ill.

Where Refers to a place

Example: The hotel where we stayed was very clean

When Refers to a time expression

Example: The day when we met was terribly hot.

31
 Linking Words – Conjunctive Adverbs

By ABDELKHALEK

Reason
(Cause) Because – since – as - so ......that - for

Result The reason why – that’s why - consequently - therefore –as a result of this –
(consequence) thus – hence – so
Addition And – besides – moreover – furthermore – in addition – also – What is more –
( Further points) not only.....but also

Though - although – even though – even if - despite – in spite of - regardless

Concession of - however - nevertheless – nonetheless – notwithstanding - yet – still – no
matter

By contrast – on the contrary – on the one hand.....one the other hand – unlike
Contrast whereas – while – instead of

Exceptions Apart from – except – with the exception of – but not

Emphasising Especially – in particular – particularly – above all – chiefly – primarily

e.g. (Latin : ‘exempli gracia’ = for / as an example ) - as acase in – as a point

Giving Examples in - for example – for instance - such as – like

i.e. (Latin: ‘id est’ = that is to say) – That is to say

Clarifying in other words – which means that

Not mentioning etc – and so on – and so forth and so on – as well as other

further points similar things

All in all – altogether – finally – ultimately - in brief – in short – to summarize

Summarizing in conclusion – in summary – in simpler terms
To sum up – to conclude

After a while – afterwards – and then – as long as – at last – at that time –

before – after – earlier – later - finally – formerly – in the past – lately– next -
Time Sequence now – presently – simultaneously – at the same time – meanwhile – since –
so far – until now – then – until – till – when – while

To – in order (not) to – so as (not) to – with a view to ...ing

Purpose So that + subject + could + verb – in case - lest – for fear that

First(ly) – second(ly) – in the first place – in the second place – then – next –
Enumeration finally – in the end
Condition If – unless – except that - if not - otherwise – on condition

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 Linking Words (Examples)

By ABDELKHALEK
I Reason (Cause)

Since /as the test as so easy, everybody sailed through it

The test was so easy that I was able to finish it in 25 min

II Result (Consequence)

Jane was only 15, therefore / consequently / thus / hence/ as a result of this / that’s why they didn’t allow
her to take a driving test
III Addition

Internet is an amazing invention. It has a lot of bnefits: it provides us ith all the information e need, besides,
it is fast and cheap. Moreover / in addition internet is one of the best and fastest means of communication.
Furthermore / what is more it is an interesting means of entertainment.
Not only does he work in a hospital, but he teaches medicine at university as well
Along with being a presidential candidate, Barak Obama is also a senate

IV Concession

Although / though /even if / even though Brad is only 10 he already dreams of becoming an astronaut
Despite / in spite of / regardless of being a Bitish, George Gallaway keeps defending Arab and Muslim
causes
Ahmed is very poor, however / nevertheless / nonetheless /notwithstanding / yet / still / but he never
hesititates to help those in need.

V Contrast

Jim is hard working, friendly and altruistic. On the other hand / by contrast / on the contrary / whereas
his brother, Mike, is lazy, rude and self-centred

VI Purpose

Lina wakes up very early in order / so as not to be late for school

Jamal renewed his subscription to Aljazeera sport + so that / in order that he could watch his favourit
matches

VII Either or Neither nor

Either you accept my terms or I will resign

Neither Morocco nor Egypt had qualified to the 2006 football world cup

VIII Exceptions

Apart from James / with the exception / except James, all students had submitted their projects
All students had submitted their projects, but not James

IIX Emphacising

I like all Anthony Hopkins flims, especially / particularly / above all ‘Silence of the Lambs’
X Condition

We won’t go unless the rain eases off

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 Expressing Purpose

By ABDELKHALEK
Expressing Purpose about the present

Positive Adam always gets up early. He wants to get to school on time.

Can
may
Why does Adam get up early? + will
subject
1 Bare infinitive 2
so that
Adam gets up early to get to school Adam gets up earl in order that he can/may/will
in order to
on time get to school on
so as to
time.
Gerund
3
with the aim of
with the objective of
Adam gets up early with the intention of getting to
for the purpose of school
with a view to on time

Negative Adam takes a taxi. He doesn’t want to get late for school.
Can’t
may not
Why does Adam take a taxi? + won’t
subject
2
1 Bare infinitive so that
Adam takes a taxi in order that he can’t/
Adam takes a taxi in order not to get late for may not /
so as not to
school. won’t get
to school on time.

3 Gerund
with the aim of
with the objective of
Adam takes a taxi with the intention of not getting
for the purpose of late for school
with a view to

34
 Expressing purpose about the past

Positive Adam got up early this morning. He wanted to get to school on time.

Why did Adam get up early this morning?

Bare infinitive
1
could
Adam got up early this morning to get to might
in order to
school + would
so as to subject
on time
2
so that
Adam got early this morning in order that he could
might
would
get to school on time.

3 Gerund
with the aim of
with the objective of
Adam got up early this morning with the intention of getting to
for the purpose of school
with a view to on time

Negative Adam took a taxi yesterday. He didn’t want to get late for school.

Why did Adam take a taxi yesterday?

1 Bare infinitive
could not
Adam took a taxi yesterday in order not to get late for might not
so as not to school. + would not
subject

2
so that
Adam took a taxi yeterday in order that he could not
might not
would not
get late for school.

3 Gerund
with the aim of
with the objective of
Adam took a taxi this morning with the intention of getting late for school.
for the purpose of
with a view to

35
 Prefixes and Suffixes

By ABDELKHALEK

Prefixes A letter or group of letters at the beginning of a word

Prefix Meaning Examples

Anti- Against Anti-American, anti-colonial, anti-war, antibiotics
Auto- Self Autobiography, automobile, automatic, autograph
Bi- Two Bicycle, bilingual, bilabial
Co- Together Collaborate, co-exist, cooperate
Counter- Opposite Counter attack, counter argument
Dis- Not Discomfort, disarm, disagree, disadvantage,disconnect
Ex- Former – out of Ex-wife, ex-president, exhale
Hetro- Other Heterogeneous, hetrosexual
Homo- Same Homogeneity, homosexual, homonym
Il- Not Illegal, illegitimate, illegible
Im- Not Immoral, immortal, impossible, impolite
In- Not Inactive, inadequate, inaccurate, incorrect
Infra- Beneath Infrared, infrastructure
Ir- Not Irrational, irregular, Irresponsible
Neo- new Neocolonialism, neo-nazi
Multi- Many Multinational, multipurpose
Mono- One – single Monologue, monolingual, monotheist
Mis- Not Misunderstand, miscount, misfortune, misbehaviour
Over- Excessive - above Overwork, overdose, overbuild, overcook
Poly- Many Polygamy, polytheism
Post- After Post-war, postgraduate
Pre- Before Pre-history, predict, precede , preview
Pro- Supporting -for Pro-fenimist, pro-capitalist
Re- Again Repeat, regain, rewrite, renew
Retro- Back Retrospect
Self- Of, for sb’s own self Self-made, self-centered, self-destruction, self-discovery
Sub- Under Submarine, subterranean
Sur- Above – over Surnatural, surpass
Tele- Far off Telephone, television
Trans- Across Transcontinental, transatlantic, transport
Un- Not Uncomfortable, unable, unarmed, unbelievable
Under- Too little Undercover, underestimate, underdeveloped

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 Suffixes A letter or group of letters added on at the end of a word

Suffixes For Nouns

Suffix Meaning Examples

-ment State - condition Development – agreement - arrangement – statement
-ism Belief - doctrine Feminism – socialism – capitalism
-ness Quality - condition Kindness – brightness – cleanliness
-ation Act of Collaboration – manifestation – celebration – liberation
-ion State – action Abduction – production – satisfaction
-ity State - quality Possiblility – ability – priority - activity
-dom Domain - condition Wisdom – freedom – martyrdom - boredom
-ship State - condition Friendship – citizenship – membership – relationship - schoolarship
-ance/ - ence Quality of - state Resistance – elegance – independence - correspondence

Suffixes For Verbs

Suffix Meaning Examples

-ate Graduate- ameliorate -differentiate
-ize Make Critcize – formalize – visualize - realize
-fy Cause to be Satisfy – specify – simplify
-en Strengthen – widen – fasten – brighten - lengthen

Suffixes For Adverbs

Suffix Meaning Examples

-ly In the manner of Completely – fluently – kindly – weekly- rapidly

Suffixes For Adjectives

Suffix Meaning Examples

-able Capable of being Readable – changeable – translatable
-ible Audible – irresistible – tangible - incredible
-ful Having - marked by Faithful – trustful – helpful – rightful - skillful
-less Without Jobless – homeless- helpless- hopeless- careless
-ic Anarchic – historic – economic - scientific
-ical Having the quality of Magical – critical - technological
-al Moral – legal, natural

37
 Proverbs

By ABDELKHALEK

A man is as old as he feels (a man’s age is immaterial, how you feel is what defines your age)
Great talkers are little doers (those who talk a lot usually do not do much work)
Better late than never (doing a thing a little late is better than not doing it at all)
A bird in hand is worth two in the bush (Something that one already has is better than going after
something that one may not get)
Birds of a feather flock together (people of the same type of character always go together)
Charity begins at home (a man’s first obligation is to help his own family members)
All that glitters is not gold (don’t be deceived by things that seem to be attractive)
Any time means no time (an event that is not planned earlier may never take place)
He laughs best who laughs last (the person who does his best is the one who will
get satisfaction at the end)
It's no use crying over spilt milk (it is pointless to feel remorsful over a thing that can never
be found or a mistake that can never be corrected)
Jack of all trades and master of none (a person who can do almost anything but excels at none)
No news is good news (when there is news, it is likely that everything is all right)
Necessity is the mother of invention (when you’re in great need of sth you’ll find a way of getting it)
Honesty is the best policy (there is nothing better than honesty as a route to follow)
Once bitten twice shy (if a person is tricked once, he will be careful the next time)
Prevention is better than cure (it is better to be careful beforhand than to try to solve
a problem after it has arisen)
Speech is silver, silence is golden (talk is beneficial, but sometimes silence is better)
Strike while the iron is hot (a person has to seize a good opportinity as quickly as
possible)
To err is human, to forgive divine (to make mistakes is normal, but to forgive is something
gracious)
When in Rome do as the Romans do (when a man is a new situation or country he has to adapt
himself to its rules and customs)
When the cat is away the mice will play (when the law enforcers are absent some people may
take advantage to break the law)
Don't judge a book by its cover (don’t be deceived by appearances)
Don't count your chickens before they are hatched. (don’t make plans based on soemthing that
has not happened yet)
Out of sight, out of mind (you may soon forget people with whom you don’t have any contact)
We never miss the water till the well runs dry (we only realize the importance of things when
we lose them)
To put the cart before the horse (to do things in the wrong way)
A friend in need is a friend indeed (a real friend remains your friend even in difficult
times)
Clothes don't make the man (appearances may be deceiving)
An empty vessel makes the most noise (people with no knowledge talk more than intelligent
and wise ones)
An apple a day keeps the doctor away (eating healthy food keeps you healthy)
Like father, like son. (Different generations of a family behave in the same way
or have the same talents of defects).
Beggars can't be choosers (when you are in need of help, don’t critcize)
A happy wife, a happy life (if your wife is happy, she will make your life happy too)
Don't make a mountain out of a molehill (don’t exaggerate things)
Rome wasn't built in a day (great achievements take time)

40
 Idioms
By ABDELKHALEK

An idiom is a phrase where the words together have a meaning that is different from the dictionary definitions
of the individual words

A picture is worth a thousand words Pictures can get a message across better than words
A problem shared is a problem halved Sharing your problems with others makes you feel better
All bark and no bite Someone who talks a lot but does nothing
All ears Very interested in hearing about something
All roads lead to Rome There can be different ways of soing something
All that glitters is not gold Appearances can be deceptive
All is fair in love and war when there is a conflict people are expected to behave viciously
All is well that ends well If the end result is perfect, then everything is perfect
Bad Apple A bad person who makes others bad
Bad workers always blame their tools Somone who blames his failure on equipments
Banana republic A small country that is dependent on a single crop or resource
Beauty is in the eye of the beholder Standards of beauty vary from one person to another
Better late than never Doing something late is better than not doing it at all
Better the devil you know Dealing with things or people you know, even if they are not
ideal, is better than those you don’t know
A big fish An important person, company or organization
Blood is thicker than water Family relationships are stronger than others
By hook or by crook Willing to do anything, good or bad, to reach your goal
Castles in the air Dreams or impractical plans that will not work
Child's play Very easy and simple
Devil is in the detail Small things or details in a plan are the things that cause problems
Down-to-earth A practical and realistic person
Drop in the ocean Something with little or insignificant effect
Early bird catches the worm People who start first have better chance of success
Eye for an eye Retributive justice where the punishment equals the crime
Food for thought Worth thinking about or considering seriously
Go west If something goes west, it goes wrong. If sb goes west they die
Hand in hand Work together with mutual understanding to a achive a goal
Home sweet home It is said when someone is happy to be back at one’s own home
Keep in touch Keep communicating with someone though you may live far apart
Kill two birds with one stone Resolve two problems with one action
Let alone Used to emphasise how extreme something could be
Matter of life and death Used to indicate that something is of a great importance
Middle of nowhere Shows someone is lost; he or she doesn’t know where he or she is
Monkey business Children behaving naughtily and mischievously
Needle in a haystack Something almost impossible to find among the things around it
No pain, no gain achivments requires hard work and sacrifice
Out of the blue Happens suddenly and unexpectedly
Putting the cart before the horse doing something the wrong way round
Quiet before the Storm Something bad is about to happen
Rise from the ashes Recover after a serious failure or difficult experience
Safe and sound Everything is ok and no one is harmed
Tables are turned The situation has changed
Take your breath away Somethning that astonishes and surprises you
Tomorrow's another day Things may turn out better
U-turn Change position radically, especially if pomised not to do so
Wolf in sheep's clothing A dangerous person who looks innocent
You reap what you sow People obtain the results and the fruits of their deeds; good or bad

41