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Usage and history

Not to be confused with alternative medicine.
Classical history
Traditional medicine (also known as indigenous medicine or folk medicine) comprises medical aspects
Medieval and later of traditional knowledge that developed over generations within the folk beliefs of various societies,
Colonial America including indigenous peoples, before the era of modern medicine. The World Health Organization (WHO)
defines traditional medicine as "the sum total of the knowledge, skills, and practices based on the theories,
Modern usage
beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance
Knowledge transmission and of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement and treatment of physical and mental
creation
illness".[1] Traditional medicine is often contrasted with scientific medicine.
Definition and terminology
In some Asian and African countries, up to 80% of the population relies on traditional medicine for their
Folk medicine Traditional medicine in a market in
primary health care needs. Traditional medicine is a form of alternative medicine. Practices known as
Antananarivo, Madagascar
Australian bush medicine traditional medicines include traditional European medicine[citation needed], traditional Chinese medicine,
Native American medicine traditional Korean medicine, traditional African medicine, Ayurveda, Siddha medicine, Unani, ancient Iranian
medicine, traditional Iranian medicine, medieval Islamic medicine, Muti, Ifá and Rongoā. Scientific
Nattuvaidyam
disciplines that study traditional medicine include herbalism, ethnomedicine, ethnobotany, and medical
Home remedies anthropology.
Criticism
The WHO notes, however, that "inappropriate use of traditional medicines or practices can have negative or
Safety concerns dangerous effects" and that "further research is needed to ascertain the efficacy and safety" of such
Use of endangered species practices and medicinal plants used by traditional medicine systems.[1] Its "Traditional Medicine Strategy
2014–2023" said that the WHO would "support Member States in developing proactive policies and
See also
implementing action plans that will strengthen the role traditional medicine plays in keeping populations
References healthy."[2] Botánicas such as this one in Jamaica
Plain, Boston, cater to the Latino community
External links
and sell folk medicine alongside statues of
Usage and history [ edit ] saints, candles decorated with prayers, lucky
bamboo, and other items.

Classical history [ edit ]

Further information: Medicine in ancient Greece and Medicine in ancient Rome This article is part of a series on
Alternative medicine
In the written record, the study of herbs dates back 5,000 years to the ancient Sumerians, who described
well-established medicinal uses for plants. In Ancient Egyptian medicine, the Ebers papyrus from c. 1552
BC records a list of folk remedies and magical medical practices.[3] The Old Testament also mentions herb
use and cultivation in regards to Kashrut.

Many herbs and minerals used in Ayurveda were described by ancient Indian herbalists such as Charaka
General information [show]
and Sushruta during the 1st millennium BC.[4] The first Chinese herbal book was the Shennong Bencao
Jing, compiled during the Han dynasty but dating back to a much earlier date, which was later augmented Fringe medicine and science [show]

as the Yaoxing Lun (Treatise on the Nature of Medicinal Herbs) during the Tang dynasty. Early recognised Conspiracy theories [show]
Greek compilers of existing and current herbal knowledge include Pythagoras and his followers, Classifications [show]
Hippocrates, Aristotle, Theophrastus, Dioscorides and Galen. [hide]
Traditional medicine
African (Muti · Southern Africa) · Ayurveda
Roman sources included Pliny the Elder's Natural History and Celsus's De Medicina.[5] Pedanius
(Dosha · MVAH) · Balneotherapy · Brazilian ·
Dioscorides drew on and corrected earlier authors for his De Materia Medica, adding much new material; Bush medicine · Cambodian · Chinese
the work was translated into several languages, and Turkish, Arabic and Hebrew names were added to it (Blood stasis · Chinese herbology · Dit da ·
over the centuries.[6] Latin manuscripts of De Materia Medica were combined with a Latin herbal by Gua sha · Gill plate trade · Long gu · Meridian
· Moxibustion · Pressure point · Qi · San Jiao ·
Apuleius Platonicus (Herbarium Apuleii Platonici) and were incorporated into the Anglo-Saxon codex Tui na · Zang-fu) · Chumash · Curandero ·
Cotton Vitellius C.III. These early Greek and Roman compilations became the backbone of European Faith healing · Hilot · Iranian · Jamu ·
medical theory and were translated by the Persian Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā, 980–1037), the Persian Rhazes Kayakalpa · Kambo · Japanese · Korean ·
Mien Shiang · Mongolian · Prophetic medicine
(Rāzi, 865–925) and the Jewish Maimonides.[5]
· Shamanism · Shiatsu · Siddha · Sri Lankan ·
Thai massage · Tibetan · Unani · Vietnamese
Some fossils have been used in traditional medicine since antiquity.[7]
Diagnoses [show]

· ·
Medieval and later [ edit ]

Further information: Medicine in medieval Islam and Medieval medicine of Western Europe

Arabic indigenous medicine developed from the conflict between the magic-based medicine of the Bedouins and the Arabic translations of the Hellenic
and Ayurvedic medical traditions.[8] Spanish medicine was influenced by the Arabs from 711 to 1492.[9] Islamic physicians and Muslim botanists such as
al-Dinawari[10] and Ibn al-Baitar[11] significantly expanded on the earlier knowledge of materia medica. The most famous Persian medical treatise was
Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine, which was an early pharmacopoeia and introduced clinical trials.[12][13][14] The Canon was translated into Latin in the
12th century and remained a medical authority in Europe until the 17th century. The Unani system of traditional medicine is also based on the Canon.[15]

Translations of the early Roman-Greek compilations were made into German by Hieronymus Bock whose herbal, published in 1546, was called Kreuter
Buch. The book was translated into Dutch as Pemptades by Rembert Dodoens (1517–1585), and from Dutch into English by Carolus Clusius, (1526–
1609), published by Henry Lyte in 1578 as A Nievve Herball. This became John Gerard's (1545–1612) Herball or General Historie of Plantes.[5][6] Each
new work was a compilation of existing texts with new additions.

Women's folk knowledge existed in undocumented parallel with these texts.[5] Forty-four drugs, diluents, flavouring agents and emollients mentioned by
Dioscorides are still listed in the official pharmacopoeias of Europe.[6] The Puritans took Gerard's work to the United States where it influenced American
Indigenous medicine.[5]

Francisco Hernández, physician to Philip II of Spain spent the years 1571–1577 gathering information in Mexico and then wrote Rerum Medicarum
Novae Hispaniae Thesaurus, many versions of which have been published including one by Francisco Ximénez. Both Hernandez and Ximenez fitted
Aztec ethnomedicinal information into the European concepts of disease such as "warm", "cold", and "moist", but it is not clear that the Aztecs used
these categories.[16] Juan de Esteyneffer's Florilegio medicinal de todas las enfermedas compiled European texts and added 35 Mexican plants.

Martín de la Cruz wrote a herbal in Nahuatl which was translated into Latin by Juan Badiano as Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis or Codex
Barberini, Latin 241 and given to King Carlos V of Spain in 1552.[17] It was apparently written in haste[18] and influenced by the European occupation of
the previous 30 years. Fray Bernardino de Sahagún's used ethnographic methods to compile his codices that then became the Historia General de las
Cosas de Nueva España, published in 1793.[17] Castore Durante published his Herbario Nuovo in 1585 describing medicinal plants from Europe and the
East and West Indies. It was translated into German in 1609 and Italian editions were published for the next century.

Colonial America [ edit ]

In 17th and 18th-century America, traditional folk healers, frequently women, used herbal remedies, cupping and leeching.[19] Native American traditional
herbal medicine introduced cures for malaria, dysentery, scurvy, non-venereal syphilis, and goiter problems.[20] Many of these herbal and folk remedies
continued on through the 19th and into the 20th century,[21] with some plant medicines forming the basis for modern pharmacology.[22]

Modern usage [ edit ]

The prevalence of folk medicine in certain areas of the world varies according to cultural norms.[23] Some modern medicine is based on plant
phytochemicals that had been used in folk medicine.[24] Researchers state that many of the alternative treatments are "statistically indistinguishable from
placebo treatments".[25]

Knowledge transmission and creation [ edit ]

Indigenous medicine is generally transmitted orally through a community, family and individuals until "collected". Within a given culture, elements of
indigenous medicine knowledge may be diffusely known by many, or may be gathered and applied by those in a specific role of healer such as a shaman
or midwife.[26] Three factors legitimize the role of the healer – their own beliefs, the success of their actions and the beliefs of the community.[27] When
the claims of indigenous medicine become rejected by a culture, generally three types of adherents still use it – those born and socialized in it who
become permanent believers, temporary believers who turn to it in crisis times, and those who only believe in specific aspects, not in all of it.[28]
[verification needed]

Definition and terminology [ edit ]

Traditional medicine may sometimes be considered as distinct from folk medicine, and considered to include formalized aspects of folk medicine. Under
this definition folk medicine are longstanding remedies and practises passed on and practiced by lay people. Folk medicine consists of the healing
modalities, ideas of body physiology and health preservation known to some in a culture, transmitted informally as general knowledge, and practiced or
applied by anyone in the culture having prior experience.[29]

Folk medicine [ edit ]

Many countries have practices described as folk medicine which may coexist with formalized, science-based,
and institutionalized systems of medical practice represented by conventional medicine.[30] Examples of folk
medicine traditions are traditional Chinese medicine, Iranian traditional medicine, traditional Korean medicine,
Arabic indigenous medicine, Uyghur traditional medicine, Japanese Kampō medicine, traditional Aboriginal bush
medicine, Native Hawaiian Lāʻau lapaʻau, and Georgian folk medicine, among others.[31]

Australian bush medicine [ edit ]

Main article: Bush medicine

Generally, bush medicine used by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia is made from plant
materials, such as bark, leaves and seeds, although animal products may be used as well.[32] A major Curandera performing a limpieza in
Cuenca, Ecuador
component of traditional medicine is herbal medicine, which is the use of natural plant substances to treat or
prevent illness.[33]

Native American medicine [ edit ]

Further information: Native American ethnobotany and Traditional Alaska Native medicine

American Native and Alaska Native medicine are traditional forms of healing that have been around for thousands of years. There are many ethnobotany
plants involved in traditional medicine for Native Americans and some are still used today. When it comes to Native American traditional medicine, the
ideas surrounding health and illness within the culture are virtually inseparable from the ideas of religion and spirituality.[34] Healers within indigenous
communities go by many names ranging from medicine man or woman to herbalist or even shaman and are considered spiritual or religious leaders
within their respective tribes.[34] When it comes to healing, tribal healers would look at a plant's characteristics to determine its efficacy for the treatment
of an illness.[35] Specific plant characteristics such as plant shape, smell, color, and taste could aid in determining how the plant could be used as a
remedy.[35] The Meskwaki tribe found they could use the juice from Arum maculatum for snakebites.[35] This was inferred from the milky appearance of
the juice from the plant which is said to resemble snake venom, and the plant's shape resembled the head of a snake.[35] Native Americans used
foxglove herb as a treatment for an illness they referred to as dropsy or edema, which is fluid buildup typically in the lower legs, and its common cause is
heart failure.[35] In modern medicine, foxglove extract is still used under the name digitalis, and its purpose is to moderate the heart rate.[35] Native
Americans were successful with some medical practices, such as treating fevers, gastrointestinal conditions, skin rashes, setting bones, as well as
birthing babies, and aiding mothers in healing.[35] A study conducted within an IHS hospital that allows Navajo healers to visit patients found that the
hospital had an 80 percent success rate in getting comatose patients back to consciousness, which is higher than the rate of present-day biomedical
management hospitals.[34] The plant family Asteraceae has been commonly selected for orthopedic aids and pulmonary aids, specifically the species
Achillea and Artemisia.[36] A study conducted amongst 14 different tribes within North America found that Asteraceae was the most widely used plant
family for its medicinal properties.[36]

Nattuvaidyam [ edit ]

Nattuvaidyam was a set of indigenous medical practices that existed in India before the advent of allopathic or western medicine.[37] These practices had
different sets of principles and ideas of the body, health and disease. There were overlaps and borrowing of ideas, medicinal compounds used and
techniques within these practices.[38] Some of these practices had written texts in vernacular languages like Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, etc. while others
were handed down orally through various mnemonic devices. Ayurveda was one kind of nattuvaidyam practised in south India.[39] The others were
kalarichikitsa (related to bone setting and musculature),[40] marmachikitsa (vital spot massaging), ottamoolivaidyam (single dose medicine or single time
medication),[41] chintamanivaidyam and so on. When the medical system was revamped in twentieth century India, many of the practices and techniques
specific to some of these diverse nattuvaidyam were included in Ayurveda.[42]

Home remedies [ edit ]

A home remedy (sometimes also referred to as a granny cure) is a treatment to cure a disease or ailment that employs certain spices, herbs,
vegetables, or other common items. Home remedies may or may not have medicinal properties that treat or cure the disease or ailment in question, as
they are typically passed along by laypersons (which has been facilitated in recent years by the Internet). Many are merely used as a result of tradition or
habit or because they are effective in inducing the placebo effect.[43]

One of the more popular examples of a home remedy is the use of chicken soup to treat respiratory infections such as a cold or mild flu. Other examples
of home remedies include duct tape to help with setting broken bones; duct tape or superglue to treat plantar warts; and Kogel mogel to treat sore throat.
In earlier times, mothers were entrusted with all but serious remedies. Historic cookbooks are frequently full of remedies for dyspepsia, fevers, and
female complaints.[44] Components of the aloe vera plant are used to treat skin disorders.[45] Many European liqueurs or digestifs were originally sold as
medicinal remedies. In Chinese folk medicine, medicinal congees (long-cooked rice soups with herbs), foods, and soups are part of treatment
practices.[46]

Criticism [ edit ]

Safety concerns [ edit ]

Although 130 countries have regulations on folk medicines, there are risks associated with the use of them (i.e. zoonosis, mainly as some traditional
medicines still use animal-based substances[47][48]). It is often assumed that because supposed medicines are natural that they are safe, but numerous
precautions are associated with using herbal remedies.[49]

Use of endangered species [ edit ]

Endangered animals, such as the slow loris, are sometimes killed to make traditional medicines.[50]

Shark fins have also been used in traditional medicine, and although their effectiveness has not been proven, it
is hurting shark populations and their ecosystem.[51]

The illegal ivory trade can partially be traced back to buyers of traditional Chinese medicine. Demand for ivory is
a huge factor in the poaching of endangered species such as rhinos and elephants.[52]

Pangolins are threatened by poaching for their meat and scales, which are used in traditional medicine. They are
Sometimes traditional medicines
the most trafficked mammals in the world. include parts of endangered species,
such as the slow loris in Southeast
Asia.
See also [ edit ]

Ayurveda
Bioprospecting
Folk healer
Herbal medicine
Jarrah (surgeon)
Medicinal plants
Native American ethnobotany
Old wives' tale
Pharmacognosy
Traditional African medicine
Traditional Chinese medicine
Traditional Knowledge Digital Library
List of forms of alternative medicine

References [ edit ]

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External links [ edit ]

Media related to traditional medicine at Wikimedia Commons Look up traditional

medicine, folk medicine, or
indigenous medicine in
Wiktionary, the free
dictionary.

· · Traditional medicine [show]

· · Medicine [show]

· · International Indigenous and minority rights [show]

· · Indigenous peoples of the world by continent [show]

Authority control databases [show]

Categories: Traditional medicine Concepts in alternative medicine Medical anthropology

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