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Guardianship for incapacitated (Redirected from Guardianship)

elderly
For the British daily newspaper, see the Guardian.
Guardianship for minors

Guardianship for developmentally
disabled adults
Rules applicable to all guardians
Guardian ad litem
Estates and financial decision
making
Settlement guardians ad litem
Alternatives to guardianship
Guardianship by country
See also
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2020)
A legal guardian is a person who has been appointed by a court or otherwise has the legal authority (and Family law
the corresponding duty) to make decisions relevant to the personal and property interests of another Family
person who is deemed incompetent,[1] called a ward. For example, a legal guardian might be granted the Marriage and other unions and [show]

References authority to make decisions regarding a ward's housing or medical care or manage the ward's finances.[2] status
Guardianship is most appropriate when an alleged ward is functionally incapacitated, meaning they have a Validity of marriages [show]
External links
lagging skill critical to performing certain tasks, such as making important life decisions.[3] Guardianship
Dissolution of marriages [show]
intends to serve as a safeguard to protect the ward.[4]
Children's issues [show]

Anyone can petition for a guardianship hearing if they believe another individual cannot make rational Private international law [show]
decisions on their own behalf.[1] In a guardianship hearing, a judge ultimately decides whether Family and criminal code [show]
guardianship is appropriate and, if so, will appoint a guardian.[2] Guardians are typically used in four (or criminal law)
situations: guardianship for an incapacitated elderly person (due to old age or infirmity), guardianship for a · ·
minor, and guardianship for developmentally disabled adults and for adults found to be incompetent. A
family member is most commonly appointed guardian[citation needed], though a professional guardian or
public trustee may be appointed if a suitable family member is not available.

Guardianship for incapacitated elderly [ edit ]

Guardianship for an incapacitated elderly person typically arises when someone determines that an elderly person has become unable to care for their
own person and/or property. In fact, most alleged wards are elderly (Ms = 76–82 years), many of whom resided in a care facility and had been diagnosed
with a neurological impairment such as dementia.[3] Typically, a precipitating incident prompts a professional, family member, health care worker, or
clergyman to initiate guardianship proceedings. While guardianship intends to protect and support incapacitated elderly people unable to care
themselves or engage in the activities of daily living without assistance, guardianship sometimes results in financial exploitation of wards.

The process will generally start with a determination whether the alleged incapacitated person is actually incapacitated. There will often be an evidentiary
hearing. A systematic review [3] of guardianship studies from the United States, Sweden, and Australia found that the most commonly used evidence in
guardianship hearings was the alleged ward's medical condition; perhaps surprisingly, descriptions of the alleged ward's cognitive abilities, functional
abilities and psychiatric symptoms are much less common.

If the court determines an individual is incapacitated, the court then determines whether a guardian is necessary, the extent of the guardian's legal
authority, (e.g. a guardian may be needed for the person's finances but not for the person) and, if so, who the guardian should be.[5] The determination of
whether a guardianship is necessary may consider a number of factors, including whether there is a lesser restrictive alternative, such as the use of an
already existing power of attorney and health care proxy.[6] In some cases, a guardianship dispute can become quite contentious and can result in
litigation between a parent and adult children or between different siblings against each other in what is essentially a pre-probate dispute over a parent's
wealth.

Abuses [ edit ]

A report published in 2010 by the U.S. Government Accountability Office looked at 20 selected closed cases in which guardians stole or otherwise
improperly obtained assets from clients. In 6 of these 20 cases, the courts failed to adequately screen guardians ahead of time and appointed individuals
with criminal convictions or significant financial problems, and in 12 of 20 cases, the courts failed to oversee guardians once they had been
appointed.[7][8]

In October 2017, The New Yorker published an article looking at the situation in Nevada in which professional guardians sometimes have a number of
clients, and argued toward the conclusion that in a number of cases the courts did not properly oversee these arrangements.[9] In 2018 the investigative
documentary "The Guardians" was published, alleging "legal kidnapping of elderly people" in Nevada by private guardianship businesses with no familial
or other preexisting relations to their wards, seeking to economically profit from seniors' savings.[10]

Guardianship for minors [ edit ]

See also: Child custody and Ward (law)

Natural guardian [ edit ]

A minor child's parents are the child's natural guardians.[11]

Legal guardian [ edit ]

Most jurisdictions recognise that the parents of a child are the natural guardians of the child, and that the parents may designate who shall become the
child's legal guardian in the event of death, typically subject to the approval of the court. The court may appoint a guardian for a minor if their parents are
disabled or deceased or if the minor's parents cannot properly manage their child's safety and well-being.[12] If a non-parent is appointed as guardian, the
court will determine how the parents' parental rights are impacted by the appointment (e.g., establishing visitation schedules).[13]

Guardianship for developmentally disabled adults [ edit ]

Legal guardians may be appointed in guardianship cases for adults (see also conservatorship). For example, because parents are not automatically
appointed to serve as the guardian of their developmentally-disabled child who reaches adulthood,[2] parents may start a guardianship action to become
the legal guardians when the child reaches the age of majority.

A famous example of such an arrangement is the situation involving Britney Spears, who was placed into a conservatorship under the supervision of her
father, Jamie Spears, and attorney Andrew Wallet in 2008, following a series of highly publicized personal struggles and issues with mental health.

Rules applicable to all guardians [ edit ]

Courts generally have the power to appoint a guardian for an individual in need of special protection. A guardian with responsibility for both the personal
well-being and the financial interests of the ward is a general guardian. A person may also be appointed as a special guardian, having limited powers
over the interests of the ward. A special guardian may, for example, be given the legal right to determine the disposition of the ward's property without
being given any authority over the ward's person.

Depending on the jurisdiction, a legal guardian may be called a "conservator", "tutor", "custodian", or curator. Many jurisdictions and the Uniform Probate
Code distinguish between a "guardian" or "guardian of the person" who is an individual with authority over and fiduciary responsibilities for the physical
person of the ward, and a "conservator" or "guardian of the property" of a ward who has authority over and fiduciary responsibilities for significant
property (often an inheritance or personal injury settlement) belonging to the ward. Some jurisdictions provide for public guardianship programs serving
incapacitated adults or children.[14]

A guardian is a fiduciary and is held to a very high standard of care in exercising their powers. If the ward owns substantial property, then guardian may
be required to give a surety bond to protect the ward in case dishonesty or incompetence on their part causes financial loss to the ward.

Guardian ad litem [ edit ]

The Latin legal term ad litem means "for the lawsuit" or "for the legal proceeding". A guardian ad litem is thus someone appointed to represent in court
the interests of a person too vulnerable to represent themselves, typically due to youth or mental incapacity.

Guardianship is not federally regulated in the United States; therefore, states vary widely in how they address and manage guardianship cases.[15][12]

Family law and dependency courts [ edit ]

Guardians ad litem (GsAL) are persons appointed by the court to represent "the best interests of the child" in court proceedings. They are not the same
as "legal guardians" and are often appointed in under-age-children cases, many times to represent the interests of the minor children. Guardians ad litem
may be called, in some U.S. states, Court Appointed Special Advocates (CASA). In New York State, they are known as attorneys-for-the-child (AFCs).
They are the voice of the child and may represent the child in court, with many judges adhering to any recommendation given by a GAL. GALs may
assist where a child is removed from a hostile environment and custody given to the relevant state or county family services agency, and in those cases
assists in the protection of the minor child.

Qualifications vary by state, ranging from no experience or qualification, volunteers to social workers to attorneys to others. The GAL's only job is to
represent the minor children's best interest and advise the court. A guardian ad litem is an officer of the court, does not represent the parties in the suit,
and often enjoys quasi-judicial immunity from any action from the parties involved in a particular case. Qualifications for becoming recognized as a GAL
could differ in some states[16].[17] In, for instance, North Carolina, an applicant (volunteer) must go through a background check and complete 30 hours of
training.[18] In Minnesota, the minimum qualifications to become a GAL are Bachelor’s degree in psychology, social work, education, nursing, criminal
justice, law or child-related discipline and some experience working with families and children or an equivalent combination of education and relevant
experience. In addition, experience as a Guardian ad Litem with completion of the Guardian ad Litem pre-service orientation requirements is
requested.[19][20][21]

Although a guardian ad litem working through a CASA program volunteers their services, some guardians ad litem are paid for their services. They must
submit detailed time and expense reports to the court for approval. Their fees are taxed as costs in the case. Courts may order all parties to share in the
cost, or the court may order a particular party to pay the fees. Volunteer guardians ad litem and those that volunteer though a CASA program need to
make sure that they do not engage in the unauthorized practice of law. Therefore, when they appear in court (even if they are an attorney) as a volunteer
GAL, it is best practice to be represented by an attorney and have attorneys file motions on their behalf.

Guardians ad litem are also appointed in cases where there has been an allegation of child abuse, child neglect, PINS, juvenile delinquency, or
dependency. In these situations, the guardian ad litem is charged to represent the best interests of the minor child, which can differ from the position of
the state or government agency as well as the interest of the parent or guardian. These guardians ad litem vary by jurisdiction and can be volunteer
advocates or attorneys. For example, in North Carolina, trained GAL volunteers are paired with attorney advocates to advocate for the best interest of
abused and neglected children. The program defines a child's best interest as a safe, permanent home.[22]

Mental health and probate courts [ edit ]

Guardians ad litem can be appointed by the court to represent the interests of mentally ill or disabled persons. For example, the Code of Virginia requires
that the court appoint a "discreet and competent attorney-at-law" or "some other discreet and proper person" to serve as guardian ad litem to protect the
interests of a person under a disability.[23]

Estates and financial decision making [ edit ]

Guardians ad litem are sometimes appointed in probate matters to represent the interests of unknown or unlocated heirs to an estate.

Settlement guardians ad litem [ edit ]

When a settlement is reached in personal injury or medical malpractice case involving claims brought on behalf of a minor or incapacitated plaintiff,
courts normally appoint a guardian ad litem to review the terms of the settlement and ensure it is fair and in the best interests of the claimant. The
settlement guardian ad litem thoroughly investigates the case, to determine whether the settlement amount is fair and reasonable.[24]

Alternatives to guardianship [ edit ]

Because guardianship limits a ward's autonomy and ability to make certain life decisions, guardianship has the potential to damage a ward's health and
well-being.[1][2] As a result, individuals considering guardianship to support a loved one with functional incapacities might consider whether there are less
restrictive alternatives that can achieve the same objectives.[1][25][15][2] Three examples of alternatives include establishing advance directives,[15][1][2]
relying on supported decision-making,[15] or taking advantage of community-related services that support individuals with functional limitations.[2]

Advance directives allow an competent individual to provide their input as to what actions should be taken should they become incompetent.[1] For
example, in a healthcare setting, an advance directive would allow a patient to voice what treatment options they prefer and who they would like to make
decisions on their behalf should they become incompetent.[1] The establishment of advance directives is a common practice among seniors in the United
States.[26]

Further, some individuals with limited functional capacities might maintain their autonomy by relying on family or friends who can help that individual
informally or formally navigate important life decisions without formal guardianship,[2] called “supported decision-making.” [27][15] For example, these
support individuals can provide suggestions on where their loved one should live or recommend certain treatment options in medical settings.[2] This
support system can also help the individual modify their environment to promote their success. For example, if a family member is concerned that their
loved one with reduced functional capacity might engage in an unsafe behavior (e.g., leaving the gas stove on), this family member can reduce the
opportunity for this behavior (e.g., removing the gas stove) without court involvement.[2] This technique allows individuals to support and empower loved
ones who are cognitively impaired.[27]

Finally, employing community services that will alleviate stressors of daily living may allow an alleged ward to maintain their autonomy.[2] For example,
certain volunteer organizations provide services such as telephone check-ins and home visits, and many medical or mental health professionals offer in-
home services.[2]

In summary, while guardianship sometimes offers the best solution to supporting an individual who demonstrates functional incapacity, one might
consider exploring alternative solutions before seeking legal guardianship.[25][2]

Guardianship by country [ edit ]

Republic of Korea [ edit ]

Types of Guardians under Korean Guardianship Law [ edit ]

Adult guardian (성년후견인): If an adult chronically lacks the mental competence to manage their own matters due to illness, disability, old age, or
other conditions, a Korean court may appoint an adult guardian. This type of guardianship in Korea gives near total power over the ward to the Adult
Guardian.
Limited guardian (한정후견인): A person may also be designated as a “special guardian,” entrusted with restricted authority over the ward's
interests. For example, a special guardian may be granted the legal authority in Korea to decide how to handle the ward's assets without being
granted any control over the ward's person.
Specified guardian (특정후견인): A specified guardian is a person appointed to represent a person's interests in relation to a particular court
proceeding or process.[28]

The process of appointing a guardian through Korean courts [ edit ]

The Korean Family Courts, typically, has the authority to appoint a guardian in Korea. A general adult guardian is one who is in charge of both the ward's
financial interests and personal welfare. The Korean family court, or one of its branches, has authority over the ward's address and will hear the
guardianship case. When the Family Court is not present in the ward's address, typically, a district court or a branch court has jurisdiction over the matter.

Typically, after an evaluation of the ward's health by a doctor, the court proceedings begin. The court will often question the ward and hear his/her
testimony regarding the guardianship. So that the ward can make the most use of his or her remaining capacity and choose a suitable guardian. The
court has the power to decide the beginning of guardianship, the choice of a guardian, change of guardian, cessation of guardianship, the extent of the
legal representative's authority, etc.[29]

England and Wales [ edit ]

Guardians ad litem are employed by Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service (CAFCASS), a non-departmental public body, to represent
the interests of children in cases where the child's wishes differ from those of either parent, known as a Section 16.4 case. The posts are filled by senior
social workers with experience in family law proceedings.

In 2006, a legal status of "special guardianship" was introduced (using powers delegated by the Adoption and Children Act 2002) to allow for a child to be
cared for by a person with rights similar to a traditional legal guardian, but without absolute legal separation from the child's birth parents.[30] These are
not to be confused with court-appointed special guardians in other jurisdictions.

Prisoners [ edit ]

See section 13 of the Prison Act 1952.

In section 4 of the Official Secrets Act 1989, the expression "legal custody" includes detention in pursuance of any enactment or any instrument made
under an enactment.[31]

Children [ edit ]
Main article: Child custody

See section 86 of the Children Act 1975.

Mental patients [ edit ]

Any person required or authorized by or by virtue of the Mental Health Act 1983 to be conveyed to any place or to be kept in custody or detained in a
place of safety or at any place to which he is taken under section 42(6) of that Act is, while being so conveyed, detained or kept, as the case may be,
deemed to be in legal custody. In England and Wales, only an Approved Mental Health Professional has the power to detain a person under the Act.[32]
For this purpose "convey" includes any other expression denoting removal from one place to another.[33]

Germany [ edit ]

The German guardianship law with regard to adults was completely changed in 1990. Guardianship (Vormundschaft) of an adult was renamed
'curatorship' (Betreuung), although it remains Vormundschaft for minors. When a person of full age who, as a result of mental disease or physical, mental
or psychological handicap or otherwise is incapable of managing his own affairs, a guardian (Betreuer) can be appointed (section 1,896, German Civil
Code). An adult guardian is responsible for personal and estate matters, as well as for medical treatment. However, the ward has normally full capacity
with all human rights such as those to marry, vote or make a will. The ward's legal capacity can be lost as a result of a court judgment or order (section
1903, German Civ. C.; Einwilligungsvorbehalt). Every guardian has to report annually to the guardianship court (Betreuungsgericht). Professional
guardians (Berufsbetreuer) normally hold university degrees in law or social work.

Israel [ edit ]

In Israel, over 50,000 adults have had legal guardians appointed for them; 85% of them have family members as their guardians, and 15% have
professional guardians. Until 2014, guardians (the term there is "Apotropos") were supervised by the Office of the Administrator General at the Ministry of
Justice in matters of property only. However, changes in Israel and other countries along with public pressure, appeals to the courts by social
organizations, academic studies and the State Comptroller's 2004 report led to the decision to broaden the scope of supervision to include personal
matters as well, to ensure that the guardians take care of all areas of life, including medical care, personal care, suitable housing, work and employment,
social and recreational activities, etc., taking account of the person's wishes and acting accordingly. The Office of the Administrator General (public
guardian) at the Ministry of Justice is now implementing a system to supervise guardians in regard to personal matters in order to help identify situations
in which guardians are not performing their duties adequately.[34]

Republic of Ireland [ edit ]

The court-appointed guardian system in the Republic of Ireland was brought into law on the proposal of the noted gay activist and member of Seanad
Éireann (the Irish Senate), David Norris. The Children Acts Advisory Board which was set up to advise the ministers of the government on policy
development under the Child Care Act 1991 was then abolished in September 2011. Judges are responsible for appointing child guardians and can
choose guardians from Barnardo's a children's charitable service or from among the self-employed guardians, who are mostly former social workers who
have gone into private business since the legislation.[35][36]

Saudi Arabia [ edit ]

Main article: Women's rights in Saudi Arabia § Male guardians

Saudi Arabia has edited the law, and women in Saudi Arabia are no longer required to have a male guardian (Wali) to give permission for various
government and economic transactions, as well as some personal life and health decisions.

Sweden [ edit ]

Swedish parental law (the Parental Code) regulates legal guardianship for both children and disabled adults. Legal guardianship for unaccompanied
minors is regulated by a law of its own. Except for normal parenthood, the guardianship is assigned by the district court and supervised by the Chief
Guardian, a municipal authority that is mandatory in every Swedish municipality. What is included in the field of guardianship is decided by the district
court. The responsibility for health care and nursing is never included in the guardianship for adults, but is always so for minors. The guardianship for
adults can take two legal forms, "conservator" or "administrator". The main difference between these two is that an "administrator" has the sole
permission to take legal actions within the field of the guardianship. A guardianship can have different legal forms for different parts of the guardianship.
Such things as basic human rights is never denied the ward by this law, but some of them can be denied by other laws. A conservator is normally
assigned with the approval of the ward. But if the physical conditions of the ward does not permit him to give such approval, a conservator can be
assigned anyhow. Everything a conservator does for his ward have to be approved by him, or can be assumed to be approved by him. For more complex
situations, like taking loans or selling of a house, he or she needs approval from the local authorities. Once a year a legally assigned guardian have to
send his accounting to the Chief Guardian for review.

Since the year 2017, the ward can, while she still have her mental abilities, write a special future letter of attorney (Framtidsfullmakt) which later can be
used when she loses her abilities. How such a letter should be written is described in detail in the paternal law, and normally follows the principles of a
will. This law was created since it in Sweden is unclear if a normal letter of attorney is valid after the ward has lost her abilities.[37]

See also [ edit ]

Conservatorship
Law portal
Custodial account
Foster care
Receivership
Wali (Islamic legal guardian)
Apotropos - the term in Jewish law and Israeli law

References [ edit ]

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lawyers . ISBN 978-1-4625-3266-7. OCLC 1026274671 . 19. ^ "MINNESOTA GUARDIAN AD LITEM-RELATED RULES OF
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Millar, Dorothy Squatrito (2013). "Guardianship PROCEDURE" . Minnesota Family Services. Guardian Ad Litem Program.
Alternatives: Their Use Affirms Self-Determination of Individuals with Retrieved 2024-01-14.
Intellectual Disabilities" . Education and Training in Autism and 20. ^ "Guardian ad Litem Homepage / Guardian Ad Litem" . Guardian Ad
Developmental Disabilities. 48 (3): 291–305. ISSN 2154-1647 . Litem. Retrieved 2024-01-14.
JSTOR 23880988 . 21. ^ "Minnesota Guardian ad Litem Program (MN) - Class Specification
3. ^ a b c McSwiggan, Sally; Meares, Susanne; Porter, Melanie (March 2016). Bulletin" . agency.governmentjobs.com. Retrieved 2024-01-14.
"Decision-making capacity evaluation in adult guardianship: a systematic 22. ^ "GAL Volunteers" . North Carolina Court System. Retrieved
review" . International Psychogeriatrics. 28 (3): 373–384. 20 December 2017.
doi:10.1017/S1041610215001490 . ISSN 1041-6102 . 23. ^ "LEO: Conflict; Appearance of Impropriety, LE Op. 1725 (1999)" . Virginia
PMID 26412394 . S2CID 33108335 . State Bar. 20 April 1999. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
4. ^ Frolik, Lawrence A. (2012). "Guardianship reform: When the best is the 24. ^ Davidson, Mark (6 December 2003). "Role of the Ad Litem in Personal
enemy of the good". Stanford Law & Policy Review. 9 (2): 347–358 – via Injury Litigation" (PDF). Jackson Walker. Archived from the original
Hein Online. (PDF) on 21 May 2006. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
5. ^ "Guardianship—Acting for Adults Who Become Disabled" . State Bar of 25. ^ a b Moye, Jennifer (2011). "Preserving rights for individuals facing
Michigan. Retrieved 20 December 2017. guardianship" . JAMA. 305 (9): 936–937. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.247 .
6. ^ "Alternatives to Guardianship and Conservatorship for Adults in Iowa" PMC 4073199 . PMID 21364144 – via PubMed Central.
(PDF). National Resource Center for Supported Decision-Making. 2007. 26. ^ Yadav, Kuldeep N.; Gabler, Nicole B.; Cooney, Elizabeth; Kent, Saida;
Retrieved 20 December 2017. Kim, Jennifer; Herbst, Nicole; Mante, Adjoa; Halpern, Scott D.; Courtright,
7. ^ Guardianships: Cases of Financial Exploitation, Neglect, and Abuse of Katherine R. (2017-07-01). "Approximately One In Three US Adults
Seniors , Highlights, U.S. Government Accountability Office, Published: Completes Any Type Of Advance Directive For End-Of-Life Care" . Health
Sep 30, 2010. Publicly Released: Oct 27, 2010. Affairs. 36 (7): 1244–1251. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0175 . ISSN 0278-
8. ^ Column: With U.S. elder abuse in spotlight, a look at guardians , 2715 . PMID 28679811 .
Reuters, Mark Miller, October 20, 2017. 27. ^ a b Kohn, Nina A.; Blumenthal, Jeremy A.; Campbell, Amy T. (2013-04-29).
9. ^ HOW THE ELDERLY LOSE THEIR RIGHTS, Guardians can sell the "Supported Decision-Making: A Viable Alternative to Guardianship?" .
assets and control the lives of senior citizens without their consent—and Rochester, NY. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2161115 . S2CID 21193752 .
reap a profit from it , The New Yorker, Rachel Aviv, October 9, 2017. SSRN 2161115 . {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal=
10. ^ "The Guardians" . guardiansdocumentary.com. Archived from the (help)
original on June 27, 2018. 28. ^ Khan, Sarah (2023-01-30). "The Formalities under the Guardian Law in
11. ^ "Guardianship of children" . Community Law. Community Law Centres o Korea" . The Korean Law Blog by IPG Legal. Retrieved 2023-01-30.
Aotearoa. Retrieved 20 December 2017. 29. ^ Hayes, Sean (2023-01-30). "Appointment of a Guardian in Korea" . The
12. ^ a b Wex Definitions Team (January 2022). "Guardianship" . Cornell Law Korean Law Blog by IPG Legal. Retrieved 2023-01-30.
School Legal Information Institute. Retrieved October 14, 2022. 30. ^ Kate Standley; Paula Davies (28 June 2013). Family Law . Macmillan
13. ^ "Guardianship - Family Court - Delaware Courts - State of Delaware" . International Higher Education. p. 445. ISBN 978-1-137-03770-1.
courts.delaware.gov. Retrieved 2022-12-04. 31. ^ The Official Secrets Act 1989, section 4(6) .
14. ^ "Local Guardianship Programs" (PDF). txcourts.gov. Archived from the 32. ^ The Mental Health Act 1983, section 137(1) .
original (PDF) on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 2014-01-01. 33. ^ The Mental Health Act 1983, section 137(3)
15. ^ a b c d e "Guardianship" . www.justice.gov. 2018-09-12. Retrieved 34. ^ Dr. Shirli Resnizky, Ittay Mannheim, Ellen Milshtein, Jenny Brodsky, Dori
2022-12-04. Rivkin, Hana Goldenberg, Chaya Rozenfeld. Pilot for Supervision of Legal
16. ^ "Volunteer as a GAL | North Carolina Judicial Branch" . Guardians for Personal Affairs: Summary Report . Jerusalem: Myers-JDC-
www.nccourts.gov. Retrieved 2024-01-14. Brookdale Institute (2019).
17. ^ Group, Johnson Law (2021-01-30). "Best Guardian Ad Litem In 35. ^ "Children Acts Advisory Board" . Retrieved 20 December 2017.
Colorado" . Best Family Law Attorney in Colorado - Johnsonlgroup. 36. ^ "Barnardos" . Retrieved 20 December 2017.
Retrieved 2024-01-14. 37. ^ Wallgren, Jan (2017). Gode mannens abc: handbok för gode män och
förvaltare (in Swedish). Wolters Kluwer. ISBN 978-91-39-11593-9.

External links [ edit ]

National Guardianship Association (USA)

Mental Capacity Act 2005 (England and Wales)
National Association to Stop Guardian Abuse (NASGA) United States
German guardianship law (English translation)

Authority control databases: National Germany (2 ) · United States · Japan

Categories: Legal professions Child custody Environmental personhood

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