CHAPTER NO 02

NATIONALISM AND NATIONAL SECURITY MECHANISM

NATIONALISM
 Scholars struggled to define nationalism in a way that encompasses all different situations
 Ideology in which concept of nation or nationality is the most important by which humans define themselves
 Discussion on the subject spills over to racism, fascism, linguistic, international law, genocide & immigration.
 Used to describe the way the people of a country define themselves
 Flourishes through Nationalism has been used to justify
- National legends - Symbols - Sports - Music  Imperialism, to unite countries in times of war
- Religion - An idea of national identity  Struggles for nationhood in colonized countries (Ireland & India)
 Anthony D. Smith ~  Idea of “nation" as an entity, is relatively new ~ 18th century
- Physical homeland (current or ancient)  Some historians believe concept of nationalism existed in tribal
- A high degree of autonomy among citizens communities since beginning of humanity
- Hostile surroundings - Special customs  Modern theorists ~ 18th century ~ Before that only local interests
- Historical records - Sacred centers or places  Made possible by industrial revolution, printing press, capitalism
- Memories of glory or defeat in battle  Large, literate & culturally homogeneous population
- Common languages & scripts  “Socially constructed” phenomenon ~ an artificial designation,
Highly dependent upon concept of Nation-State imposed for social or political purposes.
Evolution of National Security Structures in Pakistan
 Inherited security structures, both bureaucratic & military organizations designed for imperial rule
 Lacked necessary organizational structure to run government of an independent State
 Continuation of same sys of govt under same individuals with few changed titles & appointments
Partition  Many British officers continued to serve at important positions ~ continuation of old structure
&  Muslim officers ~ British trained ~ carried the legacy of British ~reluctant / incapable of initiating change
Early Era  No resources ~ new structures were not priority ~ modifications in existing system an attractive option
 Expediency and short-sightedness continued and no worthwhile changes took place
 National security remained subservient to the structures designed for imperial rule
 These structures should have been transformed to suit requirements of sovereign nation of Pakistan
 Pakistan is facing serious security challenges which are threatening its very existence
Now  Situation is getting out of control ~ no comprehensive national response strategy has been formulated
 Existing security structures have not been able to perform ~ not designed for the purpose
Understanding National Security Structure

National Security
 National Security has its origin in American “National Security Act of 1947”
 New structure (National Sec Council) ~ security or defence planning with civilian sec of defence instead of military
 Aimed at ensuring coordination of activities Military Establishment with other departments
 A strong central intelligence agency (CIA), under the direct control of U.S. president, was established
 This was the initial concept exactly at the time when Pakistan got independence
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 National security ~ core component of a nation ~ (Nation in political terms): society, territory & central govt.
 Protecting all these from likely threats makes national security a function of the govt
 Nation allows govt to decide regarding legislation & use of force, but within prescribed limits
 Limits are set by a central contract between people and the government ~ constitution.
 Govt has 03 pillars: legislature to make laws, executive to implement, judiciary to interpret laws & pass judgment
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National security, is an overarching concept which lays at the foundation of all the govt business and the
structures dealing with both the internal and external situations.
 Determinants of the Structure
 Direct impact on individual behaviour & performance of an organization
 Design decision is made to support organizational strategy and the structure remains subservient to the strategy
 Structure impacts ~ specialization, shape of organization, distribution of power and departments
Narrow Structures (For centralized decision-making) Flat Structures (For decentralized decision-making)
 Large number of levels & few individuals at each level  Few levels & large numbers of individuals on each level
 More time spent in comm, supervision & decision-making  Spend less time on internal processes
 Large resources are wasted in running organization itself  Rely on teams and coordinating committees
 Useful for specialized service in constant environment  Quickly respond to changing requirements
Significance of structure of Govt
 Govt ~ highest Org responsible for national security ~ structured on agreed principles (constitution)
 Structure has to remain subservient to overall national plan & must change when there is a change in purpose
 Constitution can be amended to suite national purpose, if national purpose changes, it also needs to be changed
 Designing structure of a govt requires highest level of organizational, administrative and legislative skills and experience
 It has to be universally acceptable and robust at the same time to meet the existing and future requirements
 Once designed and implemented, it cannot perform tasks for which it has not been designed
 The structure should be developed indigenously, though some guidance can be taken from other systems
 It cannot be imported or copied from other nations as every nation has its own peculiar character, identity and purpose
 Colonial structure became the foundation of all the later structures developed in Pakistan
The British legacy
The Colonial Structure
 Periods of British domination ~ prior to 1857 under East India Company ~ post-1857 under the British Crown
 First period ~ occupation using trade, bribes and intrigue
 Second period ~ complete control of Indian society under the domination of the Crown
 Lord Macaulay, together with Christian missionaries, played an important role in transforming Indian society & culture
 Education policy was aimed at producing a “class of Indians to interpret between British and the millions they govern”
 Indian in blood and colour but English in taste, opinion, morals and intellect
 Initially, this class was dominated by Hindus but later Muslims also guaranteed their loyalty to the British Crown
 Muslim Aligarh University and Hindu Banaras University played active part in transformation of both Muslims & Hindus
 03 distinct classes: Political Elite, Government Officials in civil / military (apolitical - did not participate in the freedom
movement) & General Public (under direct exploitation of British through Loyal Servants, Nawabs & Tribal Leaders)
 Structure of government established in India was highly centralized and authoritative
 British democratic principles and traditions of law were applied selectively and often denied to the natives
 A strong sense of fear in general public ~ inhuman torture & disgraceful punishment ~ against the local traditions
 Partial & discriminatory judgments ~ laws & proceedings in English ~ foreign language not widely understood
Constitution and Government Structure
 The Govt of India Act, 1935 set foundations for all constitutions framed in Pakistan
 This was the first constitution that recognized federal status of India, giving autonomy to the provinces
 03 components, a legislature, an executive (governor-general) & and judiciary (supreme court & high courts)
 Elections in 1937 & 1945 ~ emergence of Muslim League & Congress as leading parties
 At federal level, a council of minster comprising not more than 10 members appointed by governor-general
 C-in-C of Indian army was member of this council & looked after affairs of defence as minister of defence department
 Federal legislature was not allowed to discuss defence-related matters including defence expenditure in the assembly
 Governor-general enjoyed discretionary jurisdiction to act on the advice of the C-in-C
 C-in-C not completely under governor-general ~ overall defence policy of British Empire including Ops outside India
 Judiciary was composed of supreme court (federal level) & high courts (provincial level) ~ Judges appointed by British
Military Structure
 C-in-C was head of Army, Navy & Air Force and also a member of governor-general’s executive council
 At the same time, executive council included a military member (junior to C-in-C ) as military advisor to governor
 This arrangement was not liked by the military, Lord Kitchener, as C-in-C of India, objected to this arrangement in 1909
 The post was totally abolished and the C-in-C became the overall in charge
 Lord Kitchener ~ 08 army Divs & brigades of Indian & British units ~ basic organizational structure of Pakistan Army
 The defence department in the governor-general’s executive Council always included the C-in-C as a minister till 1946
 Sardar Baldev Singh was appointed defence member and replaced C-in-C in the executive council
 Lt Col Sikandar Mirza as Defence Sec ~ first Indian appointed in joint India ~ later became Secretary Defence of Pakistan
Indian civil service (ICS)
 Important structure created by the British Raj ~ an elite group of civil servants ~
 True product of policies advocated by Lord Macaulay ~ Indian in colour and blood, but English in taste and opinion
 British PM David Lloyd George ~ "The steel frame on which whole structure of govt and of administration in India rests."
 Jawaharlal Nehru ~ “Indian civil service is neither Indian, nor civil, nor a service”
 British left their legacy in all departments with the same titles, same rules and regulation, even the same buildings
 British protected their rights in Indian Independence Act of 1947 ~ no appointment was to be removed or downgraded
 Only name of country and the flag was changed ~ not spirit of administration being run by the ICS
Evolution of Pakistan’s Governmental Structure
1947-58 1958-69 1969-72 1972-77 1977-88 1988-98 1998-2008 2008-till date
 Pakistan got its independence on paper on August 14, 1947, but not in true sense and spirit
 British constitutional and organizational structures still exist in one form of the other
 Government is top most structure dealing with national security, all other structures remain subservient to it
 Constitution defines the limits and powers of each ~ lays down primary structure of national security
 Pakistan’s constitutional history is plagued with controversies, conspiracies & incompetence
 First basic structure has not yet been framed properly
 Interim constitution ~ Govt of India Act, 1935 & Indian Independence Act, 1947
 First constituent assembly met on 10th August 1947
 New govt faced serious problems threatening survival of the country
 Little time to concentrate on the important task of constitution-making
 Death of Quaid-i-Azam & assassination of Prime Minster Liaqat Ali Khan
 “Objectives Resolution” only laid down the Islamic character of the State

First period  No clarification as to what it means and how is to be established

1947-1958  Frequent changes in govt ~ constituent assembly dissolved in 1954
 New assembly was appointed from the existing provincial assemblies
Weak govts
unstable period  1956 constitution ~ republican & parliamentary Govt, State as Islamic Republic
 President ~ head of State, with a cabinet of ministers headed by PM
 National assembly ~ 300 members equally divided between West and East
 Clauses of constitution transferred from Act of 1935 raised new controversies
 Administrative units were merged into one unit in West Pakistan
 Constitution framed but sitting assembly did not resign to hold fresh elections
 Political situation deteriorated ~ constitution abrogated ~ martial law 1958
  President Skandar Mirza imposed martial law on 7th Oct 1958
 C-in-C, Gen Ayub, appointed constitutional commission under Justice Shahabuddin to
investigate causes of failure of parliamentary system
 The commission came to the conclusion that due to lack of proper elections, undue
interference by head of State and lack of leadership, the system had failed
 It also recommended federal & presidential form of govt with bicameral legislature, but
recommendations were modified in a cabinet meeting
 President Ayub rejected recommendations, accepted presidential form of govt
 1962 constitution ~ presidential form of govt with unicameral national assembly as
central legislature ~ reduced seats to 150 equally divided (East / West)
 President was to be elected by 80,000 members of local body governments
Second period  Structure of judiciary not changed ~ supreme judicial council established with powers
1958- 1969 to remove any judge of the supreme and high courts
Strong military regime  All Islamic provisions of previous constitution were restored with an additional advisory
Stable development period Council of Islamic Ideology and an Islamic Research Institution
 Did not provide separation of power between President, legislature & judiciary
 Govt established was highly centralized & authoritarian ~ led to the autocratic rule of
the President which was resented widely throughout the country
 President Ayub had to resign, handing over power to C-in-C General Yahya Khan who
imposed Martial Law on March 25, 1969
 General elections held in 1970 ~ clear majority of 160 out of 162 seats in East to Awami
League while 81 out of 138 seats to PPP in West
 Sheikh Mujib presented six points concerning provincial autonomy & economic
independence which were rejected by Bhutto, creating a serious deadlock
 National assembly was not convened on its scheduled date, and situation got worse ~
an armed aggression by India divided the country
 Yahya resigned & handed over power to Bhutto as President of Pakistan
 Indian Act of 1935 & Act of 1947 with some amendments as interim constitution
 25-member committee was constituted to prepare the draft of the new constitution of
Pakistan to be presented before the national assembly
 It outlined a parliamentary form of Govt with a strong PM as its head, & bicameral
legislature with senate of 60 members & elected NA of 200 members
 Constitution was adopted on April 11, 1973 ~ Article 6 declared any attempt to
Third period abrogate the constitution an act of high treason ~ Functions of military were clearly
1972-1977 defined to stop any future military takeover
Political democracy
relatively stable  New constitution remained effective for next five years ~ many reforms were
introduced, including a major military reform in which HDO was established
 Govt appointed General Sharif as CJCSC and General Zia-ul-Haq as COAS
 In 1977 general elections ~ clean sweep by PPP resented by opposition who
boycotted provincial elections, blaming massive rigging & demanding fresh polls and
resignation of Bhutto ~ situation worsened ~ General Zia-ul-Haq imposed martial law
 Unfortunately, even before the system could evolve into a cohesive working structure,
the 1977 coup disturbed the power balance totally
  Military regime ~ Gen. Zia ruled the country ~ similar technique as by Gen. Ayub
 Zia retained the rank of Army Chief till his death and remained President of Pakistan
Fourth period
 He was convinced that the military needs to be accommodated in decision-making
1977-1988 with the political elite at the national level

Military regime dominated  He tried to establish a National Security Council (NSC) empowered to make
by the Afghan war recommendations relating to issue of a Declaration of Emergency and any other matter
of national importance that may be referred to it by the president in consultation with PM
 Idea was opposed by most of political circles and had to be dropped
 After Gen Zia’s plane crash in 1988
 Four democratically elected govts were installed and three out of them were removed
one after other on charges of corruption and maladministration by then presidents
 No major reforms could be initiated during this period as govts were very weak.
 During second tenure of PM Nawaz Sharif, the issue of establishment of the National
Fifth period Security Council was raised again by Army Chief, Gen Jehangir Karamat in Oct 1998
1988-1998
Week democratic regimes,  COAS maintained that “National Security Council” at the apex would institutionalize
frequent overthrow of decision making backed by a team of credible advisors and a think tank of experts.”
governments, unstable  This was not liked by Nawaz Sharif resultantly, Gen. Jehangir Karamat had to resign
 The problem took a new turn when controversy over a military-led operation in Kargil
failed and dispute between the civilian and military structure aggravated
 Struggle resulted in another military rule that was slightly different from all the previous
takeovers
 No martial law imposed ~ sitting govt dismissed ~ constitution held in abeyance
 General Musharraf assumed power in October, 1999, after removing Nawaz Sharif
 Establishment of the National Security Council (NSC) under the Chief Executive

Sixth period  Insertion of Article 152-A ~ NSC as a consultative forum for constitutional cover to the
1998- 2008 top military commanders in policymaking at the highest level
 National Security Council comprised 13 members and a secretariat to be headed by a
Military rule under war on secretary, appointed by the president
terror
 NSC acted as a forum for consultation with the president and govt on matters of
national security, including sovereignty, integrity, defence & crisis management
 NSC still exists but has become dysfunctional ~ Article 152 A has been deleted
 elections held in 2008 ~ PPP was able to form the new government
 Sudden departure of Gen Musharaf ~ Zardari to became President of Pakistan
 A 27 members Constitutional Reforms Committee (CRC) decided to transfer power to
PM which Gen Musharaf has assumed under the 17th amendment
Seventh period
2008 – till date  Few provisions of 17th amendment were retained including voting age to 18 years &
Weak democracies, war increase in national and provincial assembly seats
against terrorism, politically  PPP was the able to complete its five years tenure in government
unstable
 2013 elections ~ PML(N) under attained victory ~Nawaz Sharif became PM for third
time
 Election results were protested by PTI under Imran Khan but the govt remained
functional till 2018 elections after which PTI was able to create govt………..
 Evolution of Pakistan’s Military Structure
First Period (1947 – 1973)
 British structure continued in Pakistan despite the changed realities
 Military officers who opted to join Pak Army consisted 04 Lt colonels, 42 Majors & 114 captains
 Pakistan retained a large number of British officers to compensate for this deficiency even at highest level
 Muslim officers also lacked command & staff experience ~ sent to England, U.S. & other countries
 Accelerated promotions ~ first C-in-C of Army was promoted from Lt colonel to General in just four years
 Pak army was quick in transformation~ navy and the air force took longer
 1st Muslim C-in-C of Army (Gen Ayub) in 1951, Naval & AF commanders took over in 1953 & 1957 respectively
 Problem of inter-services co-ordination & integration aggravated over time due to the location of Headquarters
at Karachi for Navy, Peshawar for PAF and GHQ at Rawalpindi
 A Joint Services Secretariat was raised at Karachi for inter-service coordination at Karachi but it failed
Second Period (1976)
 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto brought major changes in overall structure ~ White paper ~ reorganized the defence
planning structure ~ for the first time mentioned national security as the responsibility of whole nation
 Strength, composition & preparedness of defence organization and the quality of political and military
leadership and institutions would deter aggressive designs from encroaching the country
 Defence policy is no longer a military strategy ~ needs to be integrated with political, diplomatic and economic
strategies ~ reflecting the essential unity of defence policy
 The system of control & direction of armed forces was a mix of colonial and autocratic feature
 Individual service plans evolved without considering requirements & capabilities of other services
 Reorganized the MoD, transferred NHQ and AHQ to IBD ~ title of C-in-C was changed to COAS ~ ranks of
Naval and Air Chiefs were raised to be equal to the Army
 Some of the other principles adopted for defence planning included:
(a) Unity of effort, unity of aim and overall strategy for the national defence plan.
(b) A permanent, cohesive Higher Defence Organisation.
(c) Defence planning as a continuous process in inter-service setup.
(d) Transcending inter-service rivalry by giving accurate military advice.
(e) Most judicious and cost-effective use of meager resources by unbiased planning
 PM recognized as Chief Executive of the Federation & made responsible for safeguarding the sovereignty,
independence and territorial integrity of Pakistan, & protecting its constitution
 PM responsible for allocation of resources, raising and developing the armed forces as per requirements and
coordinating defence policy with domestic and external policy.
 DCC ~ chaired by PM ~ ministers as members ~ CJCSC, Service Chiefs & secretaries in attendance
 A defence council established for translating the defence policy into military policy
 Defence Council ~ chaired by PM ~ include ministers of finance, defence and foreign affairs, the CJCSC,
services chiefs, secretary generals of defence & finance and the secretaries of foreign affairs, defence and
finance
 Joint staff HQ was established to coordinate services’ efforts, with CJCSC to act as military advisor to PM
 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto did succeed in establishing a new organisation, but before the new system could fully
function, his government was removed ~ Military takeover of Gen Zia derailed the entire process
 Thereafter, no structural reforms could be brought in except for some effort in establishing a national security
council initially by General Jahangir Karamat and later by General Musharaff which could not succeed
 A new military structure of national command authority got firmly established after 1998 nuclear tests ~
institution has civil & military reps with a permanent secretariat in form of strategic planning division
 Analysis of Structural Evolution
Constituent Assemblies
 Three constitutions ~ two from the legislature and one from a military ruler
 1st constituent assembly which drafted Constitution of 1954 was not an elected assembly
 2nd assembly which formulated 1973 Constitution was not a constituent assembly; it had been elected for Pakistan
consisting of East and West Provinces
 After dismemberment of country, there should have been fresh elections to a constituent assembly for making
constitution
 The tradition of the constituent assembly resigning after making of the constitution has also not been followed
 According to Org theory, those who design a structure must be different from those who run the system
Political Elite
 Political elite in assemblies come mostly from same families having linkages with British rule & were its loyal servants
 Independence of Pakistan will never be complete till these Loyal Servants are segregated from society, identified as
undesirable and ineligible to participate in the political process
 The electoral system should be redesigned in a manner that true representatives of the people are elected and not
those who were privileged by the colonial masters
 Once the political scene is clear of the colonial legacy/influence, the real change will come and national institutions can
be transformed
Civil-Military Relations
 Frequent military takeovers in country have resulted in a serious weakness of system & damaged country’s image
 Military must refrain from interfering in politics as that is detrimental to its own efficiency and performance
 Military takeovers have not been initially resented by general public, but often celebrated, even some politicians have
been instigating a military takeover
 People at large have lost faith in democratic system due to poor performance of governments
 Another reason of popularity of military takeovers in Pakistan has been the merit-based structure of military as against
the corrupt political culture based on nepotism, which also highlights importance of reformation of our political structures.
Islamic Democracy
 The concept of Islamic democracy is often used by political parties, but no theoretical work in this regard has been done
 What is Islamic democracy: needs to be probed
 Council of Islamic Ideology & Islamic Research Institute have not performed their assigned task and neither been held
accountable for this failure
 These should be reorganized or disbanded so that this urgent task can be initiated and completed at the earliest
Public Opinion.
 Public awareness regarding the rights and duties of citizens of an independent nation has not yet developed
 No nationwide demand for national security structures or for the required constitutional reforms
 Economic conditions of general public are deteriorating day by day leaving them with no time to think of national issues
which are vital for national survival
 Public needs to be educated on these issues through all possible means ~ there is a dire need to redefine our
educational policy which should focus on nation-building rather than State-building
National Identity and Nationhood.
 Serious crisis of identity in Pakistan which has been ignored ever since our independence
 Serious attention is required to be paid to develop Pakistani national identity and promote it through all possible means