CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

- Blood Vessels
- Blood
- Heart
3 Main Types of Blood Vessels
- Arteries (pipe or hose)
- Capillaries
- Veins
ARTERY (arterioles – small arteries)
- galing sa HEART
- daluyan ng dugo
- form branches
- blood vessels, blood, nutrients, glucose, oxygen ang ga agi
CAPILLARIES (exchange of materials)
- lalabas sa VEINS papunta sa HEART
- fine hair-like vessels connect arterioles and veins
VEINS (venules)
- lalabas, then babalik sa heart
BLOOD VESSEL STRUCTURE
- has 3 layers or Tunica
TUNICA ADVENTITIA
- outermost layer
- outer connective tissue
TUNICA MEDIA
- middle layer
- middle, muscle & elastic fiber
TUNICA INTIMA
- inner layer
- inner, endothelial cell
▪ lahat ng blood vessels ay may 3 layers
▪ arteries and veins 3 layers
▪ capillaries only 1 layer (ONLY TUNICA INTIMA)
ARTERIES
- blood vessels that EXIT THE HEART
- elastic/muscular
- parang rubber hose
- vasoconstriction (decrease in diameter)
- vasodilation (increase in diameter)
- everytime dumadaan ang blood nag dilate and they form
BRANCHES
TAKE NOTE: only arteries have the ability to vasodilate and
vasoconstrict
VEINS
- from capillaries to heart
- mas malaki
- they have valves to prevent backflow
- they form TRIBUTARIES papunta sa heart. from multiple
veins magiging one large vein then babalik sa ATRIUM
TAKE NOTE: only VEINS HAVE VALVES
CAPILLARIES (3 types)
- CONTINUOUS CAPILLARIES
- FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES
- SINUSOIDAL CAPILLARIES
CONTINUOUS CAPILLARIES
- most common
- continuous endothelial cells – nag c-create ng blood vessels
- meron tight junctions responsible for barriers that ONLY
ALLOWS SMALL MOLECULES such as ions (potassium ions,
calcium ions, sodium ions)
 - napakaliit ng butas
FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES (fenestra means small opening)
- small openings, maliit na butas
- large amount of molecular exchange
- mas maraming makakapasok/makakalabas
- makikita sa kidneys, intestine
- mas malaki ang exchange kasi may glucose, nutrients na
pumapasok
SINUSOIDAL CAPILLARIES
- larger fenestrae
- allows blood cells and proteins to pass through
- can be found in liver, spleen, bone marrow
- red blood cells are created in bone marrow therefore they need
larger openings

▪ RED BLOOD CELLS FLOW IN A SINGLE FILE for EASIER

DIFFUSION SA OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE
DIFFERENT ARTERIES IN THE BODY
AORTA (has 3 parts)
- mother of all arteries
- exits sa heart
- LARGEST ARTERY
- exits from the Left Ventricle of the heart
- superiorly then posteriorly then inferiorly
(musaka — muadto patalikod — munaog)
3 PARTS OF THE AORTA
1. Ascending Aorta
2. Aortic Arch or the Arch of the Aorta
(3 branches- brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, left
subclavian artery)
Brachiocephalic Artery (2 branches)
 Right Common Carotid Artery
- supply right side of the head
- divides into two: External and Internal Carotid Artery
- External Carotid Artery supplies the external parts of
the head (neck, face, nose and mouth)
- Internal Carotid Artery supplies parts of the brain
Right Subclavian Artery
- supply right upper extremities
— brachi/o - arms
— cephalic - head
— carotid – neck
1) Brachiocephalic Artery
- SUPPLIES RIGHT SIDE OF THE BRAIN AND
RIGHT UPPER EXTREMITIES
2) Left Common Carotid Artery (branch)
- SUPPLY LEFT SIDE OF THE HEAD AND BRAIN
3) Left Subclavian Artery (branch)
- sub - below or ilalim
- clavian - clavicle
- DADAAN SA ILALIM NG CLAVICLE TO SUPPLY
LEFT UPPER EXTREMITIES
3. Descending Aorta
- magiging dalawa magiging Thoracic
- Thoracic Aorta (above the Diaphragm)
- Abdominal Aorta (pagbaba sa Diaphragm)
- LONGEST PART OF THE AORTA
ALL BRANCHES OF THEEXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY
 facial artery - supplies the face
 lingual artery - supplies the tongue
 superior thyroid artery - supplies the thyroid gland
 superficial temporal artery – supplies temporal area
 posterior auricular artery – supplies back of the ears
 occipital artery - supplies back of the neck occipital area
 maxillary artery - supplies maxillary
SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY (under clavicle)
- supplies UPPER EXTREMITIES
- transports blood to the upper limb
- the arteries continue to the armpit area which is now named
Axillary Artery
VERTEBRAL ARTERY (branch of Subclavian Artery)
- supplies the spinal cord, vertebrae, muscles and ligaments in
the neck
RIGHT VERTEBRAL ARTERY + LEFT VERTEBRAL ARTERY (unite
as one) = BASILAR ARTERY (become a single artery)
BASILAR ARTERY – BASE OF THE BRAIN
- basilar — bas — base
- supplies the brain stem (the most important part of the
brain)
- small injury to the brain stem can be fatal. Therefore, the
Basilar Artery is very important in order to avoid injury in
the brain stem. If there is a blockage (bara) in the brain
stem there is a brainstem stroke
AXILLARY ARTERY (armpit area)
- continuous to the arm Brachial Artery
BRACHIAL ARTERY (arm)
- if the artery goes through the arm
- located in the medial aspect in antecubital fossa
- used in BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
- then the Brachial Artery will divide into TWO: Radial Artery
and Ulnar Artery
RADIAL ARTERY (LOCATED LATERALLY)
- PULSE RATE MEASUREMENT (kuha ug BP)
ULNAR ARTERY (LOCATED MEDIALLY)

RADIAL + ULNAR ARTERY (joined together) = PALMAR ARCH

(supplies hands)
- DEEP PALMAR ARCH
- SUPERFICIAL PALMAR ARCH
DIGITAL ARTERIES (supplies fingers)
- nasa gilid wala sa taas
- sides sa daliri
THORACIC AORTA BRANCHES
(DESCENDING AORTA becomes the THORACIC AORTA)
▪ Intercostal Arteries (10 PAIRS)
Anterior and Posterior
- supplies the muscle of the thorax; pectoralis major
▪ Bronchial Arteries
- supplies the bronchi and lungs
▪ Esophageal Arteries
- supplies the esophagus
▪ Phrenic Arteries
- supplies the diaphragm
- most important artery in the thoracic aorta
- if there is an injury in the Phrenic Artery there is also an
injury in the diaphragm (diaphragm is the muscle of
respiration)
ABDOMINAL AORTA
Three unpaired arteries:
1. Celiac Trunk (3 Main Branches)
TRUNK = very large artery
Common Hepatic Artery – supplies part of:
▪ Pancreas
▪ Liver
▪ Duodenum (first part of the small intestine)
Splenic Artery – supplies the:
- Spleen
- Another Part of the Pancreas
Left Gastric Artery – supplies the:
- Stomach
- Lower Esophagus
2. Superior Mesenteric Artery – supplies the:
- Small intestine
- Upper portion of large intestine
3. Inferior Mesenteric Artery – supplies the:
- remainder of the large intestine

Three paired arteries (left and right):

1. Renal Arteries – supplies the:
- kidneys
2. Suprarenal Arteries – supplies the:
- adrenal glands or endocrine glands
3. Gonadal Arteries
 Testicular Arteries – males (testes)
  Ovarian Arteries – females (ovaries)

What happens sa dulo? Located at lumbar 5. The abdominal aorta

will divide into two. That artery is called common iliac artery.
Left side = left common iliac artery
Right side – right common iliac artery
HINT: If you see the word common it means it has an internal and
external artery
example: common carotid artery has internal and external carotid
Common Iliac Arteries (left and right) (called iliac kase nasa ilium
siya)
1. Internal Iliac Artery (PELVIC ORGANS)
- papasok sa loob (from the word internal) ng pelvis
- supplies urinary bladder
- rectum
- external genitalia
- gluteal area (buttocks)
- medial thigh
2. External Iliac Artery (SUPPLIES LOWER LIMB)
- lalabas sa pelvis
- it begins sa abdominal aorta nagging common iliac —
internal iliac papunta sa pelvis then external from the
word ilium kasi nasa ilium na

▪ Pagbaba ng External Iliac Artery pagdating sa may femur

magiging FEMORAL ARTERY
▪ Pagdating sa may popliteal area we now call it POPLITEAL
ARTERY
▪ POPLITEAL ARTERY divides into two:
▪ Anterior Tibial Artery (harap) form another branch called
Dorsalis Pedis Artery
 ▪ Posterior Tibial Artery (likod) form another branch called
Fibular/Peroneal Artery

SYSTEMIC VEINS
- all organs above the diaphragm uuwi sa heart through the
superior vena cava all organs below the diaphragm uuwi sa
heart through the inferior vena cava
SAGITTAL SINUS
 vein located inside the brain (baba papunta sa neck)
JUGULAR VEINS - Neck
INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN – carries blood from the:
 brain
 anterior head
 anterior face
 anterior neck
EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN – carries blood from the:
 posterior head
 posterior neck
 VEINS NA MAKITA WHEN YOU SING
 empties into the subclavian vein continuous
Internal Jugular Vein + Subclavian Vein (unite as one) =
BRACHIOCEPHALIC VEIN
Right Brachiocephalic Vein + Left Brachiocephalic Vein (joined
together) = SUPERIOR VENA CAVA
DORSAL DIGITAL VEINS drains to the DORSAL METACARPAL
VEINS drains to the DORSAL VENOUS ARCH drains to the
CEPHALIC VEIN / BASILIC VEIN
SUPERFICIAL VEINS (nasa kamay)
 Dorsal Venous Arch
 Cephalic Vein
 Basilic Vein
 Median Cubital Vein
DEEP VEINS (hindi nakikita kase nasa ilalim ng muscles)
 Radial Vein
 Ulnar Vein
 Brachial Vein
 Axillary Vein

▪ Ang medial cubital vein ang nag connect sa cephalic vein og sa

basilic vein pero pag saka sa basilic vein nahimo siyag axillary
vein while ang cephalic vein nag drain sa subclavian vein.
Basically, nihapit sa ang basilic vein sa axillary vein before siya
na totally drain sa subclavian vein.
▪ Radial Vein and Ulnar Vein meet sa Brachial Vein continue to the
Axillary Vein drain sa Subclavian Vein
AZYGOS VEINS
- drains the Thorax; muscles, skin
- enters the SUPERIOR VENA CAVA
again lahat ng mga organ above the diaphragm mag drain papunta
sa superior vena cava

PELVIC ORGANS - reproductive

drain sa INTERNAL ILIAC VEIN
drain sa COMMON ILIAC VEIN
drain sa INFERIOR VENA CAVA
drain sa RIGHT ATRIUM OF THE HEART
 DORSAL VEINS of the foot
GREAT SAPHENOUS VEIN SMALL SAPHENOUS VEIN

POPLITEAL VEIN

FEMORAL VEIN

EXTERNAL ILIAC VEIN

COMMON ILIAC VEIN

INFERIOR VENA CAVA