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2018 - Power Flow Analysis of Weakly Meshed Distribution Network Including DG
2018 - Power Flow Analysis of Weakly Meshed Distribution Network Including DG
2018 - Power Flow Analysis of Weakly Meshed Distribution Network Including DG
Distribution Networks
S. Elsaiah, Student Member,M. Ben-Idris, Student Member, and J. Mitra, Senior Member, IEEE
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department- Michigan State University
East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
email: {elsaiahs@msu.edu}
Abstract—With increasing penetration of distributed generation, were essentially developed for solving power flow problems
and the evolution of predominantly radial distribution systems at the transmission level, can encounter convergence
into weakly meshed networks, it has become necessary to problems when directly applied to power distribution
suitably update power flow solution techniques. This paper networks. The Fast-Decoupled (FD) method [2, 3], which is a
presents an unbalanced three-phase power flow solution method
that is effective in the analysis of modern active distribution
modification of the NR method, uses an approximate and
networks. The proposed approach is based on the development of constant Jacobian that ignores the dependencies between (a)
a Branch-Current Matrix ( ), and uses it in conjunction with real power and voltage magnitude, and (b) reactive power and
the line Primitive Impedance Matrix ( ) to obtain the power voltage angle. This renders the FD method fast and effective
flow solution. This approach is initially applied to radial for transmission systems that have high reactance to
networks and then modified to include the case of weakly-meshed resistance ratios. However, these methods are not very
networks. The presented approach takes into account most of suitable for distribution networks, because of the following
the special features of the distribution networks and uses neither characteristics of such systems [4-6].
LU-decomposition, nor Y-bus formulation/factorization and
• Radial structure with sometimes weakly-meshed topology.
hence it is computationally efficient. The proposed method is
tested on 13-node and 76-node unbalanced networks. Results of • High resistance to reactance ( / ) ratio which sometimes
the proposed method are compared with some other methods causes the NR and the FD methods to diverge.
presented in the literature. • Untransposed or rarely transposed lines where it is often
Index Terms—active distribution networks, power flow, inappropriate to neglect the mutual coupling between
radial system, weakly-meshed system. phases.
• Unbalanced loads along with single-phase and double-
I. INTRODUCTION phase laterals.
In recent years, several real-time engineering applications • Unbalanced distributed loads.
that include operational and planning stages require fast, • Dispersed generation.
flexible, and robust repeated power flow solutions. The
power flow solution determines the steady-state voltage phase These characteristics, combined with the large number of
and magnitude at all buses, real and reactive power flows in nodes and branches of distribution networks make the direct
each line, power losses, and reactive power required by the use of the aforementioned techniques unsuitable and
PV buses for specified loading conditions. The two common inefficient for power flow studies of unbalanced distribution
methods which have been widely used in solving the power systems. In other words, distribution networks can be
flow problem are the Gauss-Seidel (GS) and the Newton- considered as ill-conditioned power networks in which three-
Raphson (NR) method [1]. The GS method is known as a phase basis should be used rather than single-phase basis.
slow-iterative problem-solving technique as it requires a full- However, it is worthwhile to point out here that the
formulation of the bus-admittance matrix (Ybus) and usually unbalanced three-phase power flow algorithms cannot be
requires the solution of a set of nonlinear equations whose developed directly by extending balanced single-phase
cardinality approximately equals the number of system buses. methods to unbalanced three-phase ones. This means that
The NR method is basically a tangential approximation balanced three-phase line model, for instance, will not be
technique in which the line parameters are stored in the useful for unbalanced power flow studies. Therefore, for
Jacobian matrix. The formulation of the Jacobian matrix, unbalanced power flow analysis, various distribution network
however, turns to be computationally cumbersome in terms of components should be accurately modeled according to three-
execution time and storage requirement. Moreover, it was phase basis.
observed that these two classical power flow methods, which
Several power flow solution algorithms especially designed formulation of three matrices, , , and , our
for distribution networks are proposed in the literature. Some work provides a detailed formulation and implementation of
methods used modified versions of NR method and its the Branch Current Matrix which is directly used in
decoupled form while others are based on the conjunction with the primitive impedance Matrix to
backward/forward sweeping technique, which can be obtain the solution. The method described in this paper
classified as [7], neither use (Ybus) formulation as it is necessary in GS
Current summation methods (CSM), method, nor include the development of the Jacobian matrix
Admittance summation methods (ASM), that is needed in the standard NR method. In our method,
Power summation methods (PSM), instead of calculating the voltage drop with respect to the root
The CSM only uses and instead of and , therefore it is bus, it was calculated between any two seceding buses which
more convenient and faster than the ASM and PSM [8] and help in reducing the matrix size and more importantly
was adapted in this paper. minimize the zero elements in the resultant matrix. Compared
In [9] a three-phase fast-decoupled power flow method is to [13], the resultant power flow solution matrix is less-
developed. The method is based on NR method but the sparse, which means that the LU-decomposition might not be
Jacobian matrix was decoupled on phases and on real and necessary especially for small-scale distribution systems and
imaginary parts. The proposed method was successfully able considerable amount of memory-space is saved. For instance,
to compensate for the assumptions of the traditional FD for a system with - buses and - branches, the method of
method with minimum data preparation. Zimmerman and [13] involves the formulation of a matrix whose dimensions
Chiang presented a fast decoupled load flow method in [10]. of 3 × 3( − 1) to obtain the distribution power flow
In this approach, a set of nonlinear power mismatch equations solution. However, the product of the and the in
are formulated and solved by Newton’s method. This the presented method results in a matrix with dimensions of
approach utilized the laterals instead of buses, so the problem 3 × 3 to obtain the solution. This means that the saving in
size was reduced to the number of system laterals. Use of memory space memory will be 3 × 3( − 2) as it will be
laterals as variables makes this algorithm more efficient for a given later. In the presented work, the has to be
given system topology, however it may add some difficulties formulated first and then the term by term product of
if the network topology is changed. and (.* in Matlab) gives the solution. To account for the
Shirmohammadi et al. [11] presented a compensation based weakly-meshed networks, we need to include the new
method for power flow analysis of ‘balanced’ distribution existing branch in the and correspondingly its
systems. Basically, the method used and to obtain impedance in the . The algorithm which was used for the
branch currents and bus voltages and then a radial systems is modified to account for the weakly-meshed
forward/backward sweep is applied to obtain the power flow networks based on Kirchhoff’s current and voltage laws. In
solution. The same method was extended to include the this manner, the branches that contribute in existing of the
weakly meshed networks by breaking the given system to a loop have to be introduced in the original while those
number of points- “breakpoints”- and hence a simple radial outside the loop will retain the same mathematical
network can be obtained. The radial network was then solved expressions. A flexible subroutine has been integrated with
by the direct application of and laws. The the main algorithm to account for this purpose. Results of
effectiveness of this method, however, diminishes as the 13-node and 76-node unbalanced distribution Networks show
number of breakpoints goes up. As a result, the application of that the method converges even for higher / ratios with
this method to the weakly-meshed networks was practically savings in the computational burden.
restricted. An algorithm for the power flow solution of This work is organized as follows: in section II various
unbalanced distribution networks was developed in [12] by distribution network components are modeled. Solution
Cheng and Shirmohammadi. This three-phase method can be procedures are described in section III. Study cases are given
considered as an extension to the work done in [11], but it has in section IV. While test results and some discussions are
dealt with the modeling of the PV buses and emphasized on given in section V, concluding remarks and future work are
the modeling of various distribution system components and drawn in section VI.
it was successfully applied for real-time distribution systems. II. MODELING ASPECTS
A direct approach to obtain the distribution power flow
solution was presented in [13] by Teng. Two matrices, the Due to the special features of the distribution networks, much
bus injection to branch current and the branch current attention has to be paid in dealing with the modeling of the
to bus voltage and direct matrix multiplication are various system components. This section discusses the
used to obtain the distribution power flow solution. This network components that were used in the presented power
method uses direct matrix multiplication; therefore the flow solution.
computational burden will be increased. Further, these A. Modeling of Unbalanced Three-Phase Line Section
matrices contain many zero elements, so the memory space is
not economically utilized, and large CPU time is required. For unbalanced distribution power flow analysis it is
This paper introduces a method for power flow solution important to accurately model three-phase, two-phase, and
based on the work done in [13].While ref. [13] provided a single-phase line sections. A four-wire distribution network is
assumed in this paper as this type of systems is widely used = − (5)
worldwide. Fig.1 shows a three-phase line section connected
between two buses and .
B. Modeling of Loads
Loads in distribution network can be represented as spot
loads or distributed loads. The following section represents
the modeling of both types of loads.
1) Lumped Loads
Equivalent current injection technique was used in this
research to represent the distribution network loads. This is
attributed in the first place to the nature of the loads in the
distribution networks which are inherently unbalanced loads.
It is assumed that all three-phase loads are connected or ∆ ,
Fig. 1 Three-phase line section model
and all single-phase and two-phase loads have connections
between line and neutral and line-to-line, respectively.
Further, a constant power model at each bus was assumed
The line parameters can be found by the method developed during the realization of this work.
by Carson and Lewis [14]. A 4 × 4 sized primitive matrix
which takes the effect of the self-and-mutual coupling a) -connected loads
between phases can be expressed as, Fig. 2 shows a three-phase Y-connected unbalanced load
model.
[ ]= (1)
[ ]= (2)
Fig.2 Unbalanced Y-connected load
Now by applying the KVL to the circuit model of Fig.1, the The load current injections at the bus for three-phase Y-
relationships between the bus voltages and branch currents connected or single-phase connected line-to- neutral can be
can be simply written as,
expressed as,
= − (3) ∗
−
∗
∗
It should be noted, however, that single-phase and two-phase = =
−
(6)
∗
line sections are most common in distribution networks.
∗
Hence, in this research for any phase fails to present, the −
corresponding row and column in (3) will have zeros entries. ∗
For example, for two phase line section with and phase,
equation (3) will be reduced to,
b) ∆-connected loads
[ ]= (4) Referring to Fig. 3 shown below, the current injections at the
bus for three-phase loads connected in ∆ or single-phase
Also, for single phase line section, equation (3) will be connected line-to-line can be expressed as,
reduced to,
E. Modeling of Shunt Capacitances
Charging capacitors have a noticable influence on system’s
voltage profile. In section A, a model for unbalanced three-
phase line section is introduced. This model can be further
improved by including the line shunt (charging) capacitors. A
model takes into account the effect of the self and mutual
capacitance is shown in Fig. 4.
− −
∗− ∗ − ∗− ∗
Fig. 4. Shunt capacitance line model
− −
= ∗ ∗ − ∗− ∗ (7) The current injections at bus can be written as,
−
− −
∗− ∗ − ∗ ∗
− −
= − (9)
−
2) Distributed Loads
Where,
Distributed loads are modeled in a similar way to that
developed by Cheng and Shirmohammadi [12] = y + y +y
= y + y +y (10)
C. Distribution Transformers = y + y +y
= −
| |
= −| |
(8)
= −
| |
Fig. 5. 7-bus distribution system
Fig
g. 9 Memory spacee comparison in biit Fig. 13 Phase ((c) Voltage With aand without DG soources
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