Literary Analysis Group A1

Objective Aproach Analysis of “Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri” Film

Muhammad Rizqan Ridhani Abstract: :

Lambung Mangkurat University
1810117210023@mhs.ulm.ac.id
Keywords:,
Ridhoni Akbar
Lambung Mangkurat University
1810117210027@mhs.ulm.ac.id

Riza Noor Irwanto

Lambung Mangkurat University
1810117210028@mhs.ulm.ac.id

Ardelianda Augesla
Lambung Mangkurat University
1810117230005@mhs.ulm.ac.id

INTRODUCTION The transfer of a literary work to other

forms or media has long been done. Most
Literature talks about life, about various
commonly known is the transformation of a poem
problems of human life, about life around humans,
into a song (musicalization of poetry). Of course it
all of which are expressed in a unique way. Typical
is not strange to mention Taufik Ismail's poetry
of the way of expression and language. The
which was sung by Bimbo or Hilman's novel,
expression of ideas that constitute the content of a
Lupus, which was appointed to the silver screen. It
literary work is different from others. It must
is common to change or change the form of the
provide benefits and understanding to readers.
artwork. In this case, the adaptation or change in
Likewise in the expression of the language.
the form (media) of literary works into a film
Literary language contains elements and purposes
according to Eneste (1991: 11) is called ekranisasi.
of beauty. This beauty will bring the reader to the
Ekranization is the portrayal or transfer of a novel
pleasure of a literary work.
into a film (ecran in French means screen).
This is confirmed by the expression of a
Changes in form or media certainly cannot
great artist who is typical of his cubism, Pablo
avoid change. Stories, characters, plots, settings,
Picasso, who said "Every child is an artist,
and even themes, can experience a change from the
depending on his efforts to maintain the artistry
original form (literary work) in the form of a film.
when they grow up". And literature is one of the
If the text of a literary work speaks through
gates to keep them as artists in their lives.
language and words, then the film speaks using a
The benefits and pleasures contained in a visual form (picture).
literary work certainly do not belong to adult
Literary works invite readers to imagine
readers only, also to children readers. This is in line
freely following the story. Free readers have an
with Lukens (Nurgiyantoro, 2010: 3) who
imagination about the picture of the characters,
emphasizes that the purpose of providing
settings, and atmosphere in the story. In addition, in
entertainment, the purpose of pleasing and
a literary work it is not uncommon for the author to
satisfying the reader, no matter adult or child
successfully provoke the readers' curiosity with his
readers, is essential in literature.

1

play on words. This is why words are very
important in a literary work. An author constructs a
story using words.
Definition of Film
The definition of film is literally a film
(cinema) in the form of a series of live images
(moving), often called a movie. Movies are just
moving images. The movement is referred to as an
intermitten movement, a movement that appears
only because of the limited ability of the human
eye and brain to capture a number of image
changes in a fraction of a second. Film has become
a very influential medium, more than any other
media. Audio-visual he works well together in
making the audience less bored and more
memorable, due to the attractive format. In general,
films can be divided into two constituent elements,
namely narrative and cinematic elements.
Film is the oldest electronic media than
any other media, moreover films have succeeded in
presenting vivid images that seem to move reality
onto the screen. The existence of films has been
created as a medium of mass communication that
has actually entered the life of mankind which is
very broad and diverse. Film always influence and
shape society based on the message behind them.
Without ever being the other way around. Films
always record the realities that grow and develop in
society and then project them onto the screen.
In conveying messages to audiences, the
director uses imagination to present a message
through a film with elements related to the
exposition (direct or indirect presentation). There
are not a few films that raise real stories or actually
happen in society. There are many ideological
contents in it, so that in the end it can influence the
mindset of the audience. As a moving image, film
is a reproduction of reality as it is.
Unlike literary works, films speak using
pictures. Screenwriters, according to Pudovkin
(Eneste, 1991: 16), wrestle with plastic materials.
Screenwriters must carefully select material that
can convey the right image for their film. The
choice of material for a luxury house with
luxurious furnishings is enough to give the
audience an idea that the character depicted is a
rich person. Determining the shooting location in
the village is sufficient to provide an overview of
Literary Analysis Group A1
the background of the story. This is called plastic
material.
Objective Approach
Literary works of any kind and genre must
have uniqueness or characteristics that distinguish
them from other types of writing. Therefore, to
understand a literary work, the methods and
approaches used will be different from
understanding an ordinary writing. There are at
least four critical approaches put forward by
Abrams (Teeuw, 1988: 50), namely, the objective
approach, the expressive approach, the mimetic
approach and the pragmatic approach. The
objective approach is centered on literature, the
expressive approach is centered on the writer, the
mimetic approach is centered on harmony with the
universe and the pragmatic approach is centered on
the study of the reader.
The objective approach is an approach that
pays full attention to literary works as an
autonomous structure, therefore this paper leads to
structuralism analysis of literary works. So that the
structuralism approach is also called the objective
approach. Semi (1993: 67) states that a structural
approach is also called an objective approach, a
formal approach, or an analytic approach.
Structuralism holds that to objectively respond to
literary works must be based on an understanding
of the literary text itself.
The process of analyzing is directed at
understanding the parts of a literary work in
supporting the whole, and vice versa, that the
whole itself is from the parts (Sayuti, 2001; 63).
Therefore, to understand its meaning, literary
works must be analyzed based on their own
structure, regardless of historical background,
independent from the author's self and intentions,
and independent of their effect on the reader.
Referring to Teeuw's term (1984: 134), so what is
important is only close reading, which is a way of
reading that starts from the opinion that each part
of the text must occupy a place in the entire
structure so that it makes sense (Pradotokusumo,
2005: 66).
Characteristics of an Objective Approach
The characteristics contained in objective
theory are:
2
 Literary Analysis Group A1

1. Objective theory views literary works as

something that stands alone.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
2. Connecting the concepts of language
(linguistics) in studying a literary work.

3. The approach seen from the existence of

literature itself is based on prevailing literary
conventions.

4. The assessment given is seen from the extent to

which the strength or value of the literary work is
based on the harmony of all the constituent
elements.

In conducting analysis based on an

objective approach, there are several things that can
be applied to make the process run well. These
include, characters, settings, plot, and language. All
of these elements can be analyzed independently
without outside intervention. With the assumption
that the text or drama performance is independent
and autonomous. Therefore, by paying attention to
these elements, we can analyze drama based on an
objective approach. One of the things that can be
analyzed based on an objective approach is
characterization. The following are things that must
be considered in analyzing a character.

Not only figures, the plot can also be used

as material for analysis based on an objective
approach. There are several things that can be
considered in analyzing the flow based on an
objective approach. In seeing a drama, be it a show
or a script, of course there is a series of events there
until it forms a conflict and a climax. In the
sequence of events that must be considered is the
logic of the flow. Because every event must have
its own motivation.

In an analysis based on an objective

approach, the setting also plays an important role in
an objective analysis. The setting, be it space, time,
or social, will give its own role in an analysis
process. The role, of course, must be in line with
the plot and story ideas. In the manuscript Malam
jahannam that takes up a place on the beach will
show the characteristics of the character who are
generally rude or have a loud voice. The cast's loud
voice will reflect the coastal area.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3
 Literary Analysis Group A1

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

Conclusion

Suggestion

4

REFERENCES
Abrams, M.H. 1976. The Mirror and lamp :
Romantic Theory and Critical Tradition.
Oxford : ,Oxford Unversity Press
Bertens, K. 1979. Ringkasan Sejarah Filsafat.
Yogyakarta : Kanisius Departemen
Pendidikan Nasional. 2008. Kamus
Besar Bahasa Indonesia.Jakarta :
Gramedia Pustaka Utama Luxemberg,
Jan Van dkk. 1986. Pengantar Ilmu Sastra. Jakarta :
Gramedia (judul asli Inleiding in de
literaturur Wetenschap.1982.
Muideberg: Dikck Countinho B.V Vitgever.
Diterjemahkan oleh Dick Hartoko). Teew,
Literary Analysis Group A1
A. 1984. Sastra dan Ilmu Sastra. Jakarta : Dunia
Pustaka Jaya
Nyoman, Kutha Ratna, 2004. Teori, Teknik, dan
Metode Penelitian Sastra. Yogyakarta :
Pustaka Pelajar
Nyoman, Kutha Ratna, 2004. Teori, Teknik, dan
Metode Penelitian Sastra. Yogyakarta :
Pustaka Pelajar Wellek, Rene & Warren
Austin, 1989.Theory of Literature.
Puja. 2009. FAKTA DAN FIKSI : PERTALIAN
SASTRA DAN SEJARAH.,
Wellek, Rene & Warren Austin, 1989.Theory of
Literature. Oxford Unversity Press