Chapter 3

Integration

Differential of a Let f be a differentiable function in the interval a  x  b , defined as y  f ( x) , then

Function differential of y is dented by dy and is defined as dy  f ( x)dx
Integration The inverse process of differentiation i.e., the function whose derivative is given is
called anti-differentiation or integration.
d
In general, y  F ( x) and  F ( x)  f ( x)
dx
dy
then  f ( x)  y   f ( x)dx  F ( x)  c
dx
The expression y   f ( x)dx  F ( x)  c is called an indefinite integral. Where
f ( x) is called integrand and c is named as the constant of integration.
The symbol  ... dx indicates that integrand is to be integrated w.r.t. x .
d
NOTE: and  ... dx are inverse operators of each other.
dx
Types Rules
1 Power formula
x n 1
 x dx  n  1  c, n  1
n

2 dx
 x   x dx  ln x  c, x  0
1

3 Integration of exponential functions

 e dx  e  c
x x
(1)
ax
 a dx   c, (a  0, a  1)
x
(2)
lna
4 Integration of improper rational function
5 Integration of trigonometric functions
Trigonometric Formulas
1  cos 2 x
(i)  sin x dx   cos x  c (i) sin 2 x 
2
(ii)  cos x dx  sin x  c 1  cos 2 x
(ii) cos 2 x 
 sec x dx  tan x  c
2
(iii) 2
x
 co sec x dx   cot x  c 1  cos x  2sin 2
2
(iv) (iii)
2
(v)  sec x tanx dx  sec x  c (iv) 1  cos x  2 cos 2
x
(vi)  co sec x cotx dx  co sec x  c 2
(vii)  tan x dx  ln cos x  c  ln sec x  c
(viii)  cot x dx  ln sin x  c
(ix)  sec x dx  ln sec x  tan x  c
(x)  co sec x dx  ln co sec x  cot x  c
 6 Integration of inverse trigonometric functions
dx
 1  x2  sin x  c or  cos x  c
1 1
(i)

dx
 1  x2  tan x  c or  cot x  c
1 1
(ii)
dx
 x 1  x2  sec x  c or  cos ec x  c
1 1
(iii)

dx 1 x 1 x
(iv)  a 2  x2  sin a  c or  cos a  c
dx 1 1 x 1 1 x
(v)  a 2  x 2  a tan a  c or  a cot a  c
dx 1 1
 x a 2  x2  a sec x  c or  a cos ec x  c
1 1
(vi)

7 Integration by substitution
Expression invoving Suitable substitution
(i) a2  x2 x  a sin 
(ii) x2  a2 x  a sec
(iii) x2  a2 x  a tan 
(iv) 
x  a or xa  
x  a  t or xa t 
(v) 2ax  x 2 x  a  a sin 
(vi) 2ax  x 2 x  a  a sec
8 Integration by parts
If f(x) and g(x) are two functions. Then
1st function = f(x)
2nd function = g(x)

f(x) g(x) dx = f(x) g(x) dx –  [g(x) dx . dxd f(x)] dx

 If two functions are of different type, we can choose the first function as the one whose initial
comes first in the word

ILATE
I –– Inverse trigonometric function
L –– Logarithmic function
A –– Algebraic function
T –– Trigonometric function
E –– Exponential function
 In case of integrals of the form f(x) . xn dx, take xn as the first function and f(x) be the second
function.
 In case of integrals of the form  (lnx)n dx, take 1 as the first function and (lnx)n be the second
function.
 In case of integrals of the form  (lnverse trigonometric function) dx, take lnverse trigonometric
function as the first function and 1 as the second function.
9 Integral of the form
 e sin bx dx,  e cos bx dx
ax ax

10 Integral of the form

 eax [a f (x) + f (x) ] dx = eax f (x) + c