Hysteresis based Triangular Current Mode Control
for Bridgeless Totem Pole Converter
Shantanu Gupta
2021 IEEE 12th International Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG) | 978-1-6654-0465-5/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/PEDG51384.2021.9494197
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Illinois at Chicago
Chicago, U.S.A
sgupt57@uic.edu
Abstract— Bridgeless Totem-Pole PFC (BTPPFC) converter
has become an attractive contender for front-end PFC converter
in recent years owing to low component count and wide range
ZVS capability. Triangular Current Mode (TCM) has been
developed to achieve ZVS over full line cycle on the converter
which require complex turn-on/turn-off calculation for optimal
operation. In this paper, a simpler analog method to achieve
ZVS is proposed which make high-end DSP requirement
redundant in implementing TCM. Deadband analysis for ZVS
is also discussed in detail for integrality of TCM based ZVS
operation.
Keywords— Triangular Current Mode (TCM), Bridgeless
Totem-Pole PFC, ZVS deadband, Hysteresis control, Frequency
limit
I. INTRODUCTION
Recent development in Wide-Band Gap (WBG) devices
has opened new avenues in the field of power electronics field.
Boost PFC ac/dc converter compose a major share of power
converter market. Up till now, tradition diode rectifier and Si
MOSFET based PFC boost is majorly used in the industry
owing to its simplicity and low cost. The development of
wide-bandgap GaN devices has opened up an attractive
alternative rectifier topology, Bridgeless Boost Totem-Pole
PFC (BTPPFC). Extensive research [1]–[3] has been
conducted to increase the efficiency and density of this
topology by pushing the operating switching frequency in the
range of MHz while limiting the switching losses. However,
the complex modulation and control of BTPPFC have been
the bottleneck in its use in industry.
Bridgeless Boost Totem-Pole PFC (BTPPFC) converter
can operate at high-frequency resulting in the reduction of
bulky passive component sizes like inductor and EMI filter.
Third quadrant operation (reverse conduction mode) of GaN
devices have no reverse recovery charge and hence its
application is best suited for this topology. BTPPFC can be
designed to operate in ZVS over full line cycle which allows
the efficiency to go as high as 99% with switching frequency
in the range of MHz [1]. Advantages of this bridgeless
topology include fewer power devices and bidirectional power
flow capability which has been underscored in [2].
Hard switching operation of power converters hampers the
converter performance as switching losses drastically increase
with higher switching frequency. A large portion of this loss
occurs during turn-on which can be 10 times higher than turn-
off loss in the case of GaN [4]. Zero-voltage switching (ZVS)
eliminates turn-on switching loss which can allow higher
frequency operation without compromising with the converter
efficiency.
In bridgeless totem-pole converter, the converter can attain
turn-on ZVS by reversing the inductor current direction which
allow this current to discharge the output device capacitance
978-1-6654-0465-5/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE
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Sudip K. Mazumder
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Illinois at Chicago
Chicago, U.S.A
mazumder@uic.edu
( ) of high frequency switches S1 and S2. This modulation
technique is known as Triangular Current Mode (TCM) due
to triangular nature of the current waveform. The BTPPFC
converter topology is shown in figure 1.
II. BRIDGELESS TOTEM-POLE
Figure 1. Bridgeless Totem Pole PFC topology with GaN (HF) and Si
MOSFET (LF)
In Bridgeless Boost Totem-Pole PFC (BTPPFC), switch
S3 and S4 operates at line-frequency hence cheaper Si
MOSFET can be used with low . For positive half-line
cycle, Si MOSFET switch S4 remains turned-On for the full
half cycle while S3 remains open. GaN FETs S1 and S2
operate in high-frequency complementary mode with S2
being the main boost switch while S1 is operated in
synchronous rectifier mode for positive cycle. Critical
Conduction Mode (CrM) modulation of totem-pole PFC
/2 and
enables the converter to achieve ZVS for
/2 by turning off switch S1
valley switching for
/2 the
when the inductor current reaches zero. When
natural resonance between the boost inductor L and output
capacitance of device S1 and S2 allows drain to source
voltage of S2 to fall and get clamped by reverse
conduction operation of S2. Gating the switch S2 while it is
operating in reverse conduction results in ZVS turn-on of the
/2 the resonance circuit
switch. However, when
does not have enough energy to pull drain to source voltage
of S2 to zero Volt and instead, a positive minimum
voltage occurs at a quadrant of resonance period which is
known as valley switching. Gating the switch S2 at this valley
results in lower switching loss compared to hard-switching
operation. To ensure ZVS operation over full input voltage
range, Quasi-Square-Wave (QSW) mode operation is
employed when /2. In QSW mode operation [3], the
inductor current goes negative by extended synchronous (SR)
conduction time ( ) of S1. The extended time allows the
inductor to have enough energy to fully discharge the device
.
 In [3], [5]–[7], a zero-crossing detection circuit is used to time of Mode 1 is mainly controlled to achieve PFC. Figure
determine the zero-crossing instant of the inductor current. 3 shows the state-trajectory of totem-pole undergoing TCM
The required negative current is ensured by determining the modulation as per Figure 2 waveforms.
extended conduction operation of S1 ( while accounting
for detection and processing delay. The zero-crossing
detection circuit generally require additional inductor
reference supply and low-latency fast-processing
microcontroller for good system performance, resulting in
higher complexity and additional cost. Also, in [1] the
switching frequency is not limited resulting in wide switching
frequency variation from full load to 10% load change. The
switching frequency variation can vary from few kHz to MHz
with load variation. Such wide switching frequency variation
results in higher core loss, conduction loss and turn-off loss
specially at low load where switching frequency is high.
Wide frequency operation also makes designing the EMI
filter a complex challenge which can be limited by other
complex EMI mitigation techniques [8]. In [3], the frequency
Figure 2. Totem-Pole modulation waveform for ZVS operation when
limitation technique is employed in addition to ZCD based Vin>0.5Vo
extended synchronous (SR) conduction to overcome this
challenge. In [3] dual-loop current control technique is used Mode 2 (time-period t1-t2): When S2 switch is turn-off at time
to overcome the distortion problem at light load which is instant ! , the output capacitance " of S1 and S2 resonates
raised due to mismatch between reference current and TCM with input boost inductor L and follows the trajectory as
approximation. The deadband calculation is scarcely shown in Figure 3. Analytical equation of of S2 and
discussed in the mentioned references. inductor current is given by:
To address these issues, in section III detailed mode of 1 $%& ' !
! ( sin
operations of totem-pole converter and condition for ZVS are
' ! (2)
explained. Negative current requirements for ZVS and
sin) *
deadband calculation are also examined. In section IV, the
' !
conventional TCM technique is explained first then (
compensation to account for resonance current using TCM ! cos) ' ! * 3
are discussed. The proposed hysteresis-based TCM
modulation technique is also discussed in section IV which where ' 1/.2 , ( . ⁄2 and " is the
eliminated the requirement of an isolated ZCD circuit and output capacitance of both the switch S1 and S2. At time
high-end microcontroller resulting in reduced complexity and instant 0 , of switch S2 is charged to and of
the cost of implementing of full ZVS operated totem-pole switch S1 is discharged to zero voltage as observed in Figure
converter. The switching frequency limitation technique is 3.
also incorporated in the proposed hysteresis based TCM with
analysis of error introduced due to TCM approximation. The
proposed modulation technique introduces low tracking error
even at low load conditions. In section V, simulated results
and verification are presented to validate the technique.
III. TRIANGULAR CURRENT MODE BASED TOTEM-POLE PFC
CONVERTER WITH FULL ZVS CAPABILITY
A. Operation principle of extended ZVS Totem-Pole PFC
Figure 1 shows the topology of the totem-pole converter.
Figure 2 shows the triangular inductor current over a one-
switching cycle. The converter operation can be separated
into 4 modes of operation over a switching cycle.
Mode 1 (time period t5- t0-t1): At time instant t5, switch S2
is operating in reverse conduction mode and of S2 can be
assumed zero voltage. At time instance , gating of S2 is
applied after the deadband ( period which is equal to t4-
t0 and S2 undergoes ZVS turn-on. Over a switching cycle,
input grid voltage can be assumed constant. The inductor
current ramps up linearly and can be defined by (1).

1
Figure 3. State-trajectory of Totem-Pole PFC opearting with ZVS for (a)
1 /2 (b) 2 /2.

sin
Mode 3 (time-period t2-t3-t4): At time 0 , switch S1 is still
where and is the grid frequency operating in reverse conduction mode. Gating S1 at 0 results
in rad/sec. At time instant ! , switch S1 is forced turn-off in ZVS turned-on of S1. The time period t1-t3 is the deadband
resulting in a lossy turn-off of the switch. The conduction

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 tdb period. ZVS turn-on of S1 is assured as the inductor 3
current ! is always positive for PFC condition. In Mode
L 3 ) <= ( *
C,D<EF 9
(
3, inductor current decreases linearly as given by:

3 3 4 N
M cos O! tanO! Q
2 C,D<EF ( <= (
In CrM based operation, S1 can operate only in third IJ <5 10
quadrant and hence, mode 3 ends when reaches zero. As
discussed earlier, the converter can achieve ZVS with CrM
1 /2. Figure 3 shows both the case when ∗ @
only for I! 11
1 /2 and /2 . It can be observed from the
figure that as gets greater than /2, the trajectory of Using 8 11 minimum negative current requirement for
cannot reach 0V with 5 = 0A as shown with the light constant deadband modulation is shown in Figure 4 (b). In
blue trajectory. Hence, in TCM modulation the inductor this paper, constant deadband based solution is being
current is extended to negative current for the case of
/2.
Mode 4 (time-period t4-t5): In order to ensure ZVS turn-on on
S2, the initial condition of inductor current at 5 has to be
such that the resonance of input inductor L and "
discharges the of S2 to zero. The inductor current
and for mode 4 can be described by (5) and (6).
1 $%& ' 5 cos ω7 t t5
5 ( sin ' 5 (5)

sin) ' 5 *
(
5 cos) ' 5 * 6
If /2 , sufficient negative current is required as
shown in Figure 3 for ZVS. From the state-trajectory, it can
be seen that ZVS turn-on of S2 is achievable if the radius
suspended by the point to 5 ( is greater than
and can be defined by 7 .
3
) <= ∗( * 3 3
7 (a)
where <= 5 . It is also important to note that with the
minimal <= condition of ZVS turn-on of S2, will touch
zero voltage only for an instant. Gating the switch S2 at that
instant is not physically possible, hence the required <= is
taken with margin to account for the delay and discrepancy
in " calculation [3][1]. Negative ZVS current <= should
not be made too large as it will result in higher conduction
loss.
B. Minimum negative current and deadband calculation.
For QSW mode operation (when /2 ), it is
important to have sufficient negative current and deadband to
achieve ZVS. Using state-trajectory, Figure 4 (a), the
minimum current and deadband condition can be found. In
the ideal case, turn-on gate time of switch S2 ( ) can be made
(b)
equal to the moment reaches zero voltage ( @ . For this
minimum current case [9], there is no delay margin as shown Figure 4. (a) State-trajectory for minimum negative current condition. (b)
in Figure 4(a) and will start rising again for any delay. (Left axis) Plot of minimum negative current <=,B required to achieve
ZVS for different constant deadband as a function of . [Considered L =
If switch S2 is gated before the of S2 reaches 0V then
35 μH and 65 pFR
turn-on switching loss will be present. Minimum negative
current, <=,B and C,D<EF condition can be found by 8 - persuaded owing to its simplicity. As shown in Figure 4(a),
9 using the state-trajectory. Duration of Mode 4, IJ <5 is extending the turn-on time of switch S1 from 5 to 5 ′
given by 10 . provides margin for deadband of I! . A practical system must
account for delays introduced by gate driver, buffer stage and
. 2
<=,B 8 switch turn-on delay and variance in the deadband
( period. The deadband delay margin is accounted by T and is
given by 12 . In Figure 5, negative current is shown with
given deadband margin T using 9 12 . The negative

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 current jump for ZVS as seen in Figure 4 can also be compensation. The modulation of totem-pole PFC accounts
understood from Figure 5 where for constant deadband,
increase in negative current <= decreases I! period such
that I! IJ <5 equals the deadband . After the
crossover point, a significant negative current is required to
maintain ZVS for given deadband.
∗ @
IJ <5 T 1 1 IJ <5 T 12

Figure 6. TCM modulation for PFC operation.

for the negative valley current C,D<EF given by 9 by

extending the turn-on time of S2 as can be seen in Figure 6
where the effect of negative valley current is more prominent
for lower input voltage.
B. Proposed Hysteresis TCM Modulation for ZVS ensured
operation
In the proposed hysteresis based TCM modulation, the
required negative current for ZVS is ensured by lower
Figure 5. Minimum negative current requirement for constant
deadband, 135 ns with T 15 ns margin.

IV. PROPOSED HYSTERESIS BASED TRIANGULAR CURRENT

MODE
For PFC operation the converter is required to behave as
a resistive load for the grid which entails the input inductor
current to be in phase with the input grid voltage.
A. Conventional Triangular Current Mode technique for
PFC operation using variable on-time control
In QSW or CrM type mode operation of the totem-pole PFC
converter, the input inductor current exhibits a triangular
waveform. Triangular modulation provides a simple
relationship between peak-to-peak current to the average
current EU= Δ DF3DF /2. In ZVS ensured totem-pole PFC Figure 7. Current sensing solution using current transformer.

operation, the negative current is required for /2 by hysteresis limit XY<Z %[ reference, while the positive peak
extending the turn-on of S1 as discussed in the previous
of the inductor current is controlled using the upper hysteresis
limit XY<Z \ reference. Both XY<Z %[ and XY<Z \
section for the positive half of the line cycle. To compensate
for the added extra negative current, same amount of negative
current is required to be added by extending the turn-on of shapes the inductor current in the form intended by variable
S2. In [1]–[3], [10], a variable on-time technique is used for on-time based TCM modulation as shown in Figure 6 while
the current shaping and to account for the added negative greatly reducing the computational power requirement. The
current which requires the microcontroller to compute the negative current <= required for ZVS can be
needed addition in turn-on time of S2 based on the output approximated by two sets of linear function dependent on
voltage, input current, and inductor value. With biasing on for a constant deadband as shown in Figure 4. Hence,
the inductor, specially at peak average current, the inductor XY<Z %[ is given by 13 .
will have some non-linearity resulting in introduction of error ^ _! ; a%b 1
XY<Z %[ ] ! cd
13
<=
^3 _3 ; a%b 2
in the average current.
cd

where ^! , ^3 , _! efg _3 are line equation parameter

At turn-off of S1 at 5 , the inductor current resonates with
the output equivalent capacitance of S1 and S2 as seen in
obtained from approximating curve of negative current from
Figure 2 and Figure 3 and reaches the valley current C,D<EF .
Figure 5 and cd is voltage at which the minimum current is
For average current to follow the intended reference current, defined by the other linear equation. T margin is also added
TCM modulation should compensate for this negative peak in minimum current for appropriate constant deadband
instead of the inductor current at 5 in the on-period of from 12 . XY<Z \ is formulated to make the average
S1[7]. Effect of C,D<EF is more prominent than W,D<EF
inductor current EU= equal to sinusoid reference current Y<Z .
! 3
XY<Z \ is given by 14 where XC,D<EF and X <= are
because resonance period is small as
! >> 5 specially at higher load and near average
current peak and hence, W,D<EF is not accounted in eliminated using 9 and 13 .

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 3
L 3 )XY<Z %[ ( *
XY<Z \ 2 Y<Z 14
(
Hysteresis-based modulation is implemented using the logic
shown in Figure 7. A current transformer (CT) is used for
boost inductor current sensing. Direct inductor current
sensing using CT will saturate the due to the presence of line
current bias which results in high magnetizing current. A CT
plus transimpedance (TIA) circuit approach [11][12] can be
employed to overcome the saturation issue. An indirect
sensing method using a small CT can be used to sense the
input capacitor current h which only contains the
switching frequency component while low-frequency line
current can be sensed by a low-bandwidth hall-effect sensor (a)
of the filter inductor as shown in Figure 7 [13] and added
together to get . Hysteresis band references are generated
by the microcontroller and can be implemented by a low pass
filtered PWM signal as XY<Z \ efg XY<Z %[ are low
frequency signal.
C. Maximum Switching Frequency limitation of Totem-Pole
PFC using proposed hysteresis-based TCM modulation.
The switching frequency of ZVS ensured totem-pole
converter can widely vary from kHZ to MHz with load
condition as shown in Figure 8(a). Switching frequency of the
converter can be limited by introducing maximum frequency
constraint on the hysteresis band formed by XY<Z \ and
XY<Z %[ . For constant switching frequency, required peak-
to-peak inductor current Δ for TCM modulation can be (b)
described by 15 .
Figure 8. Switching frequency variation for 220 J ,
∗ 400 and r ,BEs 2.2 kW system with load condition for totem-pole
Δ 15
∗ ∗ Fjk
PFC operation. (a) Plot without any frequency limit (b) Plot with frequency
limitation at 600 kHz.
where Δ l XY<Z \ XY<Z %[ is the width of the
hysteresis band. New XY<Z \ and XY<Z %[ is defined for
As noted in Figure 8(a), without switching frequency
constant frequency PFC operation by 16 17 .
limitation of the discussed TCM of totem-pole, the switching
frequency ramps up when input voltage is low. The hysteresis
Δ band for 10% load current and full load current is depicted in
XY<Z \ Y<Z 16
2 Figure 9. The hysteresis bandwidth of inductor current for
low input voltage and low load is defined by 16 and 17 to
Δ
XY<Z %[ Y<Z 17 limit the switching frequency under 600 kHz as in Figure
2 8(a). As the input voltage increases, the width of the
Combining (13) and (17) to get XY<Z %[ for both ZVS hysteresis band defined for ZVS also increases and ZVS
condition and maximum switching frequency limitation, we defined band takes control of the inductor current shaping.
get (18). The band extension to limit switching frequency is not
present for high load conditions as the switching frequency is
XY<Z %[
^! _! ; a%b 1 cd Δ
min ] ,n Y<Z o p 18
^3 _3 ; a%b 2 cd 2
XY<Z \ defined by 14 is still valid. Figure 8 shows the
switching frequency variation with and without frequency
limitation for ZVS ensured operation using simulation with
hysteresis band defined by 14 and (18). As can be seen in
the figure, the switching frequency is smaller than the (a) (b)
intended 600 kHz limit because of the added compensation
factor by 14 resulting in a higher hysteresis band.
Figure 9. Proposed hysteresis band for a 2.2kW PFC with input of
220VRMS and output voltage Vo = 400V at (a) 10% load condition where
dashed line is band for ZVS operation. (b) 100% load condition.

always below the frequency limit. Due to the limited

switching frequency of the converter, EMI filter design gets
simpler, and the magnetics can be optimized for the limited
frequency range resulting in lower core losses.

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 D. Verification of proposed Hysteresis based TCM
In Triangular Current Mode (TCM), the inductor current is
approximated to follow a triangular path and the average
current is calculated using the same assumption. The actual
inductor current has resonance transition time-period due
(a)
(b)
Figure 10. (a) Proposed TCM modulation verification of reference
current with and without frequency limitation. (b) TCM approximation
depiction.
to which the proposed TCM approximation generates current
error as seen in Figure 10(b). Duration of mode 4, IJ <5 is
significantly higher than the duration of mode 2 ( !
3 ) as
the negative current 5 is lower than positive current
resulting in more sinusoidal trajectory as noticed in Figure 3
and Figure 10(b). The absolute current error remains nearly
the same for the same input voltages hence the percentage
error is higher for low load resulting in higher THD for low
load in boost PFC. Figure 10(a) shows the current reference
error for 10% load with and without frequency limitation. The
current error is lower with frequency limitation incorporated
as the negative current is high due to the required hysteresis
band which reduces the duration of mode 4 and provides
better triangular approximation.
V. SIMULATION VERIFICATION
The proposed hysteresis band based TCM modulation is
verified on BTPPFC using simulation on SaberRD. A 2.2 kW
converter was designed with minimum and maximum
switching frequency of 65 kHz and 600 kHz respectively with
boost inductor of 35 x\ for 220 J and
400 . For high-frequency GaN switches (S1 and S2),
GS66508B devices parameters are used for simulation and
design which has 65 p, 130 Ω and reverse
threshold voltage z{ = 4V @ | 3 . The lower band
XY<Z %[ for ZVS condition is defined by two set of linear
equations for deadband = 135 ns as per Figure 5.
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(a)
(b)
Figure 11. Proposed hysteresis based TCM modulation of BTPPFC for (a)
10% load, (b) full load
Figure 11 shows the PFC operation of the BTPPFC with
proposed hysteresis based TCM modulation for 10% load
condition and for full load condition. The switching
frequency limit band can be seen in the inductor current of
Figure 11(a). The switching frequency is limited to 600 kHz.
In Figure 11(b), the hysteresis current band width for full load
is always greater than Δ defined for the switching frequency
limitation of 600 kHz. In both the cases, the average current
of is following the required reference current Y<Z to attain
the PFC operation. Figure 12 depicts the switching transition
for = 250 V where ZVS turn-on for both high frequency
switches S1 and S2 can be seen. The simulation of the
converter showed that ZVS is ensured for full line cycle
irrespective of the load. Deadband is maintained constant
= 135 ns) for both the cases. An optimized variable
deadband would reduce the conduction losses present due to
HF GaN switches S1 and S2 conduction in third quadrand (as
evident in Figure 12 (a)) which has threshold voltage drop in
addition to channel resistance. Gating the switches using
optimal deadband would result only in channel resistive
loss.

(a)
(b)
Figure 12. Switching transition of BTPPFC converter for the proposed
hysteresis based TCM modulation at the instance of = 250 V to show
ZVS operation at (a) 10% load (b) Full load.
VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
In this paper, the analog hysteresis band-based TCM
modulation of Bridgeless Totem-Pole PFC (BTPPFC) was
discussed which is simpler to implement than the ZCD circuit
based variable on-time on based TCM. The paper also
discussed the deadband calculation and switching frequency
limitation method with full ZVS ensured operation.
Simulation verification is provided for validation.
Extension of the hysteresis band-based TCM approach for
interleaved system to reduce the overall EMI filter size can
be explored further. Variable deadband integration for ZVS
with minimum possible negative current into the proposed
approach can help to reduce the condution of switch S1 and
S2 in reverse conduction mode and hence, reduce the
conduction losses.
VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported in part by the U.S. National
Science Foundation under Award Number 1914247,
respectively. The statements made herein are solely the
responsibility of the authors.
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