Name – Pratima Prit Course Code : EEL 1621

Enrollment No. – BT21EE013 Due Date : 09/02/2024

Assignment – 1
Q1. State how the relays can be classified. State at least 20 Indian Standards related to relays
(Name and no.)
Ans –
Relay - A relay is a logical element that processes the inputs (mostly voltages and currents)
from the system/apparatus and issues a trip decision if a fault within the relay's jurisdiction is

detected.
If we zoom into a relay, we see three different types of realizations:
 Electromechanical Relays
 Solid State Relays
 Numerical Relays
Electromechanical Relays- When the principle of electromechanical energy conversion is
used for decision-making, the relay is referred to as an electromechanical relay. These relays
represent the first generation of relays. Let us consider a simple example of an over-current
relay, which issues a trip signal if the current in the apparatus is above a reference value. By
proper geometrical placement of the current-carrying conductor in the magnetic field, Lorentz
force (F = Bil.Sinθ ) is produced in the operating coil. This force is used to create the
operating torque. If constant 'B' is used (for example by a permanent magnet), then the
instantaneous torque produced is proportional to the instantaneous value of the current. Since
the instantaneous current is sinusoidal, the instantaneous torque is also sinusoidal which has a
zero average value. Thus, no net deflection of the operating coil is perceived. On the other
hand, if the B is also made proportional to the instantaneous value of the current, then the
instantaneous torque will be proportional to the square of the instantaneous current (non-
negative quantity). The average torque will be proportional to the square of the rms current.
Movement of the relay contact caused by the operating torque may be restrained by a spring
in the overcurrent relay. If the spring has a spring constant 'k', then the deflection is
proportional to the operating torque (in this case proportional to I 2RMS ). When the deflection
exceeds a preset value, the relay contacts close, and a trip decision is issued.
Electromechanical relays are known for their ruggedness and immunity to Electromagnetic
Interference (EMI).
Solid State Relays- With the advent of transistors, operational amplifiers etc, solid state
relays were developed. They realize the functionality through various operations like
comparators etc. They provide more flexibility and have less power consumption than their
electromechanical counterpart. A major advantage with the solid state relays is their ability to
provide self checking facility i.e. the relays can monitor their health and raise a flag or alarm
if its component fails. Some of the advantages of solid-state relays are low burden, improved
dynamic performance characteristics, high seismic withstand capacity, and reduced panel
space. Relay burden refers to the number of volt-amperes (VA) consumed by the relay. The
higher this value, the more the corresponding loading on the current and voltage sensors i.e.
current transformers (CT) and voltage transformers (VT) which energize these relays. Higher
loading of the sensors leads to deterioration in their performance. The performance of CT or
VT is gauged by the quality of the replication of the corresponding primary waveform signal.
A higher burden leads to the problem of CT saturation and inaccuracies in measurements.
Thus it is desirable to keep CT/VT burdens as low as possible.
Numerical Relays- The hardware comprising of numerical relay can be made scalable i.e.,
the maximum number of v and i input signals can be scaled up easily. A generic hardware
board can be developed to provide multiple functionality. Changing the relaying functionality
is achieved by simply changing the relaying program or software. Also, various relaying
functionalities can be multiplexed in a single relay. It has all the advantages of solid-state
relays like self-checking etc. Enabled with a communication facility, it can be treated as an
Intelligent Electronic Device (IED) which can perform both control and protection
functionality. Also, a relay that can communicate can be made adaptive i.e. it can adjust to
changing apparatus or system conditions. For example, a differential protection scheme can
adapt to transformer tap changes. An overcurrent relay can adapt to different loading
conditions. Numerical relays are both "the present and the future". Hence, in this course, our

presentation is biased towards numerical relaying. This also gives an algorithmic flavor to the
course.

Name of 20 Indian Standards related to relay:-

1. IS 3231-0: (1986) Electrical relays for power systems protection, Part 0: General
introduction and list of parts.
2. IS 3231-1-1: (1986) Electrical Relays for Power System Protection, Part 1: General
Requirements, Section 1: Contact Performance.
3. IS 3231-1-2: (1986) Electrical relays for power system protection, Part 1: General
requirements, Section 2: Insulation tests.

4. IS 3231-1-3: (1986) Electrical relays for power system protection, Part 1: General
requirements, Section 3: High-frequency disturbance test for static relays.
5. IS 3231-2-1: (1987) Electrical Relays for Power System Protection, Part 2:
Requirements for Principal Families, Section 1: All-or-Nothing Relays.
6. IS 3231-2-2: (1987) Electrical Relays for Power System Protection, Part 2:
Requirements for Principal Families, Section 2: General Requirements for Measuring
Relays.
7. IS 3231-2-3: (1987) Electrical relays for power system protection, Part 2:
Requirements for principal families, Section 3: General requirements for thermal
relays
8. IS 3231-3-1: (1987) Electrical Relays for Power System Protection, Part 3:
Requirements for Particular Group of Relays, Section 1: Non-specified Time or
Independent Specified Time Measuring Relays.
9. IS 3231-3-2: (1987) Electrical Relays for Power System Protection, Part 3:
Requirements for Particular Group of Relays, Section 2: Dependent Specified Time
Measuring Relays.
10. IS 3231-3-3: (1987) Electrical Relays for Power System Projection, Part 3:
Requirements for Particular Group of Relays, Section 3: Biased (Percentage)
Differential Relays.
11. IS 3231-3-4: (1987) Electrical Relays for Power System Protection, Part 3:
Requirements for Particular Group of Relays, Section 4: Directional Relays and
Power Relays. (IEC 255-12)
12. IS 3231-3-5: (1987) Electrical relays for power system Protection, Part 3:
Requirements for particular group of relays, Section 5: Impedance measuring relays.
(IEC 255-16)
13. IS 3637: (1966) Gas-operated relays
14. IS 3638: (1966) Application guide for gas-operated relays
15. IS 3842-1: (1967) Application guide for electrical relays for ac systems, Part 1:
Overcurrent relays for feeders and transformers
16. IS 3842-2: (1966) Application guide for electrical relays for ac systems, Part 2:
Overcurrent relays for generators and motors
17. IS 3842-3: (1966) Application guide for electrical relays for ac systems, Part 3: Phase
unbalance relays including negative phase sequence relays
18. IS 3842-4: (1966) Application Guide for Electrical Relays for ac Systems, Part 4:
Thermal Relays
19. IS 3842-5: (1968) Application guide for electrical relays for ac systems, Part 5:
Distance protection relays
 20. IS 3842-6: (1972) Application Guide for Electrical Relays for ac Systems, Part 6:
Power Relays
21. IS 3842-7: (1972) Application guide for electrical relays for ac systems, Part 7:
Frequency relays
22. IS 3842-8: (1976) Application guide for electrical relays for ac systems, Part 8:
Voltage relays
23. IS 3842-9: (1977) Application guide for electrical relays for ac systems, Part 9: Relays
for busbar protection
24. IS 3842-10: (1976) Application Guide for Electrical Relays for ac Systems, Part X:
Relays for Transverse Differential Protection
25. IS 3842-12: (1976) Application guide for electrical relays for ac systems, Part 12:
Differential relays for transformers
26. IS 4483-1: (1968) Preferred panel cutout dimensions for electrical relays, Part 1:
Flush mounting IDMTL relays
27. IS 5834-1: (1994) Electrical Timer Relays for Industrial Purposes, Part 1: Pneumatic

28. IS 5834-2: (1993) Electrical Timer Relays for Industrial Purposes, Part 2: Motorized

29. IS 5834-3: (1981) electrical timber relays industrial purposes, Part 3: Electronic
30. IS 8686: (1977) Static protective relays (IEC 255-4)
31. IS 8714: (1978) Electrical protective relays for use in seismic areas
32. IS 9124: (1979) Guide for maintenance and field testing of electrical relays
33. IS 9994: (1981) Potential relays for capacitor start-capacitor-run hermetic
compressors
34. IS 10075: (1981) Start relay and overload protector for resistance start induction run
hermetic compressors
35. IS 12083-1: (1986) Electrical Relays, Part 1: Contact Performance (IEC 255-0-20)
36. IS 12083-2: (1986) Electrical relays, Part 2: Insulation tests (IEC 255-5)
37. IS 14122: (1994) Built in thermal protection for electric motors rated up to 660 V ac
(EC 60034-11)
38. IS/QC 160000-1: (1988) Electrical Relays, Part 1: Test and Measurement Procedures
for Electromechanical All-or-Nothing Relays
39. IS/QC 160000-2: (1988) Electrical Relays, Part 2: Application of the IEC Quality
Assessment System for Electronic Components to All-or-Nothing Relays
40. IS/QC 160100: (1988) Electrical Relays Sectional Specification: Electromechanical
All-or-Nothing Relays of Assessed Quality
41. IS/QC 160101: (1988) Electrical Relays - Blank Detail Specification :
Electromechanical All-or-Nothing Relays of Assessed Quality Test Schedules 1, 2 and
3

Q2. State how Circuit Breakers can be classified. State at least 10 Indian Standards related to
Circuit Breakers (Name and No. ).
Ans - A Circuit Breaker (CB) is a switch used to interrupt the flow of current. It opens on the
relay command. The relay command initiates the mechanical separation of the contacts. It is a
complex element because it has to handle large voltages (few to hundreds of kV's) and
currents (in kA's). The interrupting capacity of the circuit breaker is therefore expressed in
MVA.
Generally, the types of circuit breakers fall into three major classes, which are:
TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Circuit breakers mainly are categorized on the basis of application as per voltage:
1) Low Voltage Circuit Breaker
 MCCB
 ACB
 MCB
 RCCB
2) Medium Voltage Circuit Breakers
3) SF6/VACUUM Circuit Breakers
4) High Voltage Circuit Breakers
 VCB
 SF6
 OCB
 ABCB
LOW VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS :-Circuit Breakers operating for the voltage
up to 1KV are LV or Low Voltage Circuit Breakers which are as follows:
MOLDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKER (MCCB) :- MCCB or Molded Case Circuit
Breaker is a kind of circuit breaker which is enclosed in the moulding or housing of a
moulded material & that is the reason it is known as Molded Case Circuit Breaker. It is
generally used for the current ratings upto 1600A & fault level upto 150KA. It offers
protection against overload & short circuits through bimetal & solenoid, these days
Microprocessor based MCCBs are being very popular due to the quick functioning of
their electronic type release.
MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER (MCB) :- MCB or Miniature Circuit Breaker is a
circuit breaker which is used for protection where current ratings are lower. It can be used
upto 125A circuits & like MCCBs it also offers protection against overload & short
circuit through bimetal & solenoid. These days Class 3 MCBs are very popular due to
their ability of tripping quickly & also minimum loss of let through energy.
AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER (ACB) :- AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER or ACB as the name
suggests it’s the circuit breaker where the medium of arc quenching is air. ACB is used
for the high current applications, or we can say that ACB can offer protection against
overload & short circuit upto 6300A. Tripping in ACB is achieved through release. The
release is known as the mind of ACB as it only suggests the ACB to trip in case of fault.
 MOTOR PROTECTION CIRCUIT BREAKER (MPCB) :- MPCBs are used specially
for motor protections. MPCB as a standalone device offers protection against Overload,
Short Circuit & Single Phasing, thus is used specifically for motor applications.
RESIDUAL CURRENT CIRCUIT BREAKER (RCCB) :- RCCBs as the name
suggests offer protection against Earth Leakage. It is used in homes, offices & industries
according to the current sensitivity required as per application. In case of current leakage
it senses the same & trips thus, saving the human & circuit from shock & adverse effects
of current leakage.
MEDIUM VOLTAGE & HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS :- Voltage level
from 1KV-69KV is categorized under medium & 69KV-230KV is categorized as High
Voltage. Circuit Breakers operating in these voltage ranges are known as Medium & High
Voltage CBs respectively.
VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER (VCB) :- Vacuum Circuit Breaker or VCB is used for
Medium Voltage applications. In VCB the contacts operation & arc quenching takes place
inside bottles where Vacuum is present.
SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER :- SF6 circuit breakers are also used mainly in medium
voltage applications. In this breaker SF6 gas is used for arc quenching due to its ability of
quenching the arc very efficiently. SF6 Breakers being highly efficient in arc quenching
are still not preferred much as SF6 being a poisonous gas, is dangerous to environment &
humans.
OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER (OCB) :- Oil Circuit Breakers were also used on high
voltages & Oil was used as the arc quenching medium.

1. IS 12640 (Part 2): 2008 RESIDUAL CURRENT OPERATED CIRCUIT-BREAKERS

FOR HOUSEHOLD AND SIMILAR USES.
2. IS/IEC 60898-1 : 2002 ELECTRICAL ACCESSORIES - CIRCUIT-BREAKERS
FOR OVERCURRENT PROTECTION FOR HOUSEHOLD AND SIMILAR
INSTALLATIONS.
3. IS 13118 - General requirements for circuit breakers for voltages above 1000 V
4. IS 9135 - Guide for testing of Circuit Breaker
5. IEC 647-2 and IS 13947-2 Air Circuit Breakers
6. IS 13118/ IEC56 - Specification for high-voltage alternating current circuit breakers
7. IEC: 62271 - High voltage alternating current circuit breakers
8. IS/IEC 60898-1- Suitability of Circuit Breakers for use in IT Systems
9. IS 6098: Specification for High Voltage Alternating Current Circuit Breakers
10. IS 722-1: High Voltage Alternating Current Circuit Breakers - Guide for Short-Circuit
Breaking Test - Part 1: Oil Circuit Breakers.

Q3. Explain the basic characteristics of CT and PT and identify 4 Indian standards (Name and
no) related to the characteristics of CT and PT.
Ans. =
Current Transformer (C.T.) is a type of Instrument Transformer that converts primary
currents to proportional secondary currents which are appropriate to the connected measuring
instruments. Technically they can reduce or multiply Alternating Current (AC). However, in
practical usage, the reduction function is widely applied for usage in measuring instruments
such as Ammeters. Current Transformers are a series of connected electromagnetic devices
consisting of an Iron core, electrical grade laminations, and copper wound coils. A Current
Transformer (CT) is used to measure the current of another circuit. CTs are used worldwide
to monitor high-voltage lines across national power grids. A CT is designed to produce an
alternating current in its secondary winding that is proportional to the current that it is
measuring in its primary.

Potential or Voltage Transformer (P.T.) is a type of Instrument Transformer that measures

high voltage on primary by stepping down to a measurable voltage value. Technically they
can reduce or multiply the primary voltage onto the secondary side. However, the practical
application of a voltage transformer is to step down the voltage to a safe limit value so that it
can be easily measured by an ordinary low-voltage instrument like a voltmeter, wattmeter, or
watt-hour meter. They are a parallel connected type of instrument transformers.
4 Indians Standards related to characteristics of CT and PT:-
1. IS 2705 ( Part 1 ): 1992 CURRENT TRANSFORMERS-SPECIFICATION
2. IS/IEC 60044-1: 2003 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS (PART 1 CURRENT
TRANSFORMERS)
3. IS 2705 (Part-I-IV): Specification for current Transformers.
4. IS 4201: Application guide for current transformers.
5. IS 3156 ( Part 3 ): 1992 VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS-SPECIFICATION
6. IS 2026 (Part 1): 2011 POWER TRANSFORMERS
7. IS 4146: Application Guide for Voltage Transformer
8. IS 2099 Specification for Bushings for alternating voltages above 1000 Volts.