• Greeks-Babylon pavements: 2000 b.c.

MODULE 1 • Romans: 500 b.c.

Transportation engineering: “Engineering discipline
which deals with the planning, geometric design, traffic
operations and interactions between modes of
transportation for the safe, efficient and convenient
movement of persons and goods.”
Transportation systems can be considered a system
within themselves or as part of a larger system meant to
raise our standard of living and enhance aggregate
community values.
Effective transportation system is:
• Affordable.
• Accessible.
• Responsive to passengers.
• Good for users and local communities.
• Competitive and harmonized (domestically and
internationally).
• Multi-modal.
 Transportation Objectives
- Ensure high standards for safe and secure
transportation.
- Protection of environment and property.
- High public confidence in the safety and security
of our transportation system.
- Contribute to, support and sustain economic
growth and social development.
Napoleonic Empire brought the rebirth of national road
transportation systems:
1. Standard structural design and materials.
2. Standard planning.
3. Standard urban-rural transportation layouts.
- Modern traffic engineering evolved with the advent of
the motor vehicle.
• First centerline marking was applied in Wayne
County, Michigan, 1911.
• First traffic signal installed in Houston, Texas, 1921.
• First coordinated signal system was in operation in
Houston, Texas, 1922.
• Integrated logistics systems WWII.
Transportation Modern Times
- Significant economic growth and increased standard of
living after World War II marked the beginning of the
modern road transportation era.
Road networks are composed of various road types,
each performing a particular service in facilitating
vehicular traffic between points of origin and
destination.

 Systems approach must consider all relevant Different classification schemes have been applied for
factors: different reasons in rural and urban areas:
1. Legal-Legislative. 1. By Design Type
2. Engineering 2. By Administrative Responsibility
3. Economic. 3. By Route Numbering
4. Political. 4. By Functional Classification
5. Social.
6. Psychological. Mobility: By providing more opportunity to access
7. Environment. adjoining properties, the mobility of drivers using the
roadway is reduced. Failure to provide optimal balance
Traffic engineering deals with interactions of: between through movement and access can lead to an
• Physical environment. obsolete road network not able to handle future needs.
• Human behavior-demographics. Mobility: First step in design is to define the function
• Driver attitude. the facility is to serve.
• Pedestrians.
• Vehicles (traffic).
- Six recognizable stages in each trip:
• Infrastructure.
• Economic prosperity/development.
• Access – driveways.
• Collection – gathers up from lesser streets.
Design considerations: • Distribution – main streets.
• Safety. • Transition – when going between each of the stages.
• Efficiency. • Main movement – usually the longest portion.
• Effectiveness. • Termination – arrival at destination point.
• Structural integrity.
• Ease of maintenance. Road Classification Criterion:
• Recyclable.
1. Land Use
• Aesthetically pleasing/driver comfort.
2. Service Function
• Cost effectiveness for agencies.
3. Traffic Volume
• Cost effectiveness for users
4. Connections
• High user utility.
• Commercial just in time delivery.
Land Use : the intensity of access needs changes with
land use, roads within the network must be appropriately
As civilization evolved, the need for transportation
designed and classified to meet the varying needs.
increased:
• Nepal: 5000 b.c.
• Egyptians: 3000 b.c. Service Function: all roads provide a type of service
(traffic, access to land, or both)

Traffic Volume: high volumes of traffic carried by
freeways, while low volumes associated with collectors
and locals.
Connections: public lanes and locals connect with
collectors, collectors with arterials, and arterials with
expressways and freeways.
Running Speed: average running speed depends on the
type and condition of the surface, intensity of adjacent
land development, access to the roadway, and vehicle
types.
Vehicle Type: locals roads are used mainly by passenger
cars and small trucks; freeways and arterials generally
carry a large proportion of commercial vehicles.
MODULE 2
Transportation engineering: construction and
operation of systems for moving goods and people by
highway, rail, air, water, and pipelines, as well as urban
and intermodal transportation
Transportation Planning: the preparation of
transportation systems such as highways and traffic
facilities. The purpose of transportation planning is to
guarantee the safety and efficiency of a person or
animal’s travel from Point A to Point B.
Transportation Engineering: the application of
scientific processes (like observation, analysis, and
deduction) to the planning, design, operation, and
management of transportation facilities.
Modal Classification: A mode, according to this
definition includes walking, automobile, bus, train,
ferry-boat, ship, aircraft, helicopter, and so on.
Roadways: All vehicles use the roadways to travel from
one point to another. There are various kinds of vehicles
in this class. Some are motorized and others are human-
or animal-powered.
Waterways: All vehicles use channels in water bodies to
travel from one point to another
Railways: All vehicles use rail tracks to move from one
point to another. Vehicles in this class consist of a long
train of coaches attached to a locomotive
Airways: All vehicles use channels in water bodies to
travel from one point to another
Driver: This element assumes maximum importance in
the roadways where a tremendously large number of
drivers interact with each other and the facilities
Vehicle: used in transportation have certain
characteristics which influence the design and operation
of the transportation facility.
Way: Every mode of transportation uses a specified path
which is either constructed or charted.
Control: To ensure safety and efficiency of operation,
there are system level controls which are imposed on the
movement of the vehicles. These controls could be static
or dynamic.
Terminal: This is a location where the vehicles of a
mode stop for various reasons including (i) loading and
unloading of passengers/goods, (ii) resting when not in
use, (iii) refueling, (iv) maintenance, etc.
User: (i) the public at large for transportation modes
which cater to passenger transport or (ii) organizations
for transportation modes which cater to goods transport
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING: area of transportation
engineering deals with the analysis, design, and
operation of transportation facilities used by vehicles of
various transportation modes
PAVEMENT ENGINEERING:
This area of transportation engineering deals with the
structural analysis and design of the way used by
different modes of transportation.
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: The area of public
transportation is concerned with the analysis, design, and
operation of public transportation systems. A public
transportation system is a transportation system which
operates to move the general public from one point to
another.
MODULE 3
Transportation System: Way of moving people or
products from place to place.
Interrelated: -Each system depends on the other systems.
Buses and cars, for example, take passengers to airports
and ship docks
Demand: A derived function for the mobility of people,
freight, and information for a variety of socioeconomic
activities
Nodes: Where movements are originating, ending, and
transiting (intermediacy), entry or exit points in a
transport system. They vary according to the
geographical scale being considered ranging from local
nodes (such as a subway station) to global nodes (such
as port or airport terminals).
Networks: Composed of a set of linkages expressing the
connectivity between places and the capacity to handle
passenger or cargo volumes.

Locations: Nodes where demand is expressed as an
origin, destination, or point of transit.
Flows: The amount of traffic over a network, which is
composed of nodes and linkages. This is jointly a
function of the demand and the capacity of the linkages
to support them.
Infrastructures: The conveyances such as roads and
terminals expressing the physical reality of a network
and are designed to handle demand with specific volume
and frequency characteristics.
RAIL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM:
HISTORY:
 1550:
o pragmatic Germans constructed and
used wooden railway systems
 1700’s:
o iron wheels and rails had one-upped
wooden ones
 1797:
o Steam locomotive was invented in
England
o Stockton & Darlington Railroad
Company in England became the
first public railroad to carry
passengers and freight.
 World War II (1939-1945)
o many railroads were built by
German military which was led by
Adolf Hitler to empower his army.
 1869
o US’s first transcontinental railway
was completed as expansion of
railroad network.
th
 Early 20 Century
o Diesel locomotives had replaced
steam ones.
 Mid-20th Century
o The decline of the U.S. railroads had
begun
 21st Century:
o trains which run on diesel and
biodiesel fuel regain their former
popularity with passengers
Rail Transportation System
- Refers to any means of transferring passengers
and cargo on or in wheeled vehicles running on
rails located on tracks
- Also known as train transport whose
characteristics are fast, reliable, convenient,
economical, safe/secure, fuel efficient and
environmentally friendly
- Commonly used and very cost-effective modes
of commuting and goods carriage
Rail
- It used more exclusively for the largest and
heaviest payloads traveling across land.
Trains:
- fast and the least affected by usual weather
turbulences like rain or fog.
Example: Shinkansen (Bullet Train)
Air Transport: one of the fastest modes of public
transport which connects international boundaries. Air
transport allows people from different countries to cross
international boundaries.
Airport: a place where aircraft land and take off and
where there are buildings for passengers to wait in and
for aircraft to be sheltered.
Air Traffic Control: manage an aircraft in controlled
airspace through all aspects of its flight, taking
responsibility for the aircraft's safety and making the
flight as efficient as possible.
Airlines: an air transportation system including its
equipment, routes, operating personnel, and management
Air Transport Types: such as airplanes, jet aircraft,
helicopters, hot air balloons, blimps, gliders, hang
gliders, or anything else that can sustain flight
Space Transportation System:
- also known internally to NASA as the Integrated
Program Plan (IPP)
- a proposed system of reusable crewed space
vehicles envisioned in 1 9 6 9 to support
extended operations beyond the Apollo program
Space Shuttle
- also called Space Transportation System
Land Transportation System
- a proposed system of reusable crewed space
vehicles envisioned in 1 9 6 9 to support
extended operations beyond the Apollo program
Intermodal Transportation: When more than one of
the environments is used (Land, Water, Air, Space )
Inputs: various resources needed in order to begin and
maintain the use of a system
People: Serve as both operators and passengers
Capital: All assets used to help operate the system and
the possessions of a transportation company.
Knowledge: The information attained through
application and experience of the various tasks
performed by people
RECEIVING - The passenger or cargo is physically
placed at the location for departure.
HOLDING - Place to wait for the transportation
vehicle
LOADING - People or cargo are loaded onto the vehicle
MOVING - The actual transporting of people or cargo
UNLOADING - Once the destination is reached
cargo is removed and passengers exit the vehicle
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM OUTPUT: The
relocation of people or cargo
Water Transportation:
- defined as the transportation of people and
goods by boat, ship, barge, or sailboat across an
ocean, sea, lake, canal, or river, or by other
means of water transportation.
- the most cost-effective way to transport large,
perishable, and heavy goods over long distances
MODULE 4
TRANSPORT PLANNING: deals with planning
transportation facilities which will be able to meet the
present and future needs in a sustainable manner. This
field focuses on issues
TRANSPORT ECONOMICS: This area studies the
various economic costs and benefits of building and
operating different transportation facilities
TRANSPORT PLANNING: is an exercise of evolving
policies and strategies that give a rational direction to
activities towards fulfilling a set of goals and objectives
in transport.
TRANSPORT PLANNING: an integral part of urban
planning and requires a systematic approach.
The Philippines has one of the highest urbanization
rates in the region. Based on UN data, 47.68% of the
country’s total population lives in urban areas in 2021.
RAPID URBANIZATION
In 2000, the total population of the country was 77.991
million. Twenty years later, in 2020, the total population
of the Philippines became 109.581 million
The table above presents the population growth rate of
the Philippines and Metro Manila. Explosive population
growth rate occurred in the country during 2010 with a
growth rate of 1.82%. During the same year, Metro
Manila experienced the same with a growth rate of
2.28%.
The Philippines currently has 33 highly urbanized cities
with high population growth. The 16 cities in Metro
Manila are included while the remaining 17 cities are in
other regions of the country. For the period of 2010 to
2022, the average population growth rate in Metro
Manila cities is 1.67%. And from 2000 – 2007, cities
outside Metro Manila has an average population growth
rate of 2.55%.
URBAN DENSITY: very useful since it is considered
an important factor in understanding how cities function.
URBAN DENSITY: a term used in urban planning and
urban design to refer to the number of people inhabiting
a given urbanized area.
The urban densities of highly urbanized cities in the
Philippines vary greatly in magnitude. The basis for the
calculation of the urban density values is the built-up
area of cities as reported in their respective
Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP). For cities in
NCR, the highest urban density is in Manila City at
73,920 persons per square kilometer. The City of
Muntinlupa has the lowest urban density at 13, 672
persons per square kilometer. The cities of
Mandaluyong, Pasay, Caloocan, Makati, and Navotas
also exhibit compact configurations.
The City of Mandaue has the highest urban density,
which has a density of over 14, 461 persons per square
kilometer. Lapu-lapu City, notably, has a relatively high
urban density along with Angeles, Baguio, and Iloilo.
Puerto Princesa City has the lowest urban density at
barely 129 persons per square kilometer.
Urban density: provides a general measure of the
overall demand for urban transport infrastructure and
services.
URBAN TRANSPORT CHALLENGES:
1. Rising Transport Costs
2. Traffic Congestion
3. Lack of Parking
4. Negative Environmental Impacts
TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PERIOD:
1. Short Term (Action Plan)- programs that can be
completed within 2-3 years.
2. Long Term –this type of planning involves
developing a project for the next 20-25 years. Compared
to short term, it is more structured and complicated.
URBAN TRANSPORT PLANNING
APPROACHES:
1. Traditional Approach / Automobile Approach
⮚ Encourages automobile use
⮚ Development of massive roads
2. Sustainable Approach – Contemporary Approach
⮚ Refers to any means of transport with low
impact on the environment
⮚ Designed for people, not cars.
⮚ Objective: Efficient, Equitable, and
Environment friendly transport.
 ⮚ Develop a technology to move people, goods
and information in ways that reduce its impact
on the environment, economy, and society
4 STAGES OF TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
PROCESS
1. Transportation Survey, Data Collection and Analysis
2. Use of Transportation Models
3. Future Land use forecast and alternative policy
strategies
4. Policy evaluation
Transportation Surveys, Data Collection, and Analysis
- Transportation Model
o Trip Generation
 Home-based trips
 Non-home-based trips
o • Trip Distribution
o • Traffic Assignment
o • Model Split
ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE
TRANSPORT
Republic Act No. 8749 or the “Philippine Clean Air
Act of 1999” - provides for environmentally sustainable
transport through harmonization of national emission
standards with the international standards.
Aichi Statement of 2005 – recognizes the need for both
national and local level governments to develop and
adopt policies, strategies, and programs incorporating
key elements of environmentally sustainable transport.
KEY ELEMENTS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY
SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT:
1. Public Health
2. Strengthening roadside air quality monitoring
and management
3. Traffic noise management
4. Vehicle emission control, standards, and
inspection and maintenance
5. Cleaner fuels
6. Public transport planning and travel demand
management
7. Non-motorized transport
8. Environment and people friendly infrastructure
development
9. Social equity and gender perspectives
10. Road safety and maintenance
11. Knowledge base awareness, and public
participation
12. Land use planning
SIMPLIFIED URBAN TRANSPORT ANALYSIS
Road Network Data:
Motor vehicle registration data are available at
the management and Information Division of LTO. Data
are commonly aggregated according to district offices of
LTO and as such, only give board indications of the
vehicle registration characteristics of cities
-Motor vehicle registration are classified according to
vehicle type, ownership type, engine type and age among
others
PUBLIC TRANSPORT DATA
-Public Transport Supply and Operations Data are
critical to the planning of Public transport.
-The number of passenger utility vehicle units and buses
that are for hire is availa ble from LTO and gives an
indication of supply while operated data like routes,
fare, and operating units are available from LTFRB.
Traffic Accident Data
two of the main sources of traffic accident data in the
country are the Traffic Accident Reporting
Analysis (TARAS) and Metropolitan Manila
Accident Reporting and Analysis System
Transport Funding
The Level of investment and the source of financing
urban investment is necessary in determining the
capacity and efficiency of LGUs for financing urban
transport programs and project, Majority of city
transport investment data are only available at the local
budget or treasury office.
MODULE 5
TRAVEL DEMAND/ TRANSPORTATION DEMAND
refers to the amount and type of travel people
would choose under specific conditions, taking account
factors such as the quality of transport options available
and their prices
2 MAJOR ASPECTS THAT AFFECTS TRAVEL
DEMAND:
1. Land Use: refers to the pattern of land usage
in an area
2. Trip Use: refers to the purpose for which the
trip is being undertaken
CLASSIFICATIONS OF DECISIONS:
THE DECISION TO TRAVEL. The trip maker given
his/her requirements, makes a conscious
decision to travel so that the requirements can be met.
THE DECISION ON THE CHOICE OF
DESTINATION. The trip-maker makes a decision as to
where he/she wants to go.
THE DECISION ON THE CHOICE OF MODE. The
trip-maker takes a decision as to what mode
of transport to use for a given trip.
THE DECISION ON THE CHOICE OF ROUTE. The MODAL SPLIT ANALYSIS
trip-maker on any given trip takes a definite - It aims to determine the number of trips on
decision on which route to take as to reach the different modes given the travel demand
destination. between the different pairs of nodes.
- Is a common and widespread indicator in
transportation engineering to evaluate
transportation behavior.
TRAVEL DEMAND FORECASTING
- Is the process used to predict travel
behavior and resulting demand for a MODAL CHOICE
specific future time frame, based on Is the process by which the trip maker chooses a
assumptions dealing with land use, the particular mode for his/her trip
number and character of tripmakers, and
the nature of the transportation system. MODAL SPLIT
Is the process of separating trips in different modes of
FOUR-STEP FORECASTING MODEL travel. Typically these models estimate how many
The four-step forecasting model is a ubiquitous persons will ride public transit and how many will use
framework for determining transportation forecasts that private vehicles.
goes back to the 1950s. It was one of the first travel
demand models that sought to link land use and FACTORS AFFECTING MODAL SPLIT
behavior to inform transportation planning. 1. Characteristics of the trips
● Trip purposes
1. Trip Generation ● Trip length
2. Trip Distribution 1. Household characteristics
3. Modal Split Model ● Income
4. Traffic/Route Assignment ● Car ownership
● Family size and composition
Trip Generation 1. Zonal characteristics
The goal of trip generation is to predict the number of ● Residential density
trips, by purpose, that are generated by and attracted to ● Distance from CBD
each zone in a study area.
● Concentration of workers
Trip generation is performed by relating the number or
frequency of trips to the characteristics of the 1. Network characteristics
individuals, of the zone, and of the transportation ● Accessibility ratio
network ● Travel time ratio
● Travel cost ratio
Trip Distribution
Trip distribution is used to predict the spatial pattern of
trips or other flows between origins and destinations. TRIP ASSIGNMENT:
Models similar to those applied for trip distribution are ● It is the process of allocating given set of trip
often used to model commodity flows, retail trade, and interchanges to the specified transportation system.
store
● It involves assigning traffic to a
Patronage transportation network such as roads and
streets or a transit network.
Modal Split Model
Modal split models are used to analyze and predict the TRIP ASSIGNMENT METHODS:
choices that individuals or groups of individuals make in
selecting the transportation modes that are used for
ALL-OR-NOTHING ASSIGNMENT
particular types of trips. An important objective in
modal split modeling is to predict the share of trips ● All-or-nothing is often referred to as the minimum
attracted to public path algorithm
transportation. ● The trips from any origin zone to any destination zone
are loaded onto a single, minimum cost path between
them.
Traffic/Route Assignment
Traffic assignment models are used to estimate the
traffic flows on a network. These models take as input a
matrix of flows that indicate the volume of traffic
between origin and destination (O-D) pairs. They also
take input on the network topology, link characteristics, USER EQUILIBRIUM ASSIGNMENT (EU)
and link performance functions. ● Is a user-driven traffic assignment in which each user
chooses the most convenient path selfishly. It is based on
Wardrop's first principle, which states that no driver can
unilaterally reduce his/her travel costs by shifting to
another route.
● The most widely used trip assignment method for auto
trips.

SYSTEM OPTIMUM ASSIGNMENT ( SO )

● The system optimum assignment is based on
Wardrop's second principle, which states that drivers
cooperate with one another in order to minimize total
system travel time.
● This assignment can be thought of as a model in which
congestion is minimized when drivers are told which
routes to use.
● This can be very useful to transport planners and
engineers, trying to manage the traffic to minimize
travel costs and therefore achieve an optimum social
equilibrium

OTHER ASSIGNMENT METHODS:

INCREMENTAL ASSIGNMENT
● Is a process in which fractions of traffic
volumes are assigned in steps.

CAPACITY RESTRAINT ASSIGNMENT

● It attempts to approximate an equilibrium
solution by iterating between all-or-nothing
traffic loadings and recalculating link travel
times based on a congestion function that
reflects link capacity.

STOCHASTIC USER EQUILIBRIUM

ASSIGNMENT
● User equilibrium assignment procedures
based on Wardrop's principle assume that all
drivers perceive costs in an identical manner.
● The drivers perception of costs on any given
route are not identical and that the trips
between each O-D pair are divided among the
routes with the most cheapest route

DYNAMIC ASSIGNMENT
● Defined as the state of equilibrium which
arises when no driver can reduce his disutility of
travel by choosing a new route or departure
time, where disutility includes, schedule delay in
addition to costs are generally considered