ACTIVITY 1 : Inquire

𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐
Consider the function, 𝒇 𝒙 = , and find the limit of f(x) as
𝒙−𝟏
x approaches 1.

𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐
1. What is the limit notation? 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟏

2. What are the ways to illustrate a limit of a function?

𝑻𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒑𝒉𝒔
 ACTIVITY 1 : What?
𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐
Consider the function, 𝒇 𝒙 = , and find the limit of f(x) as
𝒙−𝟏
x approaches 1.

3. What is/are the disadvantage(s) of using table of values

in finding the limits?
𝑻𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒚𝒐𝒖 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔
𝒐𝒇 𝒙 𝒕𝒐 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒇(𝒙)
ACTIVITY 1 : Inquire
𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐
Consider the function, 𝒇 𝒙 = , and find the limit of f(x) as
𝒙−𝟏
x approaches 1.

4. What is/are the disadvantage(s) of using graphs in finding

the limits?
𝒀𝒐𝒖 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒔𝒌𝒆𝒕𝒄𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒑𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒔.
ACTIVITY 1 : Inquire
𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐
Consider the function, 𝒇 𝒙 = , and find the limit of f(x) as
𝒙−𝟏
x approaches 1.

5. Are there other ways to find the limit of the function as x

approaches c?
𝒀𝒆𝒔
 LIMIT LAWS
❑ illustrate the limit laws (STEM_BC11LC-IIIa-3)
❑ apply the limit laws in evaluating the limit of algebraic
functions (polynomial, rational, and radical)
(STEM_BC11LC-IIIa-4)
Limit Laws
1. The limit of a constant is itself.
If k is any constant, then 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒌 = 𝒌 .
𝒙→𝒄
Examples:

𝟏. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐𝟎 𝟑. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙→𝟓𝟎𝟎

𝟐. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟏𝟒𝟑 𝟒. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟑𝟒𝟓𝟎

𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎.𝟑𝟓
Limit Laws
2. The limit of x as x approaches c is
equal to c
This may be thought of as the substitution law, because 𝑥 is simply
substituted by 𝑐.
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 = 𝒄
𝒙→𝒄
Examples:
𝟏. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 𝟑. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒘𝟐
𝒙→𝟏.𝟓 𝒘→𝟏𝟎

𝟐. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒕 𝟒. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈𝟑
𝒕→−𝟑𝟔 𝒈→−𝟑
Limit Laws
3. The Constant-Multiple Theorem
This says that the limit of a multiple of a function is simple that
multiple of the limit of the function.
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒌𝒙 = 𝒌 ∙ 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐱
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
Examples:
𝟏. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐 ∙ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 𝟐. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐 ∙ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙𝟐
𝒙→−𝟓 𝒙→−𝟓 𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙→−𝟐
= 𝟐 ∙ −𝟓 = 𝟏𝟐 ∙ 𝟒
= −𝟏𝟎 = 𝟒𝟖
Limit Laws
4. The Addition/Subtraction Theorem
This says that the limit of a sum of functions is the sum of the limits
of the individual functions. Same with subtraction.
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇 𝒙 ± 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝑳 ± 𝑴
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄

Examples:
𝟏. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐𝒙 + 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟑𝒙𝟐
𝒙→−𝟓 𝒙→−𝟓 𝒙→−𝟓
= 𝟐 ∙ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 +𝟑 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙𝟐
𝒙→−𝟓 𝒙→−𝟓
= 𝟐 ∙ −𝟓 + 𝟑 ∙ 𝟐𝟓
= −𝟏𝟎 + 𝟕𝟓 = 𝟔𝟓
Limit Laws
5. The Multiplication Theorem
This is similar to Addition/Subtraction Theorem, with multiplication
replacing addition as the operation involved.
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇 𝒙 ∗ 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) ∗ 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝑳 ∗ 𝑴
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄

Examples:
𝟏. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟐𝒙)(𝟑𝒙𝟐 ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐𝒙 ∙ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟑𝒙𝟐
𝒙→−𝟓 𝒙→−𝟓 𝒙→−𝟓
= 𝟐 ∙ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 ∙ 𝟑 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙𝟐
𝒙→−𝟓 𝒙→−𝟓
= (𝟐 ∙ −𝟓)(𝟑 ∙ 𝟐𝟓)
= (−𝟏𝟎)(𝟕𝟓) = −𝟕𝟓𝟎
Limit Laws
6. The Division Theorem (Rational Function)
The limit of a quotient of functions is equal to the quotient of the
limits of the individual functions, provided the denominator limit is
not equal to 0.
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙→𝒄
𝒇(𝒙) 𝑳
𝒍𝒊𝒎 = = , 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝑴 ≠ 𝟎
𝒙→𝒄 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙) 𝑴
𝒙→𝒄

Examples:
lim 𝟏 + 𝒙 𝟏 + (−𝟓) −𝟒 𝟒
𝟏 + 𝒙 𝒙→−𝟓
𝟏. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = = = =
𝒙→−𝟓 𝒙 lim 𝒙 −𝟓 −𝟓 𝟓
𝒙→−𝟓
Limit Laws
7. The Power Theorem
This theorem states that the limit of an integer power 𝑝 of a function
is just that power of the limit of the function.
𝒑 𝒑
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇 𝒙 = (𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝑳𝒑
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄

Examples:
𝟒
𝟐 𝟒
𝟏. 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒙 ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙𝟐
𝒙→𝟐 𝒙→𝟐

= 𝟒𝟒
= 𝟐𝟓𝟔
Limit Laws
8. The Radical/Root Theorem
This theorem states that if 𝑛 is a positive integer, the limit of the 𝑛th
root of a function is just the 𝑛th root of the limit of the function,
provided he 𝑛th root of he limit is a real number.
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒏 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳 , where 𝑳 is a real number
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄

Examples:
𝟏. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝟐. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟖
𝒙→𝟐 𝒙→𝟒
= 𝟒∙𝟐
=𝟐 𝟐
 General Rule “To give immediately the answer”
Type of Function How to give immediately the limit Examples
answer?
Constant Function Constant itself lim 25
𝑥→4
Polynomial Function Substitution lim (𝑥 +2𝑥 2 + 1)
3
𝑥→4
(Linear, Quadratic,
Cubic, etc)
Rational Function Substitution 𝑥+2
lim
Consideration: 𝑥→−2 𝑥 − 1
❑ If the result becomes indeterminate,
perform cancellation of the same factors 𝑥 2 − 49
lim
first, then find the limit using 𝑥→7 𝑥 − 7
substitution.
❑ If the result becomes undefined, 𝑥+2
lim
illustrate and find the limit through the 𝑥→1 𝑥 − 1
table of values
 General Rule “To give immediately the answer”
Type of Function How to give immediately the limit Examples
answer?
Radical Function Substitution lim 𝑥+4
𝑥→−2
Consideration:
❑ If the limit result becomes a number
lim 66 − 𝑥
greater than zero, that is the limit. 𝑥→10
❑ If the limit result becomes zero, illustrate
and find the limit through the table of lim 𝑥 3
𝑥→0
values.
Class Activity
GENERALIZATION
What are the different limit laws?
In rational function, what are the other
considerations in utilizing limit laws?

What are your thought on these limit laws?

ASSIGNMENT
Directions: Get 1 whole yellow paper. Copy and answer
only.
REFERENCES
Arceo, Carlene Perpetua P., Richard S. Lemence, Oreste Jr. M. Ortega, and Louie John D.
Vallejo. (2016). Teaching Guide For Senior High School Basic Calculus. Diliman,
Quezon City: Comission on Higher Education
 THANKS
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