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3rd - DIAGNOSTIC TEST
3rd - DIAGNOSTIC TEST
“DIAGNOSTIC
TESTS”
DEFINITION OF TERMS
PRENATAL (Antenatal) – pertaining to any event that exist in the embryo or the mother
during the period between conception & delivery of the infant.
SCREENING TEST – any test that separates those who are not, or who would not be,
affected by the disease from those who are at risk for it & who will be given
further test. A simple test for the purpose of uncovering a disease condition
that is treatable.
DIAGNOSTIC TEST (Clinical Diagnosis) – based on physical examination, & the patients
history; does not include laboratory test.
LABORATORY EXAMINATION – diagnosis arrived after laboratory study of specimens
taken from the patient.
HIGH RISK PREGNANCY – one in which a concurrent disorder, pregnancy related
complication or external factor jeopardizes the health of the mother, fetus or both.
• Etiology - study of causation/ from the Greek word etio-, which
means 'causation' and -ology, which refers to the scientific study of
something/ the cause or origin of a disease or abnormal condition
• Risk factor (RF)- a causative factor/ attributes, characteristics or
exposures that increase the likelihood of a person for developing a
disease or health disorder (age, sex, family health history ----- linked
to disability, disease or death)
• Contributing factor (CF)- the practices and environmental conditions
that lead to outbreaks/ preventable causes of outbreaks--- lifestyle,
poor health habits
• Signs and Symptoms (S/Sx) - Signs are objective and externally
observable (a doctor, or other person, notices); symptoms are a
person's reported subjective experiences (an individual experiences)
Predisposing factors- Factors or areas of susceptibility that promote the risks of the
presenting problem are termed as predisposing factors---
Ex. exposure to alcohol of the fetus in prenatal life and any genetic predisposition of
mental illness
Precipitating factors- These are factors, events, or stressors that initiate/ cause/
trigger/precipitate or promote the onset of any illness, disease, accident, or behavioral
response (aggressive behavior)---
Ex. conflict about relationships, transitions, or identity
Perpetuating factors - factors that maintain the disabling symptoms. Any condition or
factors, either in the family or community that exaggerate the problem rather than
solve it are perpetuating factors
Ex. lack of education, occupation, or financial stress
Protective factors - factors that take into account the person’s skill, competency, talent,
or any supportive element that helps the patient in facing and overcoming the
predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors.
◦Tocolysis - an obstetrical procedure carried out
with the use of medications with the purpose of
delaying the delivery of a fetus in women
presenting preterm contractions.
◦Tocolytics - medications used to suppress
premature labor (used to slow or stop the
contractions of a woman's uterus during
pregnancy; they are typically given to women
who are in preterm labor to try to delay birth for
1 to 2 days).
THE MOTHER
IDENTIFYING CLIENTS AT RISK
Ways for identifying clients at risk
a. Physiological (in accordance with natural processes of the body)
b. Psychological (pertaining to emotions, mental processes, & behavior)
c. Social (related to or involving activities in which people spend time talking to each other)
DIAGNOSTIC TEST
1. ULTRASONOGRAPHY
2. TRANSABDOMINAL ULTRASOUND
3. CHORIONIC VILLI SAMPLING (CVS)
4. AMNIOCENTESIS
5. NON-STRESS TEST (NST)
6. CONTRACTION TEST
7. PERCUTANEOUS UMBILICAL BLOOD SAMPLING (PUBS)
8. LECITHIN-TO-SPHINGOMYELIN (L/S) RATIO
1. ULTRASONOGRAPHY (UTZ) – a diagnostic technique where ultrasound waves are
passed over a body area, the reflection or echo of the sound waves as they passed over the
junction of tissues of differing intensities is converted into a visual pattern.
A. TRANSVAGINAL (TVS) (EMPTY BLADDER)
▪ Uses a probe inserted into the vagina
▪ Used to visualize the baby
▪ NR: inform consent, provide comfort & privacy
B. TRANSABDOMINAL (FULL BLADDER)
▪ The transducer is moved across the woman’s abdomen
▪ NR: inform consent, provide comfort & privacy
2. ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN TESTING
▪ Level of fetal CHON in the pregnant woman’s serum or in a sample of AF
▪ Done in 16-18 weeks of pregnancy
▪ Major protein produced by baby (liver of the fetus)
▪ AFP is found in elevated amounts in the AF in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy if the fetus
has an open neural defect; can be defected & measured by amniocentesis
LEVELS OF PROTEIN LEVELS OF PROTEIN