INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

Dr Izatus Shima Taib

 LECTURE GUIDELINE

Inflammatory
response:
1. Microcirculation
Response
2. Cellular Response
3. Immune
Response
 Destruction of Preventing spread of infection
microorganism Beneficial (walling of an abscess cavity)
effects

Local physical What is Local manifestation

response to
inflammation? of disease
tissue injury

Severe form Fibrosis/formation of

fibrous tissue (distort
can cause a
Tissue destruction tissues and altered
disease function)
 Inflammation

Acute Chronic
The initial and often The subsequent and often
transient series of tissue prolonged tissue reaction
reaction in injury following the initial
response
1) Microcirculation Response

vasodilatation & stasis, increased

permeability, exudation of fluid
a) Vasodilatation & stasis
Vasodilate→ Hyperemia→ sluggish
(stasis)
b) Increased vascular permeability

Pore/ Gap between endothelial cells

Active contraction of actin filaments -
histamine
 Pore/ Gap between endothelial cells
Direct damage of endothelial cells by noxious agent
Three patterns of increased leakage of fluid from
vessels:
• Starting from 5 -10 minutes
• Lasts for 30-60 minutes
Immediate- • Mediated by histamine acting on endothelium (small venules)
Transient • Stings/ insect bites
response

• Starts 2-3 hours after injury and lasts for up to 8 hours

• This is mediated by factors synthesized by local cells (capillaries and venules),
Delayed- e.g., prostaglandins and platelet activating factor or plasma
Persistent proteins bradykinin and complement.
response

• Occurs over 24 hours (start immediately and peak after 1 hr)

Immediate- • Only occur if direct necrosis of endothelium (any vessel)
Persistent • Burn or by a chemical toxin.
response
 c) Exudation of Fluid

Passage of large amount of

fluid from microcirculation

Interstitial tissue

Swelling
(inflammatory edema)
 Transudate vs. Exudate
Features Transudate Exudate
Process Passive (↑ Active
pressure) (Inflammation)
Vascular N ↑
permeability
Plasma protein Absent Present
leak
Protein content of ↓ S.G <1012 ↑ S.G > 1020
fluid Protein < 1.5 Protein > 1.5
g/dL g/dL
Fibrin Absent Present
Inflammatory Absent Present
Cells
2) Cellular Response
Inflammatory cells:

Immunological
active cells 24 hours

24 – 48
hours
RBC Rouleaux

C3a
C5a
LTB4
3) Immune Response

⚫Complex series of immune

interactions
⚫Activated by foreign (antigenic)
materials
 Ag

Ag-processing cell (various types of Macrophage also

Macrophage
interact with macrophage) produced
cytokines cytokines (IL-1,
produced by T β-interferon, T&B
lymphocytes 🡪 cell growth
formation of
Recognition of Ag by Lymphocytes
GRANULOMAS promoting factor)

B Cell T Cell
(B cell proliferation and (T cell proliferation and
transformation) transformation)

Clones of effector B cells Clones of effector T cells

(Plasma cells) (Killer T cells)

Specific Ab Direct specific cytotoxicity

HUMORAL IMMUNITY CELLULAR IMMUNITY

◦ First exposure to a ◦ Repeat exposure to
particular Ag Ag
◦ Need several days ◦ Detection of increased
to produce enough Ig serum (2 – 3 days)
Ig (Detect in ◦ IgG is the principal Ig
serum) secreted
◦Proliferation
Involved
lymphocytes
of

immunologic memory