(Pulau Pinang)

ECS 468
INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Topic 2
Stiffness Method
(Frame)

CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 1 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)

 LEARNING OUTCOMES
(Pulau Pinang)

At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

1) identify the constrained and unconstrained degree of

freedom (DOF) for frame.
2) Convert the intermediate loading to nodal forces .
3) formulate the member stiffness matrices and assembly the
structure stiffness matrix.
4) Determine the unknown nodal deformations, support
reactions as well as internal forces for frame.

CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 2 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)

 Frame--member stiffness matrix
Frame
(Pulau Pinang)

The stiffness matrix for a prismatic frame member reference from the
local x’, y’, z’ coordinate system will be developed in this topic.

The member is subjected to axial loads qNx’, qFx’, shear loads qNy’, qFy’ and
bending moment qNz’, qFz’ at its far end respectively.

These loadings all act in the +ve coordinate directions along with their
associated displacement.

CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 3 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)

 Frame--member stiffness matrix
Frame
(Pulau Pinang)

By superposition, if these results are added, the resulting 6 load-

displacement relations for the member can be expressed in matrix form as

------- eqn. 16.1

CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 4 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)

 Frame--member stiffness matrix
Frame
(Pulau Pinang)

These equations can also be written in abbreviated form as

q = k’d ------- eqn. 16.2

The member stiffness matrix k’ consists of 36 influence
coefficients that physically represent the load on the member
when the member undergoes a specified unit displacement.

From the assembly, both equilibrium & compatibility of
displacement have been satisfied

CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 5 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)

 Displacement & Force Transformation matrices
(Pulau Pinang)

• We must be able to transform the internal member

loads q & deformations d from local x’, y’, z’
coordinates to global x, y, z coordinates
• Letting λx = cos θx ; λy = cos θy represent the
direction cosines of the member, we can write the
superposition of displacements in matrix form as

Displacement Transformation matrices --- eqn. 16.3

These equations can also be written in abbreviated

form as

d = TD ------- eqn. 16.4

CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 6 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)
 Displacement & Force Transformation matrices
(Pulau Pinang)

• Letting λx = cos θx ; λy = cos θy represent the

direction cosines of the member, we can write
the superposition of force in matrix form as

Force Transformation matrices --- eqn. 16.5

These equations can also be written in abbreviated

form as

Q = TTq ------- eqn. 16.6

CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 7 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)

 Displacement & Force Transformation matrices
(Pulau Pinang)

The results of the previous section will now be combined in order to determine the
stiffness matrix for a member that relates the global loadings, Q, to the global
displacement, D.

Substitute eqn. 16.4 into eqn. 16.2 yield;

q = k’(TD ) ------- eqn. 16.7

Substitute eqn. 16.7 into eqn. 16.6 yield;

Q = TT(k’(TD )) ------- eqn. 16.8

Simplify eqn. 16.8 yield;

Q = kD ------- eqn. 16.9

where k = TTk’T

CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 8 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)

 Application of the Stiffness Matrix
(Pulau Pinang)

k represents the global stiffness matrix for the member. The value can obtained in
generalized form using Eqn. 16–5, 16–1, and 16–3 and performing the matrix
operations. This yields the final result,

Once the member stiffness matrices are established, they may be assembled into the
structure stiffness matrix in the usual manner

Lateral loads acting on a member, fabrication errors, temp changes, inclined supports
& internal supports are handled in the same manner as was outlined for trusses &
beams

CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 9 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)

 Example 1
(Pulau Pinang)

Determine the loadings at the joints of the 2-member frame shown in Figure (a)
Take for both members:
E = 200 GPa
I = 180 x 106 mm4
A = 6000 mm2 6 2

6m 5 3

20 kN 4 1
A
20 kN
B B
A

6m

9
C
7
(a) (b)
C

CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 10 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)

 Example 1
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 1.
Since the beam has been numbered, determine the Known External Forces and Known
External Displacement.
• By inspection, it can be seen that the known external displacement are;
D6=D7= D8=D9 = 0 y
• Also, the known external loads are;
Q2, Q3, Q4, & Q5, = 0 and Q1 = 20 kN
6 2

5 3
20  1 4 1
0  6 0 2 x
0  7   20 kN
Dk =  
B
Qk =  0  3 A
0  8  
   0 4
0  9  0  5 8

9
Notes. 7
The number begin with the unconstrained joint/support followed by constrained joint/support C

CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 11 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)

 Example 1
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 2.
Determine member stiffness matrix, k and Structure stiffness matrix, K = kAB + kBC.

AE 6 (10 − 3 )( 200 )(10 6 ) 4 EI 4 ( 200 )(10 6 )(180 )(10 − 6 )

= = 200 (10 3 ) kN / m = = 24 (10 3 ) kN / m
L 6 L 6

12 EI 12 ( 200 )(10 6 )(180 )(10 − 6 ) 2 EI

=
2 ( 200 )(10 6 )(180 )(10 − 6 )
= 12 (10 3 ) kN / m
= = 2 kN / m
L 3
6 3 L 6

6 EI 6 ( 200 )(10 6 )(180 )(10 − 6 )

2
= 2
= 6 kN / m
L 6

Member AB Member BC

6 −0 0−0 6 −6 −6 −0
λx = = 1; λy = =0 λx = = 0; λy = = −1
6 6 6 6

CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 12 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)

 Example 1
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 2.
Determine member stiffness matrix, kAB and kBC.

Member AB Member BC

4 6 5 1 2 3 1 2 3 7 8 9
 200 0 0 − 200 0 0 4  2 0 6 −2 0 6 1
   
 0 2 6 0 − 2 6 6 0 200 0 0 − 200 0  2
3
 0 6 24 0 − 6 12  5 3
6 0 24 −6 0 12  3
k AB = (10 )   k BC = (10 )  
− 200 0 0 200 0 0 1 − 2 0 −6 2 0 − 67
 0 −2 −6 0 2 − 6 2  0 − 200 0 0 200 0 8
   
 0 6 12 0 − 6 24  3  6 0 12 −6 0 24  9

CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 13 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)

 Example 1
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 3.
Determine the Structure stiffness matrix, K = kAB + kBC.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
 202 0 6 − 200 0 0 −2 0 6 1
 
 0 202 − 6 0 −6 − 2 0 − 200 0 2
 6 −6 48 0 12 6 −6 0 12  3
 
− 200 0 0 200 0 0 0 0 0 4
k = (10 3 ) 0 −6 12 0 24 6 0 0 0 5
 
 0 −2 6 0 6 2 0 0 0 6
 −2 0 −6 0 0 0 2 0 − 6 7
 
 0 − 200 0 0 0 0 0 200 0 8
 6 −6 24  9
 0 12 0 0 0 0

CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 14 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)

 Example 1
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 4.
Writing equation, Q = KD.
Partition between Known and Unknown Forces / Displacement

 20   202 0 6 − 200 0 0 −2 0 6   D1 
   0
0
   202 − 6 0 −6 − 2 0 − 200 0   D2 
0  6 −6 48 0 12 6 −6 0 12   D3 
    
0
  − 200 0 0 200 0 0 0 0 0   D4 
 0  = (10 3 ) 0 −6 12 0 24 6 0 0 0   D5 
    
 6
Q  0 −2 6 0 6 2 0 0 0  0 
Q   −2 0 −6 0 0 0 2 0 − 6  0 
 7
  
Q8   0 − 200 0 0 0 0 0 200 0  0 
Q   6 −6 24   0 
 9  0 12 0 0 0 0

CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 15 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)

 Example 1
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 5.
From equation, Qk = K11(Du) + K12 (Dk), using Matrix multiplication, solve to determine the
value of D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5.

20   202 0 6 − 200 0   D1  0   D1   17.51x10 -3 m 

0  0   D   
   202 − 6 0 − 6   D2  0   2  − 37.47x10 -6
m 
 0  = (10 3 ) 6 − 6 48 0 12   D3  + 0   D3  = − 2.505x10 -3 rad 
          -3 
 0 − 200 0 0 200 0   D4  0  D
 4   17.51x10 m 
 0   0 − 6 12 0 24   D5  0   D5   1.243x10 -3 rad 

From equation, Qu = K21(Du) + K22 (Dk), using Matrix multiplication, solve to determine the
value of Q6, Q7, Q8 and Q9,.
 D1 
Q6  0 −2 6 0 6    0  Q6  − 7.5kN 
Q     D2    Q   
  = (10 3 )− 2
7 0 −6 0 0
 D3  + 0  7 =  − 20kN 
Q8   0 − 200 0 0 0    0  Q8   7.5kN 
     D4       
Q9  6 0 12 0 0
 D5   
0  9 
Q 75kNm 

CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 16 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)

 Example 1
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 6.

Member Internal forces can be determine using eqn. 16.7, q = k’TD where k’ is
defined in eqn. 16.1 and T is defined in eqn. 16.3
 q4   200 0 0 − 200 0 0  1 0 0 0 0 0   17.51x10 -3 m 
     
q
 6  0 2 6 0 − 2 6  0 1 0 0 0 0 0 
 q5  3
 0 6 24 0 − 6 12  0 0 1 0 0 0   1.243x10 rad 
- 3

  = (10 )   
 q1  − 200 0 0 200 0 0  0 0 0 1 0 0   17.51x10 -3 m 
 q2   0 −2 −6 0 2 − 6  0 0 0 0 1 0   − 37.47x10 -6 m 
     
 q3   0 − 6 24  0 0 0 0 0 1 − 2.505x10 rad 
-3
6 12 0

 q4   0 
   
q
 6  − 7.5kN 
 q5   0 
   = 
q
 1  0 
q2   7.5kN 
   
 q3  − 45kNm 
CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 17 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)
 Example 2
(Pulau Pinang)

Determine the loadings at the ends of each member of the frame shown in Figure
(a) below.
Take for both members:
E = 200 GPa
I = 225 x 106 mm4
A = 7500 mm2
50 kN/m

B C

4.5 m

A
6m 6m

(a)

CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 18 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)

 Example 2
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 1.
Number the frame start with unconstrained joint/support. Determine the Known External
Forces and Known External Displacement.
• By inspection, it can be seen that the known external displacement are;
D4=D5= D6=D7= D8=D9 = 0
8
• Also, the known external loads are;
Q1 = 0, Q2 = – 150 kN, and Q3, = – 150 kNm 9
2 50 kN/m
7
3
0  4 1 C
  B
0  5  0 1 4.5 m 5
0  6  
Dk =   Qk = − 150  2 6
0  7 − 150  3
4
0  8 A
  6m 6m
0  9
(b)
Notes.
The number begin with the unconstrained joint/support followed by constrained joint/support

CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 19 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)

 Example 2
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 2.
Determine member stiffness matrix, k and Structure stiffness matrix, K = kAB + kBC.
Member AB

AE ( 7 .5 x10 −3 )( 200 x10 6 ) 4 EI 4 ( 200 x10 6 )( 225 x10 −6 )

= = 200 x10 3 kN / m = = 24 x10 3 kN / m
L 7 .5 L 7 .5

12 EI 12 ( 200 x10 6 )( 225 x10 − 6 ) 2 EI 2 ( 200 x10 6 )( 225 x10 − 6 )

3
= 3
= 1280 kN / m = = 12 x10 3 kN / m
L 7 .5 L 7 .5

6 EI 6 ( 200 x10 6 )( 225 x10 − 6 )

2
= 2
= 4800 kN / m
L 7 .5

6 −0 4.5 − 0
λx = = 0.8; λy = = 0.6
7.5 7.5

CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 20 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)

 Example 2
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 2.
Determine member stiffness matrix, k and Structure stiffness matrix, K = kAB + kBC.
Member BC

AE ( 7 .5 x10 −3 )( 200 x10 6 ) 4 EI 4 ( 200 x10 6 )( 225 x10 −6 )

= = 250 x10 3 kN / m = = 30 x10 3 kN / m
L 6 L 6

12 EI 12 ( 200 x10 6 )( 225 x10 − 6 ) 2 EI 2 ( 200 x10 6 )( 225 x10 − 6 )

3
= 3
= 2500 kN / m = = 15 x10 3 kN / m
L 6 L 6

6 EI 6 ( 200 x10 6 )( 225 x10 − 6 )

2
= 2
= 7500 kN / m
L 6

12 − 6 4.5 − 4.5
λx = = 1; λy = =0
6 6

CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 21 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)

 Example 2
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 3.
Determine member stiffness matrix, kAB and kBC.
4 5 6 1 2 3
 128.46 95.39 − 2.88 − 128.46 − 95.39 − 2.88  4
 95.39 72.82 3.84 − 95.39 − 72.82 3.84  5

 − 2.88 3.84 24 2.88 − 3.84 12  6
Member AB k AB = (103 )  
− 128.46 − 95.39 2.88 128.46 95.39 2.88  1
 − 95.39 − 72.82 − 3.84 95.39 72.82 − 3.84  2
 
 − 2.88 3.84 12 2.88 − 3.84 24  3

1 2 3 7 8 9

 250 0 0 − 250 0 0 1
 0 2.5 7.5 0 − 2.5 7.5 2
 
3
 0 7.5 30 0 − 7.5 15  3
Member BC k BC = (10 )  
 − 250 0 0 250 0 0 7
 0 − 2.5 − 7.5 0 2.5 − 7.5  8
 
 0 7.5 15 0 − 7.5 30  9

CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 22 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)

 Example 2
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 4.
Determine the Structure stiffness matrix, K = kAB + kBC.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
 378.46 95.39 2.88 − 128.46 − 95.39 2.88 − 250 0 0 1
 95.39 75.32 3.66 − 95.39 − 72.82 − 3.84 0 − 2.5 7.5 2
 
 2.88 3.66 54 − 2.88 3.84 12 0 − 7.5 15  3
 
− 128.46 − 95.39 − 2.88 128.46 95.39 − 2.88 0 0 0 4
k = (10 3 ) − 95.39 − 72.82 3.84 95.39 72.82 3.84 0 0 0 5
 
 2.88 − 3.84 12 − 2.88 3.84 24 0 0 0 6
 − 250 0 0 0 0 0 250 0 0 7
 
 0 − 2.5 − 7.5 0 0 0 0 2.5 − 7.5 8
 0 − 7.5 30  9
 7.5 15 0 0 0 0

CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 23 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)

 Example 2
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 5.
Writing equation, Q = KD.
Partition between Known and Unknown Forces / Displacement

 0   378.46 95.39 2.88 − 128.46 − 95.39 2.88 − 250 0 0   D1 

 − 150   95.39 75.32 3.66 − 95.39 − 72.82 − 3.84 0 − 2.5 7.5   D2 
  
 − 150   2.88 3.66 54 − 2.88 3.84 12 0 − 7.5 15   D3 
    
 Q4  − 128.46 − 95.39 − 2.88 128.46 95.39 − 2.88 0 0 0  0 
 Q5  = (10 3 ) − 95.39 − 72.82 3.84 95.39 72.82 3.84 0 0 0  0 
    
 Q6   2.88 − 3.84 12 − 2.88 3.84 24 0 0 0  0 
 Q   − 250 0 0 0 0 0 250 0 0  0 
 7
   
Q8 − 150   0 − 2.5 − 7.5 0 0 0 0 2.5 − 7.5  0 
Q + 150   − 7.5 30   0 
 9   0 7.5 15 0 0 0 0

CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 24 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)

 Example 2
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 6.
From equation, Qk = K11(Du) + K12 (Dk), using Matrix multiplication, solve to determine the
value of D1, D2 and D3.

 0  378.46 95.39 2.88   D1  0   D1   0.000719m 

 − 150  = (10 3 ) 95.39 75.32 3.66   D  + 0   D  =  − 0.002775m 
    2     2  
 − 150   2.88 3.66 54   D3  0   D3  − 0.00263rad 

From equation, Qu = K21(Du) + K22 (Dk), using Matrix multiplication, solve to determine the
value of Q4, Q5, Q6, Q7, Q8 and Q9,.

 Q4  − 128.46 − 95.39 − 2.88  0  Q4   179.919kN 

 Q   − 95.39 − 72.82 3.84  0  Q   123.391kN 
 5    D1     5  
 Q6  3
 2.88 − 3.84 12    0  Q6   − 18.833kNm 
  = (10 )   D2  +    = 
 Q7   − 250 0 0  0
 D3   
Q
 7  − 179.75kN 
Q8 − 150   0 − 2.5 − 7.5  0  Q8   176.663kN 
         
Q9 + 150   0 7.5 15  0  Q9  − 210.263kNm

CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 25 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)

 Example 2
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 7.

Member AB Internal forces can be determine using eqn. 16.7, q = k’TD where k’ is
defined in eqn. 16.1 and T is defined in eqn. 16.3
q4   200 0 0 − 200 0 0   0.8 0.6 0 0 0 0  0 
q   0 1.28 4.8 0 − 1.28 4.8   − 0.6 0.8 0 0 0 0   0 
  5    
q6  3
 0 4.8 24 0 − 4.8 12   0 0 1 0 0 0   0 
  = (10 )   
 q1  − 200 0 0 200 0 0  0 0 0 0.8 0.6 0  0.000719m 
 q2   0 − 1.28 − 4.8 0 1.28 − 4.8   0 0 0 − 0.6 0.8 0 − 0.002775m 
 
     
 q3   0 4.8 12 0 − 4.8 24   0 0 0 0 0 1 − 0.00263rad 

q4   217.96kN 
q   − 9.230kN 
 5  
q6   − 18.833kNm 
 = 
q
  
1 − 217.96kN 
q2   9.23kN 
   
 q3  − 50.393kNm 

CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 26 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)

 Example 2
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 7.

Member BC Internal forces can be determine using eqn. 16.7, q = k’TD + q0 where
k’ is defined in eqn. 16.1 and T is defined in eqn. 16.3
 q1   250 0 0 − 250 0 0  1 0 0 0 0 0   0.000719m   0 
q   0 2.5 7.5 0 − 2.5 7.5  0 1 0 0 0 0   − 0.002775m   150kN 
  2  
 q3  3
 0 7.5 30 0 − 7.5 15  0 0 1 0 0 0  − 0.00263rad   150kNm 
  = (10 )   + 
 q7  − 250 0 0 250 0 0  0 0 0 1 0 0 0   0 
 q8   0 − 2.5 − 7.5 0 2.5 − 7.5  0 0 0 0 1 0 0   150kN 
       
 q9   0 7.5 15 0 − 7.5 30  0 0 0 0 0 1  0  − 150kNm 

 q1   179.75kN 
q   123.338kN 
 2  
 q3   50.288kNm 
 = 
q
 7  − 179.75kN 
q8   176.663kN 
   
q9  − 210.263kNm 
CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 27 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)
 Example 3
(Pulau Pinang)

Determine the reactions at support A and C of the 2-member frame shown in

Figure (a). Ignore the axial effects in the frame. Take for both members:
E = 200 GPa
I = 180 x 106 mm4
A = 6000 mm2 6 2

6m 5 3

20 kN 4 1
A
20 kN
B B
A

6m

9
C
7
(a) (b)
C

CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 28 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)

 Example 3
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 1.
Since the beam has been numbered, determine the Known External Forces and Known
External Displacement. y
6 2

5 3
4 1
4 0  4
3 2 0  5
Dk =  
20 kN
1 1
A
B x 0  6
20 kN  
A
B 0  7
8

9
6
7
(a)
C
7 20  1
(b) 5 Qk =  0  2
Notes. C
Refer to figure (a). Since axial effects in the frame is ignored, no. 2 is not required (no
 0  3
deformation for member BC). No. 4 is equal to No. 1 (Member AB is tend to move
horizontally to the right with the same ∆). Therefore the frame need to renumber as in
figure (b).
CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 29 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)
 Example 3
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 2.
Determine member stiffness matrix, k and Structure stiffness matrix, K = kAB + kBC.

12 EI 12 ( 200 )(10 6 )(180 )(10 −6 )

3
= 3
= 2 kN / m
L 6
6 EI 6 ( 200 )(10 6 )(180 )(10 − 6 )
2
= 2
= 6 kN / m
L 6
4 EI 4 ( 200 )(10 6 )(180 )(10 − 6 )
= = 24 (10 3 ) kN / m
L 6
2 EI 2 ( 200 )(10 6 )(180 )(10 − 6 )
= = 12 (10 3 ) kN / m
L 6
Member AB Member BC

6 −0 0−0 6 −6 −6 −0
λx = = 1; λy = =0 λx = = 0; λy = = −1
6 6 6 6

CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 30 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)

 Example 3
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 2.
Determine member stiffness matrix, k and Structure stiffness matrix, K = kAB + kBC.
Member AB
0 0 0 0 0 1
0
0 2 6 0 − 2 6  −

0 6 24 0 − 6 12  2 2 6 0 0 −2 0 6 1
= (103 ) 
k AB
0 0 0 0 0 0 1
  6 48 12 −6 −6 0 12  2
0 − 2 − 6 0 2 − 6 4 
   0 12 24 −6 0 0 0 3
0 6 12 0 − 6 24  3
3  
k = (10 ) 0 − 6 −6 2 0 0 0 4
Member BC
− 2 − 6 0 0 2 0 − 6 5
2 0 6 −2 0 6 1  
0 0 0 0 0 0  − 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6

6 12  2  −6 0 24  7
k BC = (103 ) 
0 24 −6 0

 6 12 0 0
− 2 0 −6 2 0 −6 5
0 0 0 0 0 0 6
 
 6 0 12 −6 0 24  7

CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 31 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)

 Example 3
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 4.
Writing equation, Q = KD.
Partition between Known and Unknown Forces / Displacement

 20  2 6 0 0 −2 0 6   D1 
0  6 48 12 −6 −6 0 12   D2 
  
0  0 12 24 −6 0 0 0   D3 
  3   
Q4  = (10 ) 0 − 6 −6 2 0 0 0  0 
Q5  − 2 − 6 0 0 2 0 − 6  0 
    
Q6  0 0 0 0 0 0 0  0 
Q   6 12 −6 24   0 
 7  0 0 0

CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 32 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)

 Example 3
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 5.
From equation, Qk = K11(Du) + K12 (Dk), using Matrix multiplication, solve to determine the
value of D1, D2, and D3.

20   2 6 0   D1  0   D1   0.0175m 
 0  = (10 3 )6 48 12   D  + 0   D  = − 0.0025rad 
    2     2  
 0  0 12 24   D3  0   D3   0.00125rad 

From equation, Qu = K21(Du) + K22 (Dk), using Matrix multiplication, solve to determine the
value of Q4, Q5, Q6 and Q7,.

Q4   0 −6 −6 0  Q4   7.5kN 

Q  − 2 − 6   D1    Q  − 20kN 
 5  = (10 3 ) 0    0 
D2  +  5 =  
Q6  0 0 0   0  Q6   0 
     D3       
Q7   6 12 0  0  Q
 7  75kNm 
CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 33 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)
 (Pulau Pinang)

Review
Problems

CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 34 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)

 Problem 1
(Pulau Pinang)

CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 35 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)

 Problem 2
(Pulau Pinang)

CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 36 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)

 References
(Pulau Pinang)

Hibbeler R.C, (2012), “Structural Analysis, 8th Edition in S.I. Units”, Pearson,
Singapore
Hibbeler R.C, (2009), “Structural Analysis, 7th Edition in S.I. Units”, Pearson,
Singapore
Hibbeler R.C, (2006), “Structural Analysis, 6th Edition in S.I. Units”, Pearson,
Singapore
UiTM Structural Division (2003), “Basic Structural Analysis”, Cerdik
Publications Sdn. Bhd.
UiTM Structural Division (2003), “Basic Structural Mechanics”, Cerdik
Publications Sdn. Bhd.
Goh, C. H. et. al. (2012), “Problem and Solution on Stiffness Method for
Structures”, UiTM Press.

CES 521 - INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 37 of 37 Topic 2 – Stiffness Method (Frame)