DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY

SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

21PYB101J-Electromagnetic Theory, Quantum Mechanics, Waves

and Optics

Module I

Faraday’s Law and Ampere’s Law statement and Explanation

 Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic induction

Michael Faraday found that whenever there is a change in magnetic

flux linked with a circuit, an emf is induced resulting a flow of current in
the circuit. The magnitude of the induced emf is directly proportional to
the rate of change of magnetic flux.

Lenz’s rule gives the direction of the induced emf which states that
the induced current produced in a circuit always in such a direction that it
opposes the change or the cause that produces it.
By combining Lenz’s rule with Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, the
induced emf can be written as,

d
induced emf (e)  
dt

where d is the change magnetic flux linked with a circuit in a time dt second.
 Ampere’s circuital law
It states that the line integral of the magnetic field (vector B) around any closed
path or circuit is equal to μ0 (permeability of free space) times the total current (I)
threading through the closed circuit. Mathematically,
 Ampere’s circuital law

 

 B. dl   I 0

It may be noted that the magnitude of the magnetic field at a point on the
circular path changes with the change in radius of the circular path but
the line integral of vector B over any closed path will be independent of
its radius i.e. equal to μ0 times the current threading the circle.
 DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY
SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

21PYB101J-Electromagnetic Theory, Quantum Mechanics, Waves

and Optics

Module I Lecture-9

Maxwell Equations
 Maxwell Equations
Maxwell’s equations combine the fundamental laws of electricity and
magnetism and are of profound importance in the analysis of most
electromagnetic wave problems. The behaviour of electromagnetic
fields is studied with the help of a set of equations given by Maxwell
and hence called Maxwell’s equations. These equations are the
mathematical abstractions of certain experimentally observed facts
and find their application to all sorts of problem in electromagnetism.
Maxwell’s equations are derived from Ampere’s law, Faraday’s law
and Gauss law. They are listed in the Table
Table: Maxwell’s Equations
 DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY
SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

21PYB101J-Electromagnetic Theory, Quantum Mechanics, Waves

and Optics

Module I Lecture-10

Solving Problems
1. Determine the current density when 40 Amperes of current is flowing through the
battery in a given area of 10 m2.

Solution:
It is given that,
I = 40 A,
Area = 10 m2
The current density formula is given by,
J=I /A
J = 40 / 10
J = 4 A/m2.
2. A 5 mm2 copper wire has a current of 5 mA of current flowing through it. Determine
the current density.

Solution

Given:

Total Current I is 5 mA

Total Area A is 5 mm2

The Current density J = I / A

J = 5×10−3 / 5×10−3

J = 1 A/m2
3. The magnetic flux through the loop is ΦB = 6t2 + 7t, where ΦB is in milliwebers and t
is in seconds. What is the magnitude of the emf induced in the loop when t = 2.0 s?
Solution
Given:
ΦB = 6t2 + 7t
t = 2.0 s
Induced emf e = -dΦ/dt
e = d/dt(6t2 + 7t)
e = -(12t+7) mWb/s
At t = 2s
e = -{(12×2)+7} mWb/s
e = -31× 10-3 (Wb/s) mV
4. Show the equation of continuity div J+dρ/dt = 0 is contained in Maxwell’s equation.
According to Maxwell’s fourth equation,
Curl H = J+dD/dt
Taking divergence on both sides
div (curl H)=div (J+dD/dt)
div (curl H)=0
div (J+dD/dt) = 0 or
divJ+ d/dt(divD)=0
From Maxwell’s first equation
divD = ρ,
Where ρ is the surface charge density.
divJ +dρ/dt = 0
 DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY
SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

21PYB101J-Electromagnetic Theory, Quantum Mechanics, Waves

and Optics

Module I Lecture-13

Maxwell’s equations in free space, Characteristics impedance

Maxwell’s equations in free space
Maxwell’s equations in free space
Maxwell’s equations in free space

18PYB101J Module-I Lecture-13

Characteristics impedance
Characteristics impedance
Characteristics impedance