Name: Azariah Barrett Date: February 5, 2024

Experiment #9 Title: Inverting Amplifier (Simulation)

Aim: Using Multisim Live simulator to determine the effect of negative feedback
on the gain and bandwidth of an operational amplifier
Apparatus: computer with internet connection
Diagram:

Procedure:
1. The Multisim window was opened to show a panel showing the circuit
setup, and an adjacent panel showing the circuit’s input and output.
2. The left panel was used to build the circuit as shown in the diagram, and
the values for the voltage and frequency were set to 400V and 100 Hz
respectively.
3. The program was run, and the right panel was used to view the input and
output waveforms generated due to the circuit. The cursors on the screen
were moved to the crests of each waveform to find the value for the input
voltage (which did not change throughout the experiment) and the output
voltage.
4. After this, the frequency value was changed, increasing by powers of ten up
until 1,000,000 (106), and the value for the output voltage was recorded
with each change in the frequency.

Results/Observations:
TABLE SHOWING INPUT VOLTAGE, OUTPUT VOLTAGE, VOLTAGE GAIN,
FREQUENCY, LOG OF FREQUENCY, AND LOG OF VOLTAGE GAIN
Input Output Voltage Frequency/ Log of Log of
Voltage Voltage Gain Hz Frequency Voltage
(Vin) (Vout) (Vout/Vin) Gain

0.396 4.01 10.13 100 2 1.01

0.396 4.01 10.13 1,000 3 1.01

0.396 4.01 10.13 10,000 4 1.01

0.396 1.07 2.70 100,000 5 0.43

0.396 0.09 0.23 1,000,000 6 -0.64

Discussion:
The results for this experiment were very similar to that of the practical
experiment, where a real inverting amplifier was used. The output voltage, and
hence the voltage gain, remained constant with increasing frequency, until
100,000 Hz was reached. At that point, the values began decreasing. This was
essentially the same for the practical experiment.

Sources of Error:
1. Each time the cursor was moved to find a value for the voltage, the number
was never exact.
2. The simulation was likely to have simulated an ideal op-amp, as opposed to
a real one, which would lead to discrepancies between the practical and
simulation values.
3. Human error, where the incorrect values may have been input.

Precautions:
1. A stable internet connection was ensured.
2. The circuit was constructed in the simulation exactly how it would have
been in the practical experiment.
3. All the values were carefully checked before running the simulation.

Conclusion:
The experiment showed that the effect of negative feedback on an inverted
amplifier reduced both the voltage gain and the magnitude of the output voltage
when frequencies of 100,000 Hz and over were introduced.