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Anatomy of The Urinary System
Anatomy of The Urinary System
By
Dr. Ndukui James
For: BSc. Nursing
Urinary System
Kidney
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra
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Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
Describe the gross structure of the kidney.
Name the parts of the urinary system and discuss the function of each part
Describe structure of a nephron and explain how its components are oriented
within the kidney.
Describe the position of cortical and juxta-medullary nephrons with respect to the
gross structure of the kidney.
Describe the location, structure, and function of the ureters.
Describe the gross and histological structure and the innervation of the urinary
bladder.
Describe the micturition reflex.
Compare and contrast the structure of the male urethra with that of the female.
Name the common diagnoses, clinical procedures, and laboratory tests used in
treating disorders of the urinary system
Urethra Ureters
Meatus
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Kidneys
Kidneys
The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located in the retroperitoneal portion of the
abdominal cavity on either side of the vertebral column.
•To retain essential substances the body needs in the process called reabsorption
• I. Kidneys
• The kidneys perform the
following functions:
excretion of urea (from
amino acid breakdown),
uric acid (nucleic acid
turnover), and creatine
(from creatine phosphate
breakdown). It also
disposes of waste and
excess ions, it regulates
blood volume and its
chemical make up, it
affects blood pressure
and red blood cell
formation
(erythropoetin- hormone
to stimulate blood
production). People can
survive with just one
kidney.
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•Cortex hilum
-outer protective portion
•Medulla
-inner soft portion
•Hilum
-a depression located in the middle of the concave side
of the kidney where blood vessels, nerves, and the
ureters enter and exit the kidneys cortex
Urine Production
Urine is produced by filtration of:
•water •sugar •creatine
•salts •urea •uric acid
Each kidney contains more than 1 million nephrons which are the functional units of
the kidneys.
The glomerulus filters fluid from the blood, and is the first place where urine is
formed in the kidneys.
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Flow of Urine
Flow of Urine
Nephron
glomerulus
Renal artery
renal tubules
Renal vein
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Ureters
Ureters
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Urinary Bladder
Urinary bladder Urinary Bladder
Ureter •Hollow, muscular organ that stores urine
•Sphincter muscles hold the urine in place
•Holds 300 to 400 milliliters of urine before
emptying
•Walls contain epithelial tissue that stretch
to allow the bladder to hold twice its
capacity
•The trigone is a triangular area at the
base of the bladder where the ureters
Prostate
enter and the urethra exits
gland
Urethra
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Urethra
Urethra
A tube of smooth muscle with a mucous lining that carries urine from the bladder
to the outside of the body.
•
• A. Gross anatomy
• 1. Location and external
anatomy - The kidneys
appear to be bean shape,
both the left and right
kidney lie against the
posterior abdominal wall
above the ilium and are
protected by the lower two
ribs. The renal hilus is the
location where blood
vessels and nerves enter
the kidney. Superior to
each kidney is the adrenal
gland.
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• 2. Internal gross anatomy- The following features can be seen with the
naked eye in dissection. The most superficial region is the renal cortex
which is lighter in color than the deeper region called the renal medulla. The
renal medulla is divided into sections called renal pyramids, the renal
columns (extensions of the cortex) lie in between the renal pyramids. The
minor calices collect urine and merge into major calices which are branches
that converge to form the renal pelvis (superior part of the ureter). The renal
pelvis joins the ureter.
The kidney. (a) The anterior surface and (b) a coronal section.
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A color-enhanced radiograph of the calyces and renal pelvises of the kidneys, the ureters, and
the urinary bladder. (Note the position of the kidneys relative to the vertebral column and ribs.)
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• 3. Gross vasculature and nerve supply- The kidneys have a rich blood
supply (see figure 23.3, 23.9, 23.10 for summary). The largest blood
vessels are the renal arteries and veins. They eventually become
segmental arteries, then lobar, then interlobar. They narrow more and
become arcuate, they are called interlobular ateries again and finally reach
the nephron as affarent and efferent arterioles. They then wrap around the
nephron as pritubular capillaries and vasa recta. As this point they are
veins and have the same names as the ateries: interlobular, arcuate, and
renal vein. The renal plexus serves the nerves supply of the kidney carrying
autonomic NS fibers. The sympathetic fibers control the diameters of the
kidney arteries and influence uriniferous tubules.
•3. Gross vasculature and nerve supply- The kidneys have a rich blood supply
(see figure 23.9 for summary). The largest blood vessels are the renal arteries
and veins. They eventually become segmental arteries, then lobar, then
interlobar. They narrow more and become arcuate, they are called interlobular
ateries again and finally reach teh nephron as affarent adn efferent arterioles.
They then wrap aroudn the nephron as pritubular capillaries and vasa recta. As
this point they are veins and have the amse as teh ateries: interlobular, arcuate,
and renal vein. The renal plexus serves the nerves supply of the kidney
carrying autonomic NS fibers. The sympathetic fibers control the diameters of
the kidney arteries and influence uriniferous tubules.
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• c. Tubular section-connecting to
the renal corpuscle are the tubules
responsible for reabsorption and
secretion. First is the proximal
convoluted tubule (cortical
nephron) it is surrounded by
peritubular capillaries. The
proximal convoluted tubule goes
into a long loop called the Loop of
Henle. There is a descending and
ascending limb. The ascending
limb connects to the distal
convoluted tubule which connects
to the collecting tubules. Blood
vessels in the Loop of Henle are
called vasa recta, they are
involved in concentrating urine.
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• 3. Collecting tubules-
these collect urine from
several nephrons and run
into the medulla where
they merge with other
collecting tubules to form
papillary ducts that empty
into minor calyces. When
the body dehydrates the
collecting tubules become
more permeable and allow
water to be reabsorbed,
reducing urine volume and
increasing its
concentration.
• .
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