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Anatomy of Nervous System-Dr. Ndukui
Anatomy of Nervous System-Dr. Ndukui
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Objectives
• Name the major divisions of the nervous system, both anatomical and
functional
• Describe the functional and structural differences between gray matter and
white matter structures
• Name the parts of the multipolar neuron in order of polarity
• List the types of glial cells and assign each to the proper division of the
nervous system, along with their function(s)
• Categorize the major neurotransmitters by chemical type and effect
• Identify the anatomical and functional divisions of the nervous system
• List the basic functions of the nervous system
• Describe the basic structure of a neuron
• Identify the different types of neurons on the basis of polarity
• List the glial cells of the CNS and describe their function
• Name the major regions of the adult nervous system
• Locate regions of the cerebral cortex on the basis of anatomical landmarks
common to all human brains
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Together, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous systems (PNS)
transmit and process sensory information and coordinate bodily functions.
The brain and spinal cord (the CNS) function as the control center.
They receive data and feedback from the sensory organs and from nerves throughout the body,
process the information, and send commands back out.
Nerve pathways of the PNS carry the incoming and outgoing signals.
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Figure 7.1
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Figure 7.1
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Figure 7.1
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Figure 7.2
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Oligodendrocytes
(CNS)
Produce myelin
sheath around
nerve fibers in the
central nervous
system Figure 7.3d
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Figure 7.3e
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Neuron Anatomy
Cell body
Nucleus
Large
nucleolus
Figure 7.4a
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Neuron Anatomy
Extensions
outside the cell
body
Dendrites –
conduct
impulses toward
the cell body
Axons – conduct
impulses away
from the cell
body (only 1!)
Figure 7.4a
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Schwann cells –
produce myelin
sheaths in jelly-roll
like fashion
Nodes of Ranvier –
gaps in myelin
sheath along the
axon
Figure 7.5
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Application
• In Multiple Scleroses the myelin sheath is
destroyed.
• The myelin sheath hardens to a tissue called
the scleroses.
• This is considered an autoimmune disease.
• Why does MS appear to affect the muscles?
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Functional Classification of
Neurons
Sensory (afferent) neurons
Carry impulses from the sensory receptors
Cutaneous sense organs
Proprioceptors – detect stretch or tension
Motor (efferent) neurons
Carry impulses from the central nervous
system
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7.14a
Functional Classification of
Neurons
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Neuron Classification
Figure 7.6
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Figure 7.8a
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Figure 7.8b
Figure 7.8c
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Nerve Impulses
• Definition—self-propagating wave of
electrical disturbance that travels along the
surface of a neuron membrane; sometimes
called action potentials
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Nerve Impulses
• Mechanism
– At rest, the neuron’s membrane is slightly
positive on the outside—polarized—from a
slight excess of Na+ on the outside
– A stimulus triggers the opening of Na+
channels in the plasma membrane of the neuron
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Nerve Impulses
• Mechanism
– Inward movement of Na+ depolarizes the membrane by
making the inside more positive than the outside at the
stimulated point; this depolarization is a nerve impulse
(action potential)
– The stimulated section of membrane immediately
repolarizes, but by that time the depolarization has
already triggered the next section of membrane to
depolarize, thus propagating a wave of electrical
disturbances (depolarizations) all the way down the
membrane
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The Synapse
• Definition—the place where impulses are
transmitted from one neuron to another (the
postsynaptic neuron)
• Synapse made of three structures—synaptic knob,
synaptic cleft, and plasma membrane
• Neurotransmitters bind to specific receptor
molecules in the membrane of a postsynaptic
neuron, opening ion channels and thereby
stimulating impulse conduction by the membrane
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The Synapse
• Names of neurotransmitters—acetylcholine,
catecholamines (norepinephrine, dopamine, and
serotonin), endorphins, enkephalins, nitric oxide
(NO), and other compounds
• Parkinson disease (PD)—characterized by
abnormally low levels of dopamine in motor
control areas of the brain; patients usually exhibit
involuntary trembling and muscle rigidity
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Parkinsonism. Parkinsonism is a
syndrome typically found in individuals
with Parkinson disease (PD). The signs
include (but are not limited to) rigidity
and trembling of the head and
extremities, a forward tilt of the trunk,
and a shuffling gait with short steps
and reduced arm swinging.
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Depolarization – a
stimulus depolarizes the
neuron’s membrane
A deploarized
membrane allows
sodium (Na+) to flow
inside the membrane
The exchange of ions
initiates an action
potential in the neuron
Figure 7.9a–c
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The impulse
continues to move
toward the cell body
Impulses travel
faster when fibers
have a myelin
sheath
Figure 7.9c–e
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Figure 7.10
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Figure 7.11a
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Figure 7.11b, c
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Cerebral
hemispheres
Diencephalon
Brain stem
Cerebellum Figure 7.12
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Paired (left
and right)
superior parts
of the brain
Include more
than half of
the brain
mass
Figure 7.13a
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The surface
is made of
ridges (gyri)
and grooves
(sulci)
Figure 7.13a
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Figure 7.15a
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Figure 7.14
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Figure 7.13c
Gray matter
Outer layer
Composed
mostly of neuron
cell bodies
Figure 7.13a
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White matter
Fiber tracts
inside the gray
matter
Example:
corpus callosum
connects
hemispheres
Figure 7.13a
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Diencephalon
Diencephalon
Figure 7.15
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Thalamus
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Hypothalamus
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Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
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Brain Stem
Brain Stem
Figure 7.15a
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Midbrain
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Pons
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Medulla Oblongata
The lowest part of the brain stem
Merges into the spinal cord
Includes important fiber tracts
Contains important control centers
Heart rate control
Blood pressure regulation
Breathing
Swallowing
Vomiting
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Cerebellum
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Cerebellum
Figure 7.15a
Figure 7.16a
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Figure 7.16a
Meninges
Dura mater
Double-layered external covering
Periosteum – attached to surface of the
skull
Meningeal layer – outer covering of the
brain
Folds inward in several areas
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Meninges
Arachnoid layer
Middle layer
Web-like
Pia mater
Internal layer
Clings to the surface of the brain
Cerebrospinal Fluid
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Figure 7.17a
Figure 7.17b
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Spinal Cord
Extends from the
medulla oblongata to
the region of T12
Below T12 is the cauda
equina (a collection of
spinal nerves)
Enlargements occur in
the cervical and lumbar
regions
Figure 7.18
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Figure 7.19
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Figure 7.19
Figure 7.19
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Figure 8-25(a)
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Figure 8-25(b)
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Figure 8-26
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Dorsal Sensation
Arrival of Activation of a root relayed to
stimulus and sensory neuron the brain by
activation of collateral
receptor
REFLEX
Receptor ARC
Stimulus
Effector Ventral
root Information
processing
in CNS
Response Activation of a
by effector motor neuron
KEY
Sensory neuron
(stimulated)
Excitatory
interneuron
Motor neuron
(stimulated)
Figure 8-27
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Arrival of
stimulus and
activation of
receptor
Stimulus
Figure 8-27
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Dorsal
Arrival of Activation of a root
stimulus and sensory neuron
activation of
receptor
Receptor
Stimulus
KEY
Sensory neuron
(stimulated)
Figure 8-27
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Dorsal Sensation
Arrival of Activation of a root relayed to
stimulus and sensory neuron the brain by
activation of collateral
receptor
Receptor
Stimulus
Information
processing
in CNS
KEY
Sensory neuron
(stimulated)
Excitatory
interneuron
Figure 8-27
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Dorsal Sensation
Arrival of Activation of a root relayed to
stimulus and sensory neuron the brain by
activation of collateral
receptor
REFLEX
Receptor ARC
Stimulus
Ventral
root Information
processing
in CNS
Activation of a
motor neuron
KEY
Sensory neuron
(stimulated)
Excitatory
interneuron
Motor neuron
(stimulated)
Figure 8-27
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Dorsal Sensation
Arrival of Activation of a root relayed to
stimulus and sensory neuron the brain by
activation of collateral
receptor
REFLEX
Receptor ARC
Stimulus
Effector Ventral
root Information
processing
in CNS
Response Activation of a
by effector motor neuron
KEY
Sensory neuron
(stimulated)
Excitatory
interneuron
Motor neuron
(stimulated)
Figure 8-27
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Spinal
cord
REFLEX
ARC
Contraction
Activation of motor
neuron produces reflex
muscle contraction
Figure 8-29
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Spinal
cord
Figure 8-29
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Spinal
cord
REFLEX
ARC
Contraction
Activation of motor
neuron produces reflex
muscle contraction
Figure 8-29
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Figure 8-30
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Figure 8-31
Figure 8-32
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Table 8-4
Structure of a Nerve
Endoneurium
surrounds each fiber
Groups of fibers are
bound into fascicles
by perineurium
Fascicles are bound
together by
epineurium
Figure 7.20
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Classification of Nerves
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Spinal Nerves
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Spinal Nerves
Figure 7.22a
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Figure 8-33(a)
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Figure 8-34
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Figure 8-35
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Figure 7.25
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Autonomic Functioning
Sympathetic – “fight-or-flight”
Response to unusual stimulus
Takes over to increase activities
Remember as the “E” division = exercise,
excitement, emergency, and
embarrassment
Autonomic Functioning
Parasympathetic – housekeeping
activites
Conserves energy
Maintains daily necessary body functions
Remember as the “D” division - digestion,
defecation, and diuresis
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Quizes ???
• How would you describe hemiplegia, paraplegia, triplegia,
quadriplegia, and spastic paralysis?
• Hemiplegia – spastic paralysis of one side of the body;
paraplegia – paralysis of both legs;
• triplegia – paralysis of both legs and one arm;
• quadriplegia – paralysis of all four extremities; paralysis –
inability to initiate voluntary contractions, may be
accompanied by involuntary contractions of affected muscles.
• What is an EEG? An electroencephalogram is a graphic
representation of brain activity.
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Alzheimer disease (AD). The CT scan on the left shows a horizontal section of a
normal brain. In the CT scan on the right, however, you can see the dark patches in the
cerebral cortex that show damage to brain tissue typical of AD.
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