BACHELOR OF MANAGEMENT WITH HONOURS

JANUARY SEMESTER 2021

OUMH1203
ENGLISH FOR WRITTEN COMMUNICATION

__________________________________________________________________________________

NO. MATRIKULASI : MUHAMMAD SYAFIQ BIN SAPAI

NO. KAD PENGENALAN : 990428115251002

NO. TELEFON : +601 1219 9094

E-MEL : syaiai55@oum.edu.my

PUSAT PEMBELAJARAN : OUM Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu

There is a debate that the most effective way to solve the current traffic and pollution
problems in big cities is by encouraging people to move from the city centre to the
suburbs or the countryside.

Will this solution work in Malaysia? What is your view on this?

Introduction

- Quality of air and heavy traffic are being rapidly regarded as alarming

A viable strategy for reducing air emissions' negative impact on the atmosphere and
human health should be proposed. Each consumer will contribute to air quality and heavy
traffic mitigation by personal lifestyle changes as energy use in transportation, residential
and supply is minimized. Residents are encouraged to migrate from the city centre to the
suburban areas and the countryside. Many solutions can be applied to tackle these issues,
and it will take some time.

I. Optimize the operation of buses.

A. By constructing connector roads that close to as many homes as possible, bus

operators aim to make their services financially viable. This makes it possible to make a five-
mile journey the most pleasant aspect of an hour for travellers.

i. In urban areas, bus routes must be designed to facilitate interchange. Using a

platform or hub-and-spoke is the standard model. All buses arrive in the main bus depot,
and the passengers can transition to another bus. Another model adapted from Oldenburg
in Germany is a ring-and-speak, which runs along a ring path.

II. Substitute for traditional cars for electric cars is also a practical step to minimize air
emissions in urban centres
 A. Prioritizing minimizing exposure to people by reducing pollution, traffic flows and
stimulating electric vehicles' transition. We can see some authorities are making their ways
to use electric cars.

i. Some authorities are making their ways to use electric vehicles such as
University Technology Malaysia (UTM) with the electric bus.

II. Planting tree plants between highways and homes reduce emissions in their homes

A. Public or community transportation is widely recognized as a support mechanism

for maintaining current relationships. But walking, biking and mass transportation are far
more advantageous because it offers much more chances for social contact than for driving.

i. Lengthy pollution avoidance calls on residents to switch to safer and

directionally effective travel modes like walking, cycles, bus, subway and commuter service.

III. Air pollution may originate from natural causes, but pollutants linked to human
activities are the most harmful.

A. Air pollution may originate from natural causes, but pollutants linked to human
activities are the most harmful. In towns, archaeological pollution sources, such as
manufacturing, mines, traffic and more, are usually compounded by local relation to human
concentration.

i. The environmental threads of global climates, such as global warming and local
environmental issues, such as waste management and recycling, impact cities' emissions.

IV. Aeration, which is for air pollution

A. Air pollution is linked to an indoor microenvironment through attempts at

reducing particles pollution from outdoor activities

i. Indoor air quality is influenced by air conditioning, building materials, cleaning

chemicals, and the resident's behaviours like smoking.
V. By encouraging people to move from the city centre to the suburbs or countryside is not
the way to counter all these issues, there are many things to think about and cannot only
move from city to countryside to prevent the pollution and heavy traffic. Our authorities
need to find and participate in collaboration and exchange of information on good practice
for cities with common challenges and handling them. The factors in implementing these
steps can be determined by public awareness and education programmes on air quality and
how to combat it. In city pollutants, there are many aspects of the position of governments
and local authorities.

-
 Today, the quality of air and heavy traffic are being rapidly regarded as alarming. As
a result, for significant environmental and health care professionals, adequate mitigation
measures must be enforced. A viable strategy for reducing air emissions' negative impact on
the atmosphere and human health should be proposed. Specific guidelines were clarified by
distinguishing between the main funders such as citizens, companies and authorities,
environmental sources like transportation, energy production in any home, industry and
technology, agriculture and navigation sectors, and operational areas: urban and extra-
urban context. Each consumer will contribute to air quality and heavy traffic mitigation by
personal lifestyle changes as energy use in transportation, residential and supply is
minimized. In my opinion, it would not solve these issues if residents are encouraged to
migrate from the city centre to the suburban areas and the countryside. Many solutions can
be applied to tackle these issues, and it will take some time. Slowly but surely if every citizen
plays their roles to make Malaysia's environment healthier than now. For an everyday
lifestyle, clean air is necessary because clean air requires a clean atmosphere. Currently, the
country of the wealthy and the medium-sized cities is experiencing environmental health
threats. The increased air quality is consequently attributable to high mortality and
morbidity rate. The primary motivation for improving the transport infrastructure is air
quality. In recent years, several campaigns were introduced to curb automotive pollution
such as increasing public transportation, adhering to gradually strict fuel and car standards,
scrapping old buses, taxis and utilities, and even carrying out inspections.

For weighty traffic issue, the first suggestion that can be applied is to optimize buses'
operation. Since 2008, the number of buses has decreased steadily. There is a violent circle
of termination of subsidies, leading to reduced service that makes utilities less convenient,
such that customer support decreases and requires more service reductions. By
constructing connector roads that close to as many homes as possible, bus operators aim to
make their services financially viable. This makes it possible to make a five-mile journey the
most pleasant aspect of an hour for travellers. The solution is to operate express services at
least in peak hours, like trains along a straight line, with wide spacing stops. A very few of
those that journeys start and finish along the bus route will benefit from a single rural bus
service. The exchange of services with others is vital for more people to use the bus service.
The abovementioned travel hubs will exchange express and conventional rural stop services
supplied by the substation. In urban areas, bus routes must be designed to facilitate
interchange. Using a platform or hub-and-spoke is the standard model: all buses arrive in
the main bus depot, and the passengers can transition to another bus. Another model
adapted from Oldenburg in Germany is a ring-and-speak, which runs along a ring path. This
makes it a significant hub: you can take a bus to some other area of the city somewhere
else. The concept needs to be refined in part by adapting to local and lengthy travel,
respectively.

For several weeks we will live without food. For a couple of days, we will survive
without water. However, we cannot survive for a few minutes without breathing oxygen.
The oxygen that we breathe enters our bloodstream directly. It is also essential that we
ensure that air quality does not exceed the threshold limits. Growing earnings and increased
personal mobility stability, and inadequate transport facilities led to a significant rise in cars'
purchase and use. The serious risk to public health from exposure to pollution is only now
becoming evident, particularly from diesel engines. The development of decreased vehicles
as a substitute for traditional cars for electric cars is also a practical step to minimize air
emissions in urban centres. Cities may take different measures to facilitate electromobility.
Local agencies need to make sure the electric charging stations are readily available for
electric cars. Any cities are now discussing the prospect of using low emission cars for their
car-sharing scheme. Prioritizing minimizing exposure to people by reducing pollution, traffic
flows and stimulating the transition to electric vehicles. We can see some authorities are
making their ways to use electric cars, such as University Technology Malaysia (UTM) with
the electric bus.

It has been shown that planting tree plants between highways and homes reduce
emissions in their homes. We also know that planting trees will allow the world to cool
down. This will function not only in the home, but on the planetary stage. Their ability to go
and their mental health is also related. Social exclusion concerns the aged, the disabled, and
the poor, the unemployed who cannot drive or buy a vehicle. Public or community
transportation is widely recognized as a support mechanism for maintaining current
relationships. But walking, biking and mass transportation are far more advantageous
because it offers much more chances for social contact than for driving. Lengthy pollution
avoidance calls on residents to switch to safer and directionally effective travel modes like
walking, cycles, bus, subway and commuter service. While the quality and the capability of
the road network will improve some satisfaction, it will only be short-term. This is the
inevitable consequence of inducing demand. People can conform to existing road
conditions, choose which route is the fastest and increase driving distances with increased
road speeds. Planning policies to tackle air emissions should also be used for land use. As
their benefits are long-term, land use and connectivity problems should be addressed
immediately in the planning strategy so that their beneficial implications are not delayed
any more. The incorporation of air quality and health issues into land-use planning could
become systemic, such as reducing travel distances and promoting cycling. Cleaner, cleaner
cities would be part of a more comprehensive plan for air quality.

While the idea of urban contamination, mostly air pollution, is not widely agreed
upon, the term refers to the occurrence or incorporation of toxic or dangerous compounds
in urbanized areas. Air pollution may originate from natural causes, but pollutants linked to
human activities are the most harmful. In towns, archaeological pollution sources, such as
manufacturing, mines, traffic and more, are usually compounded by local relation to human
concentration. For example, global climate's environmental threads, such as global warming
and local environmental issues, such as waste management and recycling, impact emissions
in cities. We always focus on authorities and government but do not stress enough the role
of citizens. The United Nations predicts that over three-quarters of the human population
will live in urban areas by 2050 (Muñoz and Cohen 2016). There is a clear correlation
between social intensities and environmental impact because of its growth (Goel 2006). Due
to their size, metropolitan areas can provide a more sustained lifestyle (Muñozand Cohen
2016) and benefit from environmental services savings (UNEP 2017). It starts with their
people's main elements—the most effective means of ensuring that any member of society
faces pollution. Reducing the influence of waste is better if the behaviour of some
component of the population in the city requires minimizing resource inputs. This
perspective covers how individuals operate in their own lives and their work. Local agencies
can only implement public policies intended to reduce or discourage pollution, increase
green businesses and reduce automotive usage if residents are aware of and actively
engaged in such initiatives. Citizens should understand and be ready to believe in the
importance of such services. In other words, it is a vital factor to minimize contamination
that the local organizations promote a culture of biodiversity in the city. In several
developing nations, the condition of air indoors is problematic when buildings are
constructed to be airproof and energy-efficient. Indoor buildings absorb chemicals produced
by heating which refrigeration systems, smoking and evaporation materials and cause
contaminant problems.

Then, the things we can do to counter air pollution in big cities so that people do not
have to move to the countryside because of the pollution is aeration for air pollution,
according to Buonanno (2017), whereby most air pollution is linked to an indoor
microenvironment through attempts at reducing particles pollution from outdoor activities.
Indoor air quality is influenced by air conditioning, building materials, cleaning chemicals,
and the resident's behaviours like smoking. In addition to external exposures, a wide variety
of substances may be concentrated in indoor conditions created by human activities
(Settimo 2015). As a result, air traffic, ventilation, and air conditioning systems, have
become a straightforward way to reduce air emissions in interior spaces, such as households
and common neighbourhoods. It is impossible to make human being near the pollution area
to stop smoking immediately, so this is one way to reduce the air pollution caused by
smoking. Air pollution is a major concern for living thing, organisms wellbeing in most parts
of the world. At all levels of economic growth, air pollution is one of the most serious
environmental challenges in communities. The properties of products such as rubber,
visibility and overall quality of life can also be affected by air pollution. Global growth has
been linked with pollution pollution from both coal and fossil sources for electricity and
transport, resulting in huge amounts of gas and particulate pollution. Once air quality
reduction equipment is adopted by reducing air pollutants, the pollution have been
identified to persist and have produced the same problems. Present attempts have been
partially active in much of the developing world to control both particulate and gaseous
emissions, but recent research indicates that air contamination remains a health problem
even in these somewhat favorable conditions. As a result of other economic and social
interests of economies which are changing rapidly adequate capital cannot be spent in air
pollute management.

In conclusion, encouraging people to move from the city centre to the suburbs or the
countryside is not the way to counter them. There are many things to think about and
cannot only move from city to country to prevent pollution and heavy traffic. Our
authorities need to find and participate in collaboration and exchange of information on
good practice for cities with common challenges and handling them. Communicate the
advantages, cost efficiency and beneficial impacts of various interventions. Stress that they
will improve the standard and save money in our neighbourhood and last emphasizes the
importance of public recognition and commitment. The factors in implementing these steps
can be determined by public awareness and education programmes on air quality and how
to combat it. In city pollutants, there are many aspects of the position of governments and
local authorities. Firstly, municipal councils control emissions caps, construction codes and
specific business management criteria (Fox et al. 2002). Local policies have beneficial
consequences: control of some soil, air and water contaminants, enhancement of air
quality, reduced street to property emissions, pollutant filtration and elimination of
pollutants. However, a significant consideration is the power of local regulatory agencies. In
places where they are consistent and persistently promoted, policies that encourage more
green technology or discourage highly polluting practices are better. Secondly, local
authorities are central players in promoting citizen participation by policies (Bulkeley and
Betsill 2005). When policymakers work on environmental topics, businesses and people are
likely to adopt sustainable management styles and behaviours. Therefore, as state
authorities want to meet globally negotiated goals, localities are essential.
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