PRE CALCULUS WEEK 1 AND 2

An angle is the amount of rotation generated when a ray is rotated about its endpoint.
The initial position of the ray is referred to as the initial side of the angle.
The position of the ray at the end of its rotation is called the terminal side of the angle.
The arrowhead is pointed at the terminal side.
The endpoint of the ray is the vertex of the angle.
An angle is in standard position if it is drawn in the xy-plane with its vertex at the origin and its initial side
on the positive x-axis.

Example 2. Illustrate/draw the following angles in standard position.

a. 45° b. 390° c. 480° d. - 60° e. - 315° f. - 480°

Exercises 1. Determine whether each angle is in standard position or not.

Exercises 2. Illustrate/draw the following angles in standard position. (Use ruler and protractor).
a. 85° b. 230° c. 495° d. - 75° e. - 320° f. - 465°
Example 3. a. Change an angle that measures 45.36° in decimal to minutes and seconds.
Exercises 3. (Show your solutions).
a. Change 89.33° in decimal to minutes and seconds.
b. Change 95°30’36” to decimal.
5
c. Change revolutions to degree and radian measures.
4
d. Change 405° to revolution and radian measures.
13
e. Change π radians to revolution and degree measures.
6

Coterminal Angles
Two angles in standard position that have a common terminal side are called coterminal angles.
Example 4.
A. Determine the measure of the smallest positive angle coterminal with the given angle.
1 2
a. 421° b. π c. - 213° d. - π e. 635°
4 3
B. Find the angle coterminal with - 380° that has measure a. between 0° and 360°, b. between
- 360° and 0°.
5
C. What is the largest negative coterminal angle of a. 120° , b. - 95° ,and c. π ?
6

Exercises 4. A. Determine the measure of the smallest positive angle coterminal with the given angle. (Show
your solutions).
 4 5
a. 27° b. π c. - 349° d. π e. 755°
5 2
7 7
B. What is the largest negative coterminal angle of a. 185° , b. -273° , c. π , d. - π ,and e.
4 3
11
π?
5

Arc Length and Area of a Sector

s=rθ.

Example 5. a. Find the length of an arc of a circle with radius 10 m that subtends a central angle of 30°.
b. A central angle θ in a circle of radius 4 m is subtended by an arc of length 6 m. Find the measure of
θ in radians.
c. Find the radius of a circle if a central angle of 135° intercepts an arc whose length is 2 cm.

Linear velocity is the measure of how fast the arc length, s , is increasing/decreasing.
s
𝒗= or 𝒗 = s/t
t
Angular velocity is the measure of how fast the central angle, θ , is increasing/decreasing.
θ
ω= or ω = θ/t and 𝒗 =r ω
t
d. A calesa with wheels, whose diameter is 1.5 m,is traveling at 24 kph. Find the angular velocity of the wheel
in revolutions per minute.
e. Find the linear velocity at the tip of the minute hand of a clock if the hand is 7 cm long.

Exercises 5.
a. What is the length of an arc of a circle with radius 4 cm that subtends a central angle of 216° ?
π 2
b. An arc of length cm subtends a central angle θ of a circle with radius cm. What is θ in
5 3
degrees ?
c. Find the radius of a circle if a central angle of 108° intercepts an arc of 5 cm.
d. If a flywheel is 1 m in diameter and if a belt over the wheel is rotating at the rate of 1,000 m per
minute,find the number of revolutions of the wheel per minute.
e. Find the linear velocity of the tip of the second hand of the clock if the hand is 30 mm long.

In a circle of radius r, the area A of a sector with a central angle measuring θ radians is (see figure at the right),
1
A = r2 θ .
2
Example 6.
a. Find the area of a sector of a circle with central angle 60° if the radius is 3 m.
b. A sprinkler on a golf course fairway is set to spray water over a distance of 70 feet and rotates
through an angle of 120°. Find the area of the fairway watered by the sprinkler.
c. What is the radius of a circle in which a central angle of 150° determines a sector of area 32 square
inches ?
Solution. θ = 150° ; A = 32 ¿2 ; r = ?
d. In Figure 3.6, AE and BC are arcs of two concentric circles with center at D. If AD = 2 cm,
BD = 8 cm, and ∠ADE = 75°, find the area of the region AECB.
 e. In Figure 3.7, AB and DE are diameters. If AB = 12 cm and ∠AOD = 126°, find the area of the
shaded region.

Exercises 6.
a. Find the area of the sector of a circle whose radius is 5 cm and has a central angle of 150°.
b. A sector of a circle has a central angle of 60° and an area of 4.72 m2. What is the radius of the circle ?
c. What is the area of a sector of a circle with radius 15 cm intercepted by a central angle of 55° ?
d. The segment of a circle is the region bounded by a chord and the arc subtended by the chord. Find the
area of a segment of a circle with a central angle of 120° and a radius of 64 cm.
e. In the figure below, diameter AB of circle O measures 12 cm and arc BC measures 120°. Find the
area of the shaded region.

PRE CALCULUS WEEK 3 AND 4

The reference angle for a given angle is the positive acute angle formed by the terminal side of the given
angle and the x-axis.
Example 1. Find the corresponding reference angle of the given angle and the quadrant
π 5 13
a. 43° b.115° c. 224° d. - 413° e. f. - π g. - π
3 6 5
Exercises 1. For the given angle, determine its corresponding reference angle and the quadrant where it
terminates. (Show your solutions).
23 27 38 π
a. 605° b. - 433° c. -311° d. - π e. π f. -
7 4 5
The terminal point (x,y) is referred to as a trigonometric point which is usually denoted by P(θ) read as “
P of theta ”

Example 2. Each point is on the unit circle. Solve for the unknown.

a. P(θ) = (x ,
3
) , P(θ) is in QI; b. P(θ) = (-
√3 , y ) , π < P(θ) < π or 90° < P(θ) < 180°
5 4 2

3π
c. P(θ) = (x,- 0.75) , P(θ) is in QIII; d. P(θ) = (0.36,y) , < P(θ) < 2 π
2

Exercises 2. Each point is on the unit circle.Solve for the unknown. (Show your solutions).

a. C (x ,
9
), C is in QI c. B (-
5
, y ), π < B <
3π
e. H (x ,
√3 ), - π < H < - 3 π
41 13 2 4 2

b. G (-
√5 , y ), π < G < π d. E (x ,-
3
), E is in QIV
5 2 4
 π
The coordinates of a trigonometric point corresponding to a quadrantal angle (multiples of 90° or )
2
π π π
30° = , 45° = , and 60° = .
6 4 3

Remember. If the terminal side of an angle rotates counterclockwise, an angle is positive; if it rotates
clockwise, an angle it is negative.

Example 3. Give the coordinates of each trigonometric point.

3π 1 7π
a. P(-90°) b. P( - ) c. P(3 π ) d. P(2 π) e. P(- 450°) f. P( )
2 2 2
11π 5π 9π 11π 5π 8π
g. P( ) h. P( - ) i. P( ) j. P( - ) k. P( ) l. P( - )
6 6 4 4 3 3

Exercises 3. Give the coordinates of each trigonometric point.(Use the figures above).
−11π 13 π 13 π 9π
a. P(630°) b. P(-540°) c. P( ) d. P( ) e. P( ) f. P( - )
6 6 4 4

14 π 11π
g. P( ) h. P( - )
3 3
Circular Functions refer to the relationship between the arc length s and the coordinates of its terminal point
(x,y). Recall that in a unit circle, s = θ ; P(θ) = P(s) = (x,y).Hence,
1 1
1. cosine of θ or cosine of s , cosθ or coss = x 4. Secant of θ, secθ = =
cosθ x
1 1
2. sine of θ, sinθ = y 5. Cosecant of θ, cscθ = =
sinθ y
sinθ y cosθ x
3. tangent of θ, tanθ = = 6. Cotangent of θ, cotθ = =
cosθ x sinθ y

Trigonometric Functions refer to the relationship between the included angle θ and sides of a right triangle.
Refer to the figure at the right.
x r
1. cosθ = 4. Secθ =
r x
y r
2. sinθ = 5. Cscθ =
r y
y x
3. tanθ = 6. Cotθ =
x y
Example 4. A. Use reference angle and appropriate sign to find the exact value of each expression.
11π 11π 7π 8π
a. sin and cos b. cos (- ) c. sec 150° d. tan ( )
6 6 3 3
B. 1. Find the six trigonometric functions of the angle θ if the terminal side of θ in standard position
passes through the point (5, - 12)
2. Find the six trigonometric functions of the angle θ if the terminal side of θ in standard position
passes through the point (-15, 20)
Exercises 4. A. Use reference angle and appropriate sign to find the exact value of each expression. (Show
your solutions).
17 π 13 π 23 π
a. cos b. csc (- ) c. tan 330° d. sin (- 135°) e. cot
3 4 6
B. Find the six trigonometric functions of the angle θ if the terminal side of θ in standard position
passes through the point (-8,6). (Express fractions in simplest form).
Example 5. Evaluate the following using scientific calculator.
2π
a. cos 30° b. sin 45° c. tan d. sec (- 0.38) e. cot 187°
3

Exercises 5. Evaluate each expression using scientific calculator. (Show your solutions).
11π −13 π 19 π
a. sin 240° b. tan ( ¿ c. cos (-330°) d. csc ( ) e.sec ( 495°) f. cot (- )
4 3 6