Ceit 2021 22 2 021 Thesis Full Text

ANALYSIS OF HEALTH AND SAFETY PERCEPTIONS OFCONSTRUCTION
WORKERS IN UPLAND, CAVITE DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Undergraduate Capstone
Submitted to the Faculty of the
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Cavite State University
Indang, Cavite
In partial fulfillment
of the requirement for the degree
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
APPLE S. ATERRADO
DANIELLI P. GUTIERREZ
June 2022
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BIOGRAPHICAL DATA
Apple S. Aterrado was born on December 15, 2000 in Indang, Cavite and
currently residing at 216 San Gregorio Street Poblacion 1 Indang, Cavite. She is the
only child of Mr. and Mrs. Aterrado.
The researcher completed her Kindergarten years in Indang Day Care Center,
where she began to shape herself as a young learner. She obtained her elementary
education in Indang Central Elementary School in 2012 and her secondary education
at Lumampong National High School-Indang Annex in 2016. During the same year,
she became an active member of Youth For Christ organization.She finished her senior
high school under the General Academic Strand, with high honors and as an academic
excellence awardee in Lumampong National High School-Calumpang Annex Senior
High School in 2018. She enrolled in the Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
program in 2018 for her tertiary education at Cavite State University Indang, Cavite
She was a member of Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers, Inc. Cavite State
University-Student Chapter.
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BIOGRAPHICAL DATA
Danielli P. Gutierrez was born on November 6, 1999. She currently lives at
335 Everlasting St. Mahabang Kahoy Cerca, Indang, Cavite. Danielli is the second
child among four children of Miguel and Estelita Gutierrez.
She obtained her elementary education at Indang Central Elementary School
in 2012 and her secondary education at Saint Gregory Academy in 2016. She finished
her senior high school year in 2018 under the strand Science, Technology,
Engineering, and Mathematics with honors. In 2018 she enrolled in the Bachelor of
Science in Civil Engineering program at Cavite State University.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to express their sincerest and deepest gratitude to
the following persons who extended their support and help for the completion of the
study:
First of all, to their parents, who gave endless moral and financial support;
Engr. Cene M. Bago, thesis adviser, who had offered the authors her entire
support and direction in completing this study;
Engr. Renato B. Cubilla, technical critic and unit research coordinator, for his
patience and assistance in helping to improve the study;
Panel of evaluators, for their valuable input and suggestions, which helped to
complete and improve the study;
To all the subject professors during this school year, for lending some of their
precious time to the researchers;
To all the Municipal Engineers in Amadeo, Bailen, Indang, Maragondon,
Magallanes, Silang, Tagaytay, and Ternate, Cavite for being approachable and
providing the authors with the data they needed to accomplish the study;
Engr. Herminio Zarco, Engr. Rico Dalmacio, Engr. Wilfredo Javier, AC De Lara
Construction, Mr. Anthony Dolendo, Brgy. Captain Doyet, and to all other contractors,
engineers, and project owners in Upland Cavite, who offered assistance and
permission to the researchers to enter their construction site and collect the data they
needed for the study;
To all the construction workers of the on-going construction projects in
Upland Cavite, for their sincere cooperation in answering the survey questionnaires;
Mrs. Carina P. Ramos, who undoubtedly letting them use the printer to
produce the needed hard copy documents in the study;
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Engr. Eldrick M. Fonollera and Ms. Judith Buena, who helped them analyze
and interpret the results of the study;
To each other’s thesis partner, for giving the trust, support, effort, and good
team work throughout the entire process to finish the research paper;
Above all, to Almighty God Jesus Christ, for the guidance, strength,
intelligence, wisdom and protection He had given to the researchers for this study to
succeed.
THE AUTHORS
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ABSTRACT
ATERRADO, APPLE S., and GUTIERREZ, DANIELLI P. Analysis of Health and

Safety Perceptions of Construction Workers in Upland, Cavite During COVID-19
Pandemic. Undergraduate Thesis. Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering. Cavite
State University, Indang, Cavite. June 2022. Adviser: Engr. Cene M. Bago.
Construction industry was one of the high-risk sectors and was further made
dangerous by the spread of Coronavirus disease. With all the dangers faced by
construction workers, it was important to understand how they perceived their own
health and safety. Generally, the study was conducted to analyze the health and safety
perceptions of construction workers in Upland, Cavite during COVID-19 pandemic.
The study identified the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of age, gender
and location of current construction work, and the perception of construction workers
regarding the health and safety conditions in the construction sites, in terms of
presence of risks and hazards, presence of health and safety procedures, and
implementation of health and safety procedures. The study also identified the health
and safety related critical issues in construction site from the perception of construction
workers in terms of the three stated parameters. Coming from the different on-going
construction projects in the municipalities of Amadeo, General Emilio Aguinaldo,
Indang, Magallanes, Maragondon, Silang, Tagaytay, and Ternate, Cavite, a total of
385 construction workers were selected to participate in the survey.
Results showed that all of the respondents were male, and majority of them
were 22 to 25 years old. Also, most of the respondent’s location of current construction
work was in Indang, Cavite. Moreover, results revealed that the respondents’ health
and safety perception in terms of “Presence of Risk and Hazards in the Construction
Site” indicated low presence of risks and hazards, while the health and safety related
critical issues in construction sites from the perception of construction workers, in terms
of this parameter is the “S2. There are long, loud noises in the construction site in
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which I am constantly exposed to in hours.” obtained the highest mean score of 3.15,
interpreted as neutral. Meanwhile, the respondents’ perception in terms of “Presence
of Health and Safety Procedures in the Construction Site” indicates high presence of
health and safety procedures. Although no critical issue was identified, there was still
an aspect that needed to be focused on such as the one in which many respondents
disagree: “S4. The Company or contractor provides me regular health and safety
seminars and training.”. Lastly, the respondent's perception on the “Implementation of
Health and Safety Procedures in the Construction Site” indicates high implementation
of health and safety procedures. No critical issue was identified but similar to the
second parameter, many respondents disagree to the “Q5. I have undergone the
mandatory 8- hour (occupational safety and health) OSH training in construction site”.
This aspect must be given attention.
It was recommended that contractors must provide and encourage construction
workers to attend training and seminars related to health and safety on construction
sites. Aside from this, noise hazards in construction must be assessed and prioritized
once identified to prevent any accidents from occurring.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
APPROVAL SHEET ……………………………………………………………... ii
BIOGRAPHICAL DATA ………………………………………………………… iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………………………… v
ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………………. vii
LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………….. xi
LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………………………….... xii
LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES ……………………………………………….... xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES………………………………………………………...... xvi
INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………. 1
Statement of the Problem ………………………………………………. 2
Objectives of the Study …………………………………………………. 3
Significance of the Study ……………………………………………….. 4
Scope and Limitations of the Study …………………………………… 5
Theoretical Framework of the Study ………………………………….. 5
Conceptual Framework of the Study ………………………………….. 7
Definition of Terms ………………………………………………………. 8
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ………………………………………... 9
METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………………………….... 18
Research Design ……………………………………………………….... 18
Research Locale ………………………………………………………..... 18
Sources of Data ………………………………………………………...... 19
Participants of the Study ………………………………………………… 19
Sampling Procedure ……………………………………………………... 19
Research Instrument …………………………………………………….. 21
Data Gathering Procedure ………………………………………………. 21
Statistical Treatment of Data ……………………………………………. 23
ix
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ………………………………………………….... 25
Demographic Profile of the Participants …...………………………......... 25
Age …...………………………..................................................... 25
Gender …...………………………................................................ 27
Location of current construction work……………........................ 28
Health and Safety Perceptions of the Participants …………………........ 29
Presence of Risks and Hazards In The Construction Site…....... 29
Presence of Health and Safety Procedures in

the Construction Site. …...………………………................... 32
Implementation of Health And Safety Procedures

in the Construction Site…...………………………................. 35
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION …………………….. 39
Summary ………………………………………………………................... 39
Conclusion ………………………………………………………................ 41
Recommendations ……………………………………………………….... 42
REFERENCES ………………………………………………………..................... 44
APPENDICES ………………………………………………………....................... 48
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Scoring and interpretation of the participants’ perception on

the presence of risks and hazards in the construction site …… 22
2 Scoring and interpretation of the participants’ perception

on the presence of health and safety procedures
in the construction site …………………………………………….. 22
3 Scoring and interpretation of the participants’ perception

on the implementation of health and safety procedures
in the construction site …………………………………………….. 23
4 Demographic profile of the participants in terms of age ………….. 25
5 Demographic profile of the participants in terms of gender …….... 27
6 Location of current construction work of the participants …………. 28
7 Health and safety perceptions in terms of presence of

risks and hazards in the construction site………………………… 29
8 Health and safety perceptions in terms of presence of health

and safety procedures in the construction site………………...…. 32
9 Health and safety perceptions in terms of implementation

of health and safety procedures in the construction site………. 35
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 Gellor’s safety triad…………………………………….………….. 7
2 Conceptual framework of the study…………………………....... 7
3 Map of upland Cavite…………………………….……………….. 19
4 Demographic profile of the participants in terms of age………. 26
5 Demographic profile of the participants in terms of gender…… 27
6 Location of current construction work of the participants.. ……. 28
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LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES
Appendix
Figure Page
1 Data gathering and list of data gathered from

Amadeo, Cavite Engineering Office………………………. 71
2 Data gathering and list of data gathered in

General Emilio Aguinaldo, Cavite Engineering Office…... 71
3 List of data acquired from Indang, Cavite Engineering

Office………………………………………………………….. 72
4 Data gathering in Magallanes, Cavite Engineering

Office ………………………………………………………..... 72
5 Data gathering in Maragondon, Cavite Engineering

Office………………………………………………………….. 73
6 Data gathering and list of data gathered from Silang,

Cavite Bids and Awards Committee…………………….… 73
7 List of data gathered from Tagaytay,City Engineering

Office…………………………………………………………. 74
8 Communication e-mail from Ternate,Cavite Engineering

Office for the data gathering……………………………..… 74
9 Data gathering on the on-going concreting of roads in

Brgy. Talon Amadeo, Cavite…………………………..…… 75
10 Data gathering on the on-going rehabilitation of drainage

system canal in Brgy. Maitim Amadeo, Cavite…………… 75
11 Data gathering on the on-going construction of perimeter

fence in municipal hall of General Emilio Aguinaldo,
Cavite.…………………………………………………………. 75
12 Data gathering on the on-going renovation of session

hall in the municipal hall of General Emilio Aguinaldo,
Cavite ………………………………………………………… 76
13 Data gathering on the on-going construction of two-

storey residential building in Calumpang Cerca Indang,
Cavite.………………………………………………………… 76

storey residential building in Brgy. Tambo Ilaya
Indang, Cavite ……………………………………………….. 76
xiii
storey residential building in Green Valley Subdivi-
sion Indang, Cavite …………………………………………. 77

storey residential building in Brgy. Bancod
Indang, Cavite ………………………………………………… 77

storey residential building in Brgy. Mahabang Kahoy
Indang, Cavite ………………………………………………… 77
18 Data gathering on the on-going construction in Brgy.

Mahabang Kahoy Cerca Indang, Cavite …………………… 78

storey residential building in Brgy. Pulo
Indang, Cavite ………………………………………………… 78
20 Data gathering on the on-going construction of three-

storey residential building in Brgy. Uno
Indang, Cavite ………………………………………………… 78
21 Data gathering on the on-going construction in PLDT

Brgy. Kaytapos Indang, Cavite ..…………………………….. 79

storey residential building in Brgy. Mahabang Kahoy
Cerca Indang, Cavite …………..……………………………… 79
23 Data gathering on the on-going construction com-

mercial building in Brgy. 3 Indang, Cavite …………………… 79
24 Data gathering on the on-going construction of

residential building in Magallanes, Cavite …………..……….. 80

residential building in Maragondon, Cavite …………………… 80
26 Data gathering on the on-going construction of three-

storey New RHU building in Silang, Cavite…………………… 80
27 Data gathering on the on-going construction of retain-

ing wall near new municipal office in Silang, Cavite………….. 81
28 Data gathering on the on-going construction of New

Philippine National Police Office in Silang, Cavite………….… 81

storey residential building in Camella Homes Brgy.
Buho Silang, Cavite Location 1 …………..………….………… 81
xiv


Tagaytay Brewing Corp. Building in Tagaytay City,
Cavite…………………………..…………..………….…………. 83

storey building near Grandmaster Hotel in Calamba
rd. Tolentino West Tagaytay City Cavite…………..…………. 83
34 Data gathering on the on-going construction of Public

Market Extension in Ternate, Cavite…………..………………. 84
35 Data gathering on the on-going construction of Public

Clinic near Municipal hall of Ternate, Cavite…………..…...… 84
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix Page
1 Research Instrument……………………………………………... 49
2 Certificate of Validation…………………………………………... 54
3 Certification of Statistician……………………………….………. 56
4 Certification of English Critic……………………………….……. 58
5 Communication Letters…………………………………….......... 60
6 Documentation……………………………………….…………… 70
7 Sample Answered Questionnaire…………………….…………. 85
8 IATF Guidelines For Construction Industry

During The Data Collection………………….……………… 90
xvi
ANALYSIS OF HEALTH AND SAFETY PERCEPTIONS OF CONSTRUCTION
WORKERS IN UPLAND, CAVITE DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Apple S. Aterrado
Danielli P. Gutierrez
An undergraduate thesis manuscript submitted to the faculty of the College of

Engineering and Information Technology, Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in Civil
Engineering with Contribution No. CEIT 2021-22-2-021. Prepared under the
supervision of Engr. Cene M. Bago.
INTRODUCTION
Construction sites were places that required deliberate and discreet work due
to its ever-changing locations and environments. In fact, construction industry was one
of the high-risk sectors that recorded high-rate of accidents and fatalities every year.
According to ILO (International Labor Organization), there were around 340 million
occupational accidents and 160 million victims of work-related illnesses annually. In
the Philippines, a total of 38,235 occupational accidents occurred in 2017 and 30.2
percent of 20, 797 cases of occupational injuries affected mostly plant and machine
operators and assemblers (Philippine Statistics Authority, n.d.). Additionally, in a study
conducted by Lu, Jinky Leilanie (2021), it was reported that in the Philippines, more
than 2 million Filipinos were employed in the construction sector, and it showed that
between 1,986 to 3,032 cases of occupational injuries were related to the construction
work hence, construction was indeed a hazardous industry. The danger in the
construction sector was further made worse by the Coronavirus disease that quickly
spread around the world making it difficult for all the industries including construction
to proceed with normal work.

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Early research suggested that construction workers were five times more likely
than the general public to contract COVID-19, adding to the list of risks that they took
to provide an essential service in building new structures (BigRentz, Inc., 2021). In
order to provide and foster a safer and healthy working environment than the current
scenario on a construction site, preventive measures against occupational diseases
were critical. However, some workers may not be fully aware of the workplace safety
regulations, or they may not be fully equipped to handle unforeseen circumstances
brought by the pandemic.
Among all the employees that were involved in construction, construction
laborers or field workers were at great exposure to hazards and safety risks. Health
and safety hazards and risks were raised even more when they had a general lack of
understanding or when safety laws and regulations were not strictly followed. Although
construction professionals had made attempts to address the occurrences of accidents
and ensure better safety management in the sector, little progress had been
accomplished thus far. This could be due to a lack of effort in researching the core
causes of the majority of the issues encountered (Al-Haadir, S. et al., 2013).
An assessment of workers' perceptions of the intrinsic safety culture may reveal
the root causes of these issues. Thus, the analysis of the perception of construction
workers was a useful method for evaluating the health and safety conditions in a
workplace. With all the dangers faced by construction workers at site, it was important
to know their perception about their own health and safety. It was essential to elucidate
critical areas that might be used to establish a successful safety management program.
Therefore, the main idea was to perform an analysis of the health and safety
perceptions of construction workers during COVID-19 pandemic.
Statement of the Problem
Generally, this study aimed to answer the question, “What are the health and
safety perceptions of construction workers in Upland, Cavite during COVID 19
pandemic?”
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Specifically, it aimed to answer the following questions:
1. What is the demographic profile of the participant in terms of:
a) age
b) gender
c) location of current construction work
2. What is the perception of construction workers regarding the health and
safety conditions in the construction sites, in terms of:
a) presence of risks and hazards in the construction site
b) presence of health and safety procedures in the construction site
c) implementation of health and safety procedures in the construction
site
3. What are the health and safety related critical issues in construction site
from the perception of construction workers, in terms of:
a) presence of risks and hazards in the construction site
b) presence of health and safety procedures in the construction site
c) implementation of health procedures in the construction site.
Objectives of the Study
This study aimed to analyze the health and safety perceptions of construction
workers in Upland, Cavite during COVID-19 pandemic.
Specifically, it aimed to:
1. Determine the demographic profile of the participant in terms of age
gender, and location of current construction work;
2. Identify the perception of construction workers regarding the health and
safety conditions in the construction sites, in terms of presence of risks
and hazards in the construction site, presence of health and safety
procedure in the construction site, and implementation of health and
safety procedure in the construction site; and

4
3. Identify the health and safety related critical issues in construction site
from the perception of construction workers, in terms of presence of
risks and hazards in the construction site, presence of health and safety
procedure in the construction site, and implementation of health and
safety procedure in the construction site.
Significance of the Study
Cavite Province was considered as one of the provinces with a high rate of
COVID-19 cases. It had a significant impact in the construction industry as it affected
the health and safety of construction workers. Due to this, it was important to analyze
the perceptions of construction workers regarding their health and safety at work.
Hence, this study would be beneficial to the following:
Mainly, this study would benefit the Upland, Cavite community, to increase
awareness on the prevention of COVID-19. Furthermore, this study may contribute to
ensure that residents will be kept safe from any danger caused by the execution of
construction works in their community.
This study would also benefit the construction workers, to make them aware of
any form of harm thus, they are more likely to create a safe and healthy workplace
especially during this time of pandemic.
This study would also be significant to the engineers, project managers and
safety authorities in the construction industry for this will help them understand the
perception of the construction workers in relation to health and safety in their
workplace. Thus, it may help them develop and improve the outline of the health and
safety practices and procedures for their workforce.
In addition, this study would benefit the Construction Industry, for it can help in
educating its people on the health and safety management practices leading to the
enhancement of worker’s productivity and efficiency may be attained.

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Lastly, to future researchers, this study would serve as a guide and reference
for those who want to gain facts and extend their knowledge in relation to the topic
presented in this study.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
The scope of the study covered the analysis of health and safety perceptions
of construction workers together with the health and safety related critical issues based
on the perception of construction workers. The researchers conducted a survey with
the selected workers employed in the different construction projects in Upland, Cavite,
specifically, those working on site.
The researchers only focused on getting the perceptions of the workers working
under the construction projects in the municipalities of Upland, Cavite and excluded
the construction projects located in other cities and municipalities.
Furthermore, the participants for the survey were the workers who were
employed in the on-going construction projects and were potentially very prone to
occupational health and safety risks such as reinforcement fixers, forming workers,
and unskilled workers, electricians, welders, brick-layers, painters, concrete workers
etc. This study no longer considered the construction office workers as participants of
the survey.
Theoretical Framework Of The Study
About 25 years ago, the subject of worker safety climate and how workers
viewed their workplace's safety climate was brought up as a topic. It was known at the
time that successful injury control programs were built on a strong management
commitment to safety, including the status of safety officers within the company, worker
training, continuous communication between the management and workers, general
housekeeping, and a steady workforce. One technique of discovering variables that
might distinguish between employers with high or low injury rates was to look at safety
climate, which was a subset of total organization environment, (Tam, C.M. & Fung,
W.H., 2001).
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Moreover, psychological climate had been identified as yet another dimension
of employees' perceptions of the organization in which they work, with dimensions
including trust, cohesion, pressure, innovation, and fairness, among others. Workplace
safety climate measurements in various industrial sectors, including construction, had
also been studied by Dedobbeleer, N. & Beland, F.
The term “safety culture” had many definitions according to some related
literatures and they were summarized as follows:
1. Individual and group beliefs, attitudes, perceptions, competences, and patterns of
behavior that shaped an organization's commitment to, and the style and
proficiency of, health and safety management determine an organization's safety
culture. ACSNI Human Factors Study Group: Third report - Organising for safety,
HSE Books, (1993) as cited in the study of Marsden, E. (2020)
2. “Safety culture” was the “collective behaviours of people in the organization that
over time becoming patterns, typical or habit”. Employees always act in ways that
the company required them to, regardless of why they were required to do so.
Cooper, D.C. (1996), as cited in the study of Ba Sha, O.J. et al.(2007)
3. A safety culture was a setting in which individuals carried out their responsibilities
safely and for the appropriate reasons. Minerals Council of Australia.(1999), as
cited in the study of Ba Sha, O.J. et. al (2007)
Gellor E.S. in 2001, as cited in the study of Ba Sha, O.J. et al. (2007),
looked into the safety triad theory (as shown in Figure 1), which suggested that a
"Totally Safety Culture" should maintain a continuous monitoring process which
include three domains: "environment," "person," and "behavior." The "person"
represented a worker's skill, whereas the "behavior" depicted the workers'
attitudes toward performing tasks safely in a "particular setting." Those three
realms were dynamic and interactive, and any change in one would eventually
have an impact on the others. When people chose to act safely, they acted
7
themselves into safe thinking, and the resulting actions frequently resulted in a
change in the environment.
Figure 1. Gellor’s safety triad
Conceptual Framework Of The Study
Figure 2. Conceptual framework of the study
Figure 2 showed the framework of the study. The framework was divided into
three categories: Research Stage, Research Methods, and Research Findings. The
Conceptual Framework of the study adopted to achieve the research objectives
consisted of a literature review, questionnaire survey, and statistical treatment of data

8
that included frequency count, percentage, mean score, and standard deviation, as
illustrated in the figure. The expected findings under literature review and
questionnaire survey were presence of risk and hazard, presence of health and safety
procedure, and implementation of health and safety procedure in construction site. In
connection with this and under the data analysis, the findings were the issues about
health and safety perceptions of construction workers and recommendations to solve
the Health and Safety Issues based on the Perceptions of Construction Workers.
Definition of Terms
Construction Project. These are on-going construction projects started during
the pandemic in Upland, Cavite;
Covid-19. It is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus which
originated from China discovered in 2019.
Construction Workers. These are laborers, painters, concrete workers, and
other workers present on site and are more prone to occupational safety and health
risks.
Health and Safety Perception. It is the awareness of construction workers
about their health and safety at construction sites during COVID-19 Pandemic.
Health and Safety Procedure in the Construction Site. It is the general
health and safety guidelines and policy in construction site.
Implementation of Health and Safety Procedure in the Construction Site.
It means the execution of the guidelines in construction sites.
Pandemic. It is the disease outbreak that spreads across countries or
continents
Risks and Hazards in the Construction Site. This refers to the occupational
safety hazards such as falling, excessive noise, airborne and material exposure, etc.
Upland, Cavite. It pertains to the eight (8) municipalities in Cavite such as
Amadeo, General Emilio Aguinaldo, Indang, Magallanes, Maragondon, Silang,
Ternate and Tagaytay City.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents pieces of information from other sources that are
conducted before and are closely related to the current study that the researchers have
undertaken.
COVID-19 pandemic
According to Faisal et al. (2021), The outbreak of COVID19 also known as
coronavirus was a global health disaster that had interrupted many industries,
including the construction industry. After the pandemic, construction workers continued
to confront unprecedented health and safety issues. As a result, contractors were
implementing new safety measures to protect the health and safety of the workforce
and prevented the spread of the coronavirus.
Construction workers
Members of the construction industry include owners, developers, contractors,
subcontractors, supply chain vendors, and laborers. Building workers, on the other
hand, werethe group with the largest exposure to danger and the most accidents
among contributors to construction projects. Electricians, welders, bricklayers,
painters, concrete workers, reinforcement fixers, shaping workers, and unskilled
employees were among those employed. This was also the category where everyone
should be most concerned about working safely and healthily. As a result, employees'
perspectives on the construction industry's health and safety climate were more
essential and realistic than those of other groups such as owners, major contractors,
subcontractors, construction managers, and field safety engineers. (Gurcanli &
Mungen, 2009 as cited in Ulubeyli et al., 2014)
Upland Cavite
Cavite is part of the Luzon Peninsula, the largest island in the Philippines.
Cavite is located in the south and belongs to the IVA or CALABARZON area. Cavite is
divided into four physiographic areas: coastal plain, lowland area (coastal and alluvial
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plains), center hilly (rolling tuffaceous plateau), and upland mountainous area (flat to
rugged topography). Tagaytay City, Silang, Magallanes, Amadeo, Indang, General
Aguinaldo (Bailen), Ternate, and Maragondon are the municipalities that make up
Upland Cavite, (Local Government Report, 2015).
Occupational Health Risks in Construction
According to the study of Liu et al. (2021), the construction sector was
recognized as having a high incidence of occupational risks due to the numerous and
complicated types of occupational hazards, varied building materials containing
harmful chemicals, and multiple construction locations. Construction workers worked
in an extremely harsh demanding environment. They interacted with the environment
every day, and the toxic and harmful substances produced throughout the construction
process would most likely put their health at risk. In addition, major health concerns
could quickly lead to reduced work efficiency, delayed construction times, increased
costs, and other complications. The construction industry's long-term health would
suffer if construction employees' occupational health concerns were not sufficiently
addressed and effectively remedied over time. As a result, construction workers'
occupational health was a topic of practical importance. In addition, this study showed
that the perception of work-related health risks of construction workers had a significant
impact on their coping behavior. Awareness of the work-related health risks of
construction workers, in part, acted as an intermediary between personal knowledge,
education level, monthly income, and worker coping behavior. As a result, the
perception of construction workers' occupational health was worthy of everyone's
concern.
Due to the risks presented in various workplaces, the Occupational Safety and
Health Act (RA 11058) stated that all Filipino workers must be protected from injury,
illness, or death, and employers were required to protect their health and safety and
that companies must develop and publish safety and health policies and procedures.
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Safety Risks in Construction
The case study of Sansakorn (2017), revealed that the construction business
was frequently associated with significant safety risks and financial losses as a result
of major accidents. These major safety concerns were mainly the result of a lack of
knowledge or awareness, which led to poor building performance. Due to the
incompleteness of the quantitative safety risk database, it was difficult to estimate
safety risks, so the study presented an effective tool for developing control measures
and to establish safety risk and management methods to prevent injuries and improve
workers’ safety in the building construction industry. The study stressed the importance
of determining the probability and severity of risk for workers performing a task, as well
as defining the probability and severity reduction values resulting from the
implementation of various safety program elements, in order to improve occupational
safety management in the construction industry.
Another study conducted by Sawant, S. (2016), as cited in the study of Tongol,
et al. (2021), emphasized that construction workers faced a variety of risks and
dangers. These may include slips / trips at the same height, falling objects,
electrocution, contact with falling objects, as well as falling from height, which was the
most common cause of injury in all types of accidents. It also included contact with
moving machines / vehicles and rotating / moving parts of tools, etc.
Additionally, effective safety management necessitated both the identification
of danger and the perception of safety risk. Improving safety performance required a
full understanding of the factors that influenced hazard awareness and risk perception.
When confronted with distractions, however, workplace distractions could impair
danger recognition, safety risk perception, and safety performance, according to
Namian et. al (2018). In their study, construction workers were tested under both
undistracted and distracted conditions. Given that construction workers were already
in a state of distraction in the field, this study shows that awareness of the safety
hazards of non-distracting workers was positively linked to their hazard recognition

12
performance. However, no such association was found among distracted employees,
implying that their perception of risk was unrelated to or unrelated to their ability to
identify hazards.
The impact of safety training on worker hazard awareness and safety risk
perception was significant. However, the widespread use of ineffective and boring
training methods had severely impeded construction training efforts. Based on the
study conducted by Namian et. al (2016), project staff who were provided with highly
engaged training were able to detect more hazards and, as a result, recognized a
relatively high level of safety risk. High-engagement training was connected to higher
levels of hazard recognition and safety risk perception than low-engagement training,
and hazard recognition performance mediated the impact of training on safety risk
perception.
Health and Safety Perception of Construction Workers
Almutairi et al. (2018) stated in their study that construction was a high-risk
business due to the high number of accidents and fatalities reported each year in
various countries. Because health and safety (HS) was a major problem in the
construction sector, their research looked into HS conditions in Saudi Arabian building
sites via the eyes of construction workers. Especially in developing nations where HS
cultures had not yet fully developed. In such instances, the most practical way was to
judge HS performance via the eyes of construction workers. Furthermore, the study's
findings revealed that key HS issues included a lack of communication between front-
line supervisors and construction labor, a lower priority for safety compared to
productivity, a lack of employee engagement in developing safety policies, low worker
morale and motivation, and untested emergency response procedures. As a result, the
study concluded that resolving these concerns would improve the health and safety
performance of the Saudi Arabian construction industry.
Ulubeyli et al. (n.d.), conducted another study that looked at the general health
and safety (HS) conditions in the Turkish construction industry via the eyes of
13
construction workers. Construction employees, they claimed, were the ones who were
most exposed to dangers and had the most accidents when working on construction
projects. Everyone should be particularly concerned about working safely in this group.
As a result, it was critical to examine the viewpoints of construction employees on the
health and safety conditions in the business in order to be more viable. Contractors
were found to be ignoring their legal obligations in paying workers' insurance
premiums, according to the study's findings. Also, workers did not attach great
importance to occupational training. In addition, occupational training was less
important and people refused to use personal protective equipment (PPE). It was
advised that the relevant government organizations required contractors and
personnel to comply with the relatively new occupational health and safety regulations.
Chen et. al (2012), claimed that the management was more aware of safety
climate issues than workers. The primary goal of their research was to identify the
management-labor awareness gap. The largest difference, according to the findings,
arose in risk decision-making in terms of workplace safety. Decisions on risk
management, training and procedures, commitment, and communication were all
linked. This would allow for improved safety training and the formation of a code of
practice, resulting in a safer environment and a lower accident rate.
Safety Perception and Working Performance of Construction Workers
Risk was prevalent in the construction sector. It was critical for construction
employees to be aware of the danger they were exposed to, as this had an impact on
their ability to perform their jobs. According to the findings of a study conducted by
Tongol et al. (2021), the more safety conscious a worker was, the lower their
performance on their allotted job was, and that being aware of safety regulations and
procedures had no impact on their performance. It simply implied that when workers
were aware that safety regulations and procedures were correctly executed on site,
they responded positively. It was insufficient for workers to just be aware of safety
14
regulations and procedures. It must be carried out and implemented correctly in the
job sites.
Safety Perception of Construction Professionals
According to Nourihamedani, M. (2020), construction site health and safety had
long been a source of concern for industry practitioners and researchers in the United
States (2020). Their research looked at how workers felt about safety on commercial
construction projects based on three factors: safety climate, safety control, and hazard
perception. They used two different questionnaires for the managerial workers and
field workers. Data analysis demonstrated that administrative employees had a
significantly higher impression of worker safety than field workers in all three variables
evaluated in this study: safety climate, safety control, and danger perception. Because
managerial staff were those who regularly make project-degree decisions, together
with protection regulations that impacted subject employees, this gap in worker safety
perceptions could be critical. A variation in perceptions of hazards and safety control,
as well as the safety climate, suggested that field employees should be involved in the
design of safety programs. Furthermore, workers who were involved in workplace
accidents had significantly higher hazard perception levels. Finally, the correlational
analysis discovered a positive correlation between workers' opinions of safety control
and the safety atmosphere. The outcomes of this study were expected to provide new
insights for future studies seeking to enhance the overall safety performance of the
construction industry.
Despite developments in digital technology like Building Information Modeling
(BIM), in enhancing construction safety management, human factors–related
difficulties such as individual safety perceptions, attitudes, and behavior could not be
overlooked. Previous research has employed safety management strategies to solve
human-factor issues by creating a safe environment. According to the safety climate
study, certain demographics or subgroup features had a significant impact on safety
management. The study of Han et. al (2018), revealed that the precise element of the
15
hazard would influence the individual's perceptions of safety dangers, The researchers
looked at descriptive variables such as job title and experience level to determine how
these affected safety perceptions. Based on the frequency, severity, and visibility in
the environment, eight site hazard/accident situations were observed in a regular
basis. The results showed that high-incidence, low-severity event / hazard scenes
caused significant variability in employee perceptions of hazard levels. entry-level
employees tended to assess high-degree danger hazards. Mid-career workers, on the
other hand, tended to feel less vulnerable to certain hazards / accident sites than
younger workers and older peers.
Lopez et. al (2013) investigated the disproportionately high incidence of injuries
and mortality among Latino residential construction workers. The study's purpose was
to see if there were any disparities in Latino construction workers' perceptions of safety
and risk in industries like residential, commercial, and heavy civil construction. Latino
workers' opinions of safety culture and risk were more comparable in commercial and
heavy civil construction than in residential building. Workers in the residential
construction industry, in particular, were more likely to agree with statements such as
"Job productivity and quality take precedence over safety," "Safety procedures are
difficult to understand," and "Construction site risks cannot cause death."
Risk Perception
According to Ellaban, M. et al. (2018), data on workers' awareness of health
and safety dangers, risk perception, and safe work habits could determine where
prevention methods may be implemented. However, research on construction sites
was scarce. Their main objectives were to evaluate the construction workers' risk
perceptions of occupational hazards, to identify types of common occupational
accidents involving construction workers in an Egyptian company, and to determine
the impact of workers' personal and work-related characteristics on risk perception.
The majority of workers had low risk perceptions for falls, contact with chemicals, being
struck by things, sharp objects, manual lifting, repetitive actions, and heat stress,
16
according to their findings, while noise was rated as "no or acceptable risk category."
Age, health and safety training, working hours, and the use of personal protective
equipment (PPEs) were all found to be strongly related to risk perception in the study.
As a result, risk perception among the workers tested was low on average. Workers'
perceptions were shaped by factors such as their age, excessive working hours, lack
of training, and failure to wear PPEs. Safety training and a change in work environment
were suggested as ways to enhance workers' perceptions of occupational accidents
and, as a result, lowered the chance of injury.
While many of the factors that influenced risk perception in the field of
operational risk prevention were known, there was still no complete knowledge of how
experts in this field perceived risk. Despite sociodemographic differences among
Construction Safety Experts, Trillo-Cabello et al. (2020) found that their risk
assessments were fairly consistent. The researchers wanted to see how
sociodemographic factors (gender, age, university degree, seniority of qualification,
and professional experience) influenced a group of Construction Safety and Health
Experts' assessments of the likelihood and consequences of an accident. Furthermore,
these properties were evaluated during the construction process. As a result, there
was a statistically significant difference in risk perception depending on the age of
construction safety specialists, but there was no significant difference in risk perception
between men and women in this occupational field. In addition, an analysis of the
overall risk of construction work in the early stages of the construction site found further
differences. The results of the survey would be coordinated by professional risk
management officers to improve the quality of decision making based on these
impacts, reduce and manage construction risk, and inform and share with experts. In
addition, the authors advised that future research should be focused on the function of
the health and safety coordinator as well as the impact that other factors, such as
inexperience, may have on risk perception.

17
According to Abbas et. al (2017), in developing nations, where construction
safety was still in its infancy, assessing the construction workforce's hazard perception
was a vital step in improving on-site safety management. The purpose of the study was
to conduct computerized graphical interactive surveys at various construction sites in
Lebanon to examine engineers', foremen's, and employees' awareness and viewed
the significance of various indoor dangerous activities and the necessity of hardhat
wear. The findings revealed that construction workers' hazard perception differed
depending on SHMS adoption by contractors, site characteristics, years of experience,
and job position, and that the main motivation for wearing a hardhat was actually from
having faced previous incidents rather than self-motivation. The results of the survey
and recommendations for raising awareness of the dangers and safety of construction
site personnel could be of interest to developing countries in other regions.
Basha et al. (2012), carried out a similar study in an Indian steel factory. In their
opinion, location demographic variables had a significant impact on perceptions of both
occupational risk and occupational injury. On the other hand, age, experience, and
employee titles have no effect. Occupational accidents were associated with common
risk and safety perception variables, but not with fatal or health risk factors, according
to their survey findings. It was suggested to use the workplace risk awareness as a
key indicator of safety performance, implement workplace-specific safety
assessments, and site-specific hazard inspection systems and monitoring.

METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methods used in the study. It includes the research
design, research locale, sources of data, participants of the study, sampling procedure,
research instrument, data gathering procedure, and statistical treatment of data.
Research Design
In this study, the researchers used the descriptive research design. According
to Aggarwal (2008), descriptive research was devoted to the gathering of information
about prevailing conditions or situations for the purpose of description and
interpretation. It was used to describe the event, phenomena or fact systematically
dealing with a certain area or population. A descriptive survey research was adapted
in this study. Descriptive surveys were useful for investigating a variety of research
problems including assessment of opinions and attributes (Akyina et al., 2014). The
descriptive research design was adapted to depict the perception of the participants in
an accurate way.
Furthermore, this study was quantitative research. It was quantitative in terms
of the analysis of the safety and health perception of construction workers in Upland
Cavite during the pandemic. This design was employed to quantify the problem by way
of generating numerical data that could be transformed into usable statistics.
Research Locale
This study was conducted in the municipalities located in Upland Cavite namely
Amadeo, Indang, General Emilio Aguinaldo, Magallanes, Maragondon, Silang,
Tagaytay, and Ternate Cavite.

19
COASTAL CAVITE
MIDDLE CAVITE
UPLAND CAVITE
Figure 3. Map of upland Cavite
Sources of Data
The primary source of data in this study was the survey questionnaires that
were given to the construction workers in Upland, Cavite.
Meanwhile, the secondary sources of data were books, journals, internet
sources and theses related to the current study.
Participants of the Study
The participants involved in the study were the selected construction workers
in Upland, Cavite. The construction workers came from the on-going construction
projects located in the municipalities of Upland, Cavite namely Amadeo, General
Emilio Aguinaldo, Indang, Magallanes, Maragondon, Silang, Tagaytay, and Ternate,
Cavite.
Sampling Procedure
First, the researchers sought help in the Municipal Engineering Office of
Amadeo, Indang, General Emilio Aguinaldo, Margondon, Magallanes, Silang,

20
Tagaytay, and Ternate, Cavite by asking the list and details of on-going construction
projects in the town by the time of data collection. (See Appendix 7 for the
documentation)
The researchers used the purposive sampling as their sampling technique. A
purposive sampling was also known as judgmental, selective or subjective sampling
and a non-probability sampling in which the sample was selected based on
characteristics of a population and the objective of the study (Crossman, A., 2020).
The researchers used purposive sampling in order to focus on particular characteristics
of the population that were of interest, which would best enable them to answer the
research questions. Hence, the construction workers that were working on the on-
going construction projects located at Upland, Cavite took part in the survey as they
were the ones who were exposed to the health and safety hazards brought about by
their work especially during pandemic.
Meanwhile, the sample size was computed using the Cochran’s Formula. A
total of three hundred eighty-five (385) construction workers were selected to
participate in the survey. The total number of participants who took part in the survey
was calculated using the formula:
Eq. (1)
where:
no = sample size
e = margin of error
p = proportion of the population
q=1–p
z = z-value in the Z-table

21
Research Instrument
This study used survey questionnaires in gathering the necessary data. The
researchers came up with a 30-item questionnaire by reviewing the published OSHA
checklist for the construction industry, which was then used to modify the instrument
utilized in the existing study by Tongol et al. (2021). Afterwards, the researchers sought
help from a DOLE accredited and licensed safety practitioner to review and validate
the questionnaire. (See Appendix 3 for the certificate of validation)
The final survey questionnaire was made up of four sections. The first part was
the demographic profile of the participant. While the last three parts contained
statements pertaining to the three parameters in the study, namely, presence of
hazards and risks in the construction site, presence of health and safety procedures in
the construction site, and implementation of health and safety procedures in the
construction site, respectively. The questions were to be answered using:
a. Five-point Likert scale (agreement)
5- Strongly Agree; 4- Agree; 3- Neutral; 2- Disagree; 1- Strongly Disagree
b. Five-point Likert scale (frequency)
5- Always; 4- Often; 3- Sometimes; 2- Rarely; 1- Never
The questions also aimed to identify the health and safety perceptions and
health and safety related critical issues from the perception of construction
workers in Upland, Cavite during COVID 19 pandemic in terms of the
parameters mentioned. (See Appendix 2 for the research instrument)
Data Gathering Procedure
The data in this study were gathered using survey questionnaires. Printed
survey questionnaires were disseminated and administered personally to the
construction workers that were working in the construction sites located at Upland,
Cavite. (See Appendix 6 for the documentation and Appendix 7 for sample answered
questionnaire)
22
After the collection of data, it was analyzed using the percentage, mean, and
standard deviation as statistical tools. In determining the health and safety perception
as well as the health and safety related critical issues in construction site from the
perception of construction workers, the data would be interpreted using the following:
The scoring and interpretation of the participants’ perception on the presence
of risks and hazards in the construction site will be interpreted using the following scale
parameters:
Table 1. Scoring and interpretation of the participants’ perception on the presence of

risks and hazards in the construction site
INTERPRETATION OF MEAN MEAN CONCLUSIVE
SCORE RANGE INTERPRETATION
Very low presence of risks
Strongly Disagree 1.00 – 1.80
and hazards
Low presence of risks and
Disagree 1.81 – 2.60
hazards
Moderate presence of risks
Neutral 2.61 – 3.40
and hazards
High presence of risks and
Agree 3.41 – 4.20
hazards
Very high presence of risks
Strongly Agree 4.21 – 5.00
and hazards
The scoring and interpretation of the participants’ perceived presence of health
and safety procedures in the construction site would be interpreted using the following
scale parameters:
Table 2. Scoring and interpretation of the participants’ perception on the presence of

health and safety procedures in the construction site
Very low presence of health
Strongly Disagree 1.00 – 1.80
& safety procedures
Low presence of health &
Disagree 1.81 – 2.60
safety procedures
Moderate presence of
Neutral 2.61 – 3.40
health & safety procedures
High presence of health &
Agree 3.41 – 4.20
safety procedures
Very high presence of
Strongly Agree 4.21 – 5.00
23
The scoring and interpretation of the participants’ perceived implementation of
health and safety procedures in the construction site would be interpreted using the
following scale parameters:
Table 3. Scoring and interpretation of the participants’ perception on the

implementation of health and safety procedures in the construction site
Very low implementation of
Never 1.00 – 1.80
Low implementation of
Rarely 1.81 – 2.60
Moderate implementation of
Sometimes 2.61 – 3.40
High implementation of
Often 3.41 – 4.20
Very high implementation of
Always 4.21 – 5.00
Statistical Treatment of Data
The following statistical methods were used to interpret the results gathered:
Frequency count. It is the rate in which something is repeated over a particular
given sample. In this study, it was used in tallying the respondent’s age, gender and
location of current construction work. Frequency was also used to tally the survey
responses.
Percentage. It is one of the most frequent ways to represent statistics in
researches. In this study, it was utilized to determine the percentage of the participant
in terms of age, gender and location of construction work. The percentage formula is
given below:
Eq. (2)
24
where:
f = frequency count
N = total number of participants
Mean and Standard Deviation. To determine the health and safety perception
and related critical issues as perceived by the construction workers in Upland, Cavite,
the formula for mean and standard deviation was used. The formulas were:
Mean Formula:
Eq. (3)
where:
x̄ = mean x = weight
f = frequency of observation n = total observation
Standard Deviation: It was used to show the consistency of data gathered in
the study. According to Bhandari (2021), a high value of standard deviation indicated
that the data was dispersed. Hence, it was most likely to be unreliable, while a low
standard deviation indicated that the data was tightly grouped around the mean
suggesting that data was more reliable.
Eq. (4)
where:
SD = Standard Deviation
n = sample size
x = variable
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the results, analysis and interpretation of data on the
analysis of health and safety perceptions of construction workers in Upland, Cavite
During COVID-19 Pandemic. In order to discover parallels and differences between
this study and other studies, the findings are also analyzed in light of past research
findings and relevant literature, if applicable.
Demographic Profile
In order to prove the validity and reliability of the survey results, the
demographic profiles of the participants such as age, gender, and location of current
construction work were determined.
Table 4. Demographic profile of the participants in terms of age

AGE COUNT PERCENT
18 - 21 years old 33 8.57%
22 - 25 years old 68 17.66%
26 - 29 years old 57 14.81%
30 - 33 years old 43 11.17%
34 - 37 years old 39 10.13%
38 - 41 years old 33 8.57%
42 - 45 years old 28 7.27%
46 - 49 years old 20 5.19%
50 years old and above 64 16.62%
Total 385 100%

26
17.66%
16.62%
14.81%
11.17%
10.13%
8.57% 8.57%
7.27%
5.19%
18 - 21 22 - 25 26 - 29 30 - 33 34 - 37 38 - 41 42 - 45 46 - 49 50 years old
years old years old years old years old years old years old years old years old and above
Figure 4. Demographic profile of the participants in terms of age
Table 4 and figure 4 showed the age of the participants. Based from the results,
18 – 21 years old participants are 33 or 8.57%, 22 – 25 years old participants were 68
or 17.66%, 26 – 29 years old participants were 57 or 14.81%, 30 – 33 years old
participants were 43 or 11.17%, 34 – 37 years old participants were 39 or 10.13%, 38
– 41 years old participants were 33 or 8.57%, 42 – 45 years old participants were 28
or 7.27%, 46 – 49 years old participants were 20 or 5.19% while 50 years old and
above participants were 64 or 16.62%.
The data indicated that the majority of the participants’ age was 22-25 years
old. Ulubeyli (2016) noted, in his study, that the fact that the majority of the surveyed
construction workers were between the ages of 20 and 49 was a good indicator of the
reliability of health and safety perceptions, as it indicated that the participants were
working full-time or part-time without being excessively young or old.

27
Table 5. Demographic profile of the participants in terms of gender

GENDER COUNT PERCENT
Male 385 100%
Female 0 0%
Total 385 100%
100%
Male Female
Figure 5. Demographic profile of the participants in terms of gender
Table 5 and Figure 5 showed the gender of the participants. Based on the
results, 385 or 100% of the participants were male.
Gyekye and Salminen (2011) emphasized possible differences between the
workplace safety of men and women, particularly in their exposure to hazards. Results
revealed that the female workers' job responsibilities were relatively constrained, and
they were only exposed to minor dangers. Their male colleagues, on the other hand,
were frequently allocated dangerous and risky duties, increasing their vulnerability to
accidents. Male workers recognized the dangerous nature of their job, classifying them
as unsafe, risky, unhealthy, or hazardous.
In this context, the fact that all of the participants were male construction
workers implied that workers had sufficient health and safety experience, knowledge,
28
and awareness to appropriately reflect and evaluate the current working conditions in
their respective workplace.
Table 6. Location of current construction work of the participants

LOCATION COUNT PERCENT
Indang 125 32.47%
Silang 110 28.57%
Tagaytay 62 16.10%
Ternate 19 4.94%
Magallanes 19 4.94%
Maragondon 18 4.68%
Amadeo 17 4.42%
General Emilio Aguinaldo (GEA) 15 3.90%
Total 385 100%
3.90%
4.42%
4.68%
4.94% 32.47%
4.94%
16.10%
28.57%
Indang Silang Tagaytay Ternate Magallanes Maragondon Amadeo GEA
Figure 6. Location of current construction work of the participants

29
According to Basha (2012), the work operations and activities carried out and
the physical hazards present differed according to locations. Table 6 and figure 6
showed the location of the current construction work of the participants. Based from
the results, the number of participants from Indang are 125 or 32.47%. 110 or 28.57%
from Silang. 62 or 16.10% from Tagaytay. 19 or 4.94% from Ternate. 19 or 4.94% from
Magallanes. 18 or 4.68% from Maragondon. 17 or 4.42% from Amadeo while GEA got
15 or 3.90%. The figure also revealed that the majority of the participants’ current
construction work location was from Indang.
Health And Safety Perceptions
Table 7. Health and safety perceptions in terms of presence of risks and hazards
in the construction site
PRESENCE OF RISK AND
STD.
HAZARDS IN THE SD D N A SA MEAN INTERPRETATION
DEV
CONSTRUCTION SITE
S1. Working in a construction

site during COVID-19 81 94 46 143 21 2.82 1.28 Neutral
pandemic can harm my health
in the long run
S2. There are long, loud

noises in the construction site
31 105 57 158 34 3.15 1.16 Neutral
in which I am constantly
exposed to in hours.
S3. Potable (drinking) water

and adequate toilet facilities
104 210 21 42 8 2.06 0.97 Disagree
are not available at the
jobsite.
S4. I have contacted people

with COVID-19 symptoms 185 153 20 22 5 1.72 0.90 Strongly Disagree
before going to a construction
site.
S5. There is no facility for the
treatment of injured
99 184 26 68 8 2.23 1.08 Disagree
employees within the area
near the jobsite.
S6. I am exposed to
hazardous materials, such as
poisonous chemicals, or
96 154 55 59 21 2.36 1.17 Disagree
dealing with extremes such as
hot or cold temperatures or
lack of oxygen.
30
Table 7. Continued.
PRESENCE OF RISK AND
HAZARDS IN THE STD.
SD D N A SA MEAN INTERPRETATION
CONSTRUCTION SITE DEV
S7. COVID-19 hazard (such

as direct physical contact with
a person infected with the
virus or contact with
contaminated surfaces) 107 150 51 66 11 2.28 1.13 Disagree
present in the workplace are
sometimes ignored in order to
get the job done.
S8. There are surfaces on site

that are wet and unstable that
90 191 39 52 13 2.24 1.06 Disagree
I could slip or fall easily.
S9. There are objects or

97 94 38 125 31 2.74 1.35 Neutral
equipment in the site that
could hit me.
S10. Damaged tools are on

126 139 26 83 11 2.26 1.20 Disagree
site.
Low presence of
Overall Mean 2.39 0.66
risks and hazards
Table 7 showed the responses, mean, and verbal interpretation regarding the
results of the health and safety perceptions of construction workers in terms of
presence of risk and hazards in the construction site. (See table 1 for mean
interpretations). The participants perceived to be neutral on the following: “S1. Working
in a construction site during COVID-19 pandemic can harm my health in the long run”
(x̄= 2.82); “S2. There are long, loud noises in the construction site in which I am
constantly exposed to in hours” (x̄= 3.15) and; “S9. There are objects or equipment in
the site that could hit me.” (x̄= 2.74).
Meanwhile, they disagreed on the following: “S3. Potable (drinking) water and
adequate toilet facilities are not available at the jobsite.” (x̄= 2.06); “S5. There is no
facility for the treatment of injured employees within the area near the jobsite.” (x̄=
2.23); “S6. I am exposed to hazardous materials, such as poisonous chemicals, or

31
dealing with extremes such as hot or cold temperatures or lack of oxygen.” (x̄= 2.36);
“S7. COVID-19 hazards (such as direct physical contact with a person infected with
the virus or contact with contaminated surfaces) present in the workplace are
sometimes ignored in order to get the job done.” (x̄= 2.28); “S8. There are surfaces on
site that are wet and unstable that I could slip or fall easily.” (x̄= 2.24) and; “S10.
Damaged tools are on site.” (x̄= 2.26).
Lastly, they strongly disagreed on “S4. I have contacted people with COVID-19
symptoms before going to a construction site.” (x̄= 1.72).
Based on the results, the health and safety related critical issues in construction
sites from the perception of construction workers, in terms of presence of risks and
hazards is the “S2. There are long, loud noises in the construction site in which I am
constantly exposed to in hours.” that obtained the highest mean score of 3.15 with a
standard deviation of 1.16, interpreted as neutral. One of the most common issues at
the workplace in most countries was noise. Construction machinery, in general, was
the source of noise at construction sites and these machineries often generated very
high noise levels, Carletti (2013). Similarly, Suter (2002) stated that noise was one of
a common occupational hazard in different industries including the construction sector
due to the utilization of construction machinery.
On the other hand, “S4. I have contacted people with COVID-19 symptoms
before going to a construction site.” has the lowest mean score of 1.72 with a standard
deviation of 0.90 or interpreted as strongly disagree. Although the results presented a
positive outcome, it was still a duty of the worker to report if they had recent exposures
and symptoms of COVID 19, (Safety and Health magazine, 2020). Contact tracing was
a responsibility of employers which provided the security in health and safety of their
workers.
In summary, the participants’ health and safety perception in terms of
“Presence of Risk and Hazards in the Construction Site” had an overall mean of 2.39
with a standard deviation of 1.20 which indicated “low presence of risks and hazards”.
32
Table 8. Health and safety perceptions in terms of presence of health and safety
procedures in the construction site
PRESENCE OF HEALTH
AND SAFETY STD.
PROCEDURES IN THE DEV
CONSTRUCTION SITE
S1. I have knowledge about

health and safety procedures 19 16 25 205 120 4.02 0.99 Agree
in my workplace during the
pandemic.
S2. I am provided with safety

equipment that helps to avoid 18 24 29 214 100 3.92 1.00 Agree
or prevent accidents.
S3. I am provided with

Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE) that helps 30 35 31 203 86 3.73 1.14 Agree
prevent the spread of COVID-
19 in the construction site.
S4. The Company or

contractor provides me 23 37 41 215 69 3.70 1.06 Agree
regular health and safety
seminars and training.
S5. There is a safety officer

that is responsible for
conducting safety orientation 21 34 25 207 98 3.85 1.07 Agree
for the workers about the
health and safety procedure
in the construction site.
S6. The company actively

encourage us to work safely 15 21 32 203 114 3.99 0.97 Agree
and follow the COVID-19
health protocols.
S7. Company/contractor have

14 25 31 212 103 3.95 0.97 Agree
established goals for safety
performance.
S8. All containers with

14 20 34 207 110 3.98 0.95 Agree
hazardous substances are
properly labelled.
33
Table 8. Continued.
PRESENCE OF HEALTH
AND SAFETY STD.
PROCEDURES IN THE DEV
CONSTRUCTION SITE
S9. All necessary safety

13 20 17 212 123 4.07 0.93 Agree
signs are in place and
clearly visible.
S10. I am required to
present a RT-PCR or Swab
11 34 57 195 88 3.82 0.98 Agree
test result to ensure safety
against COVID-19 on site.
High presence of
Overall Mean 3.90 0.72 health and safety
procedures
Table 8 depicted the responses, mean, and verbal interpretation regarding the
presence of health and safety procedures in the construction site. (See table 2 for
mean interpretations)
The results showed that the participants agreed on the following: “S1. I have
knowledge about health and safety procedures in my workplace during the pandemic.”;
“S2. I am provided with safety equipment that helps to avoid or prevent accidents.”;
“S3. I am provided with Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) that helps prevent the
spread of COVID-19 in the construction site.”; “S4. The Company or contractor
provides me regular health and safety seminars and training.” and; “S5. There is a
safety officer that is responsible for conducting safety orientation for the workers about
the health and safety procedure in the construction site.” with mean scores of 4.02,
3.92, 3.73, 3.70, and 3.85, respectively. Also, they agreed on: “S6. The company
actively encourages us to work safely and follow the COVID-19 health protocols.”; “S7.
Company/contractor have established goals for safety performance.”; “S8. All
containers with hazardous substances are properly labeled.”; “S9. All necessary safety
34
signs are in place and clearly visible.” and; “S10. I am required to present a RT-PCR
or Swab test result to ensure safety against COVID-19 on site.” with mean scores of
3.99, 3.95, 3.98, 4.07, and 3.82, respectively.
Based on the results, “S9. All necessary safety signs are in place and clearly
visible.” had the highest mean score of 4.07 with a standard deviation of 0.93,
interpreted as Agree. The Section 9 of the Implementing Rules and Regulations of RA
11058 stated that all establishments, projects, sites, and other places where work is
done must have safety signage and devices to advise workers and the general public
of working hazards. It was also specified that the safety signages shall be posted in
prominent positions and strategic locations. Moreover, Lee (2012) mentioned that the
significance of the safety signs in the construction industry was increasing by day
because most workers comprehend information on work through sight. Additionally,
the use of safety signs was one way to control the hazards in the workplace, (Talab &
Azari, 2017).
On the other hand, “S4. The Company or contractor provides me regular health
and safety seminars and training.” had the lowest mean score of 3.70 with a standard
deviation of 1.06, interpreted as Agree. Likewise, the results of the study on the
perceptions of fieldworkers about safety and health management response to COVID-
19 in the construction industry, conducted by Chukwuma et al. (2021), revealed that
more than half of the participants reported that their employer had provided additional
safety training for operations during the pandemic. Participants also indicated that their
employer described potential hazards and safety risks that fieldworkers may be
exposed to during the pandemic as part of the training. In relation, several researches
regarding safety training and risk perception in construction, including the study of
Namian et al. (2016) and Zuluaga et al. (2016), had already implied that workers who
had received appropriate safety training were more likely to identify hazards and
acquire a perception of safety risks, increasing their interest in safety. Despite having
35
the lowest mean score, the majority of the participants agreed that they were provided
with health and safety training which still showed a positive result.
Based on the results, there were no identified health and safety related critical
issues in construction sites from the perception of construction workers, in terms of
presence of health and safety procedures because the majority of the participants
agreed on the presence of the above-mentioned health and safety procedures in their
workplace. Overall, the participants’ health and safety perception in terms of “Presence
of Health and Safety Procedures in the Construction Site” had an overall mean of 3.90
with which indicated “high presence of health and safety procedures”, and a standard
deviation of 0.72 which implied that the data gathered were consistent.
Table 9. Health and safety perceptions in terms of implementation of health and safety
procedures in the construction site
Implementation of Health
Std.
and Safety Procedures in the N R S O A Mean Interpretation
Dev
Construction Site
S1. I am wearing safety PPE

(e.g. goggles, respirators, hard
hat, gloves, life lines, and safety
15 68 42 98 162 3.84 1.25 Often
belts) when there is an
exposure to hazardous
conditions in the construction
site.
S2. Wearing of PPE for COVID-

19 (e.g. cloth face covering, 17 8 24 157 179 4.23 0.98 Always
face mask, etc.) in the
construction site.
S3. Sick workers are instructed 18 17 13 119 218 4.30 1.05 Always
to stay home.
S4. I report to our supervisor

28 30 47 69 211 4.05 1.28 Often
lately about health and safety
concerns on the job site.
36
Table 9. Continued.
Implementation of Health
Std.
and Safety Procedures in N R S O A Mean Interpretation
Dev
the Construction Site
S5. I have undergone the

mandatory 8- hour
(occupational safety and 40 49 106 73 117 3.46 1.32 Often
health) OSH training in
construction site.
S6. Personal protective

29 19 46 120 171 4.00 1.20 Often
equipment is regularly
inspected for workers safety.
S7. The presence of good

housekeeping- cleanliness of
building, yards, machines,
equipment, regular waste
25 3 35 107 215 4.26 1.10 Always
disposal, and orderly
arrangement of processes,
operations, storage and filing
of materials, is maintained
properly.
S8. Machineries, tools, and

11 4 21 114 235 4.45 0.87 Always
equipment are inspected and
sanitized regularly.
S9. If workers have to work in

close proximity, for example
during lifting or maintenance
9 33 28 100 215 4.24 1.06 Always
activities, the number of
workers are kept to a
minimum and ensure masks
are worn.
S10. Physical distancing

practices are implemented to 17 32 35 97 204 4.14 1.16 Often
maintain at least 6-feet
between co-workers.
High
implementation
Overall Mean 4.10 0.74 of health and
safety
procedures
37
Table 9 detailed the responses, mean, and verbal interpretation regarding the
implementation of health and safety procedures in the construction site. (See table 3
for mean interpretations)
Based on the participants’ perception, the following were often implemented in
the construction site: “S1. Wearing of safety PPE (e.g. goggles, respirators, hard hat,
gloves, life lines, and safety belts) when there is an exposure to hazardous conditions
in the construction site.” (x̄= 3.84); “S4. Reporting to the supervisor about health and
safety concerns on the job site.” (x̄= 4.05); “S5. Undergoing the mandatory 8- hour
(occupational safety and health) OSH training in construction site.”(x̄= 3.46); “S6.
Regular inspection of personal protective equipment for workers’ safety.” (x̄= 4.00)
and; “S10. Physical distancing practices between co-workers.” (x̄= 4.14). Whereas,
they perceived that the following were always implemented in the construction site:
“S2. Wearing of PPE for COVID-19 (e.g. cloth face covering, face mask, etc.) in the
construction site.” (x̄= 4.23); “S3. Instructing the sick workers to stay at home.” (x̄=
4.30); “S7. Maintaining the presence of good housekeeping- cleanliness of building,
yards, machines, equipment, regular waste disposal, and orderly arrangement of
processes, operations, storage and filing of materials.”(x̄= 4.26); “S8. Regular
inspection and sanitation of machineries, tools, and equipment.” (x̄= 4.45) and; “ S9.
Keeping a minimum number of workers and wearing masks when workers have to
work in close proximity.” (x̄= 4.24).
Results revealed that “S8. Machineries, tools, and equipment are inspected
and sanitized regularly.” had the highest mean score of 4.45 with a standard deviation
of 0.87 or interpreted as always while “S5. I have undergone the mandatory 8- hour
(occupational safety and health) OSH training in construction site.” had the lowest
mean score of 3.46 with a standard deviation of 1.32 or interpreted as often. Although
it obtained the lowest mean score, it still exhibited a positive result as the mean
indicated that the said health and safety procedure was often implemented. In relation
38
to this, Chukwuma et al. (2021) stated the perception of training played a crucial role
in safety training implementation. They revealed in their research that the majority of
the study participants participated in safety training during the pandemic, indicating
that their employer provided a detailed guideline for implementing new COVID-19-
related practices such as social distancing, hand washing, and the use of a face
mask/covering.
In summary, the participants' health and safety perception on the
“Implementation of Health and Safety Procedures in the Construction Site” had an
overall mean of 4.10 with a standard deviation of 0.74 which indicated “high
implementation of health and safety procedures”.

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter includes the summary of findings, the documented conclusion,
and recommendations made regarding the study entitled the “Analysis of Health and
Safety Perceptions of Construction Workers in Upland, Cavite during COVID-19
Pandemic”.
Summary
This study aimed to determine the Health and Safety Perceptions of
construction workers in Upland, Cavite. The researchers sought to answer the
following: (1) What is the demographic profiles of three hundred eighty-five (385)
participants in terms of: (a) Age; (b) Gender; and (c) location of current construction
work; (2) What is the perception of construction workers regarding the health and
safety conditions in the construction sites, in terms of: a) presence of risks and
hazards; b) presence of health and safety procedure and c) implementation of health
and safety procedure in the construction site; (3) What are the health and safety related
critical issues in construction site from the perception of construction workers, in terms
of: a) presence of risks and hazards; b) presence of health and safety procedure and
c) implementation of health and safety procedure in the construction site.
The sample size was computed using the Cochran’s Formula with 5% margin
of error. The researchers used purposive sampling technique in which the sample was
selected based on characteristics of a population and the objective of the study.
There were one hundred twenty-five (125) participants in Indang, one hundred
ten (110) in Silang, sixty-two (62) in Tagaytay City, nineteen (19) in Ternate, nineteen
(19) in Maragondon, eighteen (18) in Magallanes, seventeen (17) in Amadeo, and
fifteen (15) in General Emilio Aguinaldo with a total of three hundred eighty-five (385)
participants.
40
Salient Findings
Based on the analyzed data, the following are the important findings:
1. The participants with an age range of 22-25 years old were the majority of the
total participants with a count of sixty-eight (68) or 17.66 % while the age range
of 46-49 years old had the lowest count of 20 and a percentage rate of 5.19%.
On the other hand, in gender, all of the participants were male. In terms of
location, the municipality of Indang had the majority of participants’ location
with a total number of one hundred twenty-five (125) and a percentage of
32.47% while, the minority of participants’ location came from the municipality
of General Emilio Aguinaldo with a total count of fifteen (15) or 3.90%.
2. In terms of “Presence of Risk and Hazards”, the results showed that “S2.
There are long, loud noises in the construction site in which workers are
constantly exposed to in hours” had the highest mean score of 3.15 with a
standard deviation of 1.16 or interpreted as neutral while “S4. Some workers
contacted people with COVID-19 symptoms before going to a construction site”
had the lowest mean score of 1.72 with a standard deviation of 0.90 or
interpreted as Strongly Disagree. The Presence of Risk and Hazard in
Construction Site had an overall mean of 2.39 with standard deviation of 1.20
or interpreted as “low Presence of risk and hazard”.
The results in “Presence of Health and Safety Procedures” showed that
“S9. All necessary safety signs are in place and clearly visible.” had the highest
mean score of 4.07 with a standard deviation of 0.93 or interpreted as agree
while “S4. The Company or contractor provides us regular health and safety
seminars and training.” had the lowest mean score of 3.70 with a standard
deviation of 1.06 or interpreted as agree. The respondents’ perception on
“Presence of Health and Safety Procedures in the Construction Site” had an
overall mean of 3.90 with a standard deviation of 0.72 or interpreted as “High
Presence of Health & Safety Procedures”.

41
In terms of “Implementation of Health and Safety Procedures”, the results
showed that “S8. Machineries, tools, and equipment are inspected and
sanitized regularly.” had the highest mean score of 4.45 with a standard
deviation of 0.87 or interpreted as always while “S5. Workers have undergone
the mandatory 8- hour (occupational safety and health) OSH training in
construction site.” had the lowest mean score of 3.46 with a standard deviation
of 1.32 or interpreted as often. The respondents’ perception on
“Implementation of Health and Safety Procedures in the Construction Site” had
an overall mean of 4.10 with a standard deviation of 0.74 or interpreted as”
High implementation of health & safety procedures”.
3. The health and safety related critical issues in construction sites from the
perception of construction workers, in terms of presence of risks and hazards
was the “S2. There are long, loud noises in the construction site in which I am
constantly exposed to in hours.” that obtained the highest mean score of 3.15
with a standard deviation of 1.16, interpreted as Neutral. On the other hand,
there were no identified critical issues in terms of “Presence of Health and
Safety Procedures” and “Implementation of Health and Safety Procedures” in
construction site.
Conclusion
In view of the findings, the study concludes the following:
1. Majority of the construction workers in the municipalities of Upland, Cavite who
participated in the study were male, were under the age of 22 to 25 years old.
Also, majority of them currently worked on the on-going construction projects
in Indang, Cavite.
2. The participants perceived that there was a low presence of risks and hazards
in the construction site.
3. The presence of health and safety procedures in the construction site was high
as perceived by the participants.

42
4. The participants perceived that there was a high implementation of health and
safety procedures in the construction site.
5. Many participants had agreed to the presence of long, loud noises in the
construction site in which they were constantly exposed to in hours. Hence, it
was considered to be the critical issue in terms of the presence of risks and
hazards.
6. No critical issues were identified with respect to the presence and
implementation of health and safety procedures in the construction site.
However, aspects such as providing regular health and safety seminars and
training to workers, and undergoing the mandatory 8- hour (occupational safety
and health) OSH training must be given attention since many participants had
disagreed that these health and safety procedures were present and
implemented as compared to the other health and safety procedures stated in
the study.
7. The results also demonstrated precise and realistic outcomes. According to
RA 11058, “there is a high level of exposure to safety and health hazards, and
probability of a major accident resulting to disability, or death, or major illness
is likely to occur if no preventive or control measures are in place”.
Correspondingly, the participants' perceptions manifested a high presence and
implementation of health and safety procedures in the construction sites. As a
result, there was a low presence of risks and hazards in their workplace, as
shown by the research findings.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the conclusions, the following recommendations are
presented:
1. Many studies have proven that over exposure to noise due to repetitive nature
of work in construction sites can affect the hearing of workers. The researchers
would like to recommend the use of hearing protection and control of the
43
sources of noise on the work site. One of the most effective ways to prevent
noise-induced hearing loss in construction is noise control. Training programs
should also be developed for workers and contractors that emphasize the
significance of communication and the dangers of over exposure to noise.
2. Some participants have overlooked occupational health and safety training.
The researchers would like to encourage the construction workers to
participate in occupational safety training to educate them about potential
hazards, increase their safety awareness, and empower workers and
employers to make positive changes in the construction sites.
3. The work environments of the participants in this study differed from one
another, and they came from various types of projects. The researchers would
like to recommend that future studies should explore similar work environments
and should focus on specific target populations and project types.
4. The present survey was restrictedly conducted to construction workers
assigned at the municipalities and city of Upland, Cavite. Therefore, the
researchers propose to collect more samples from other parts of Cavite,
particularly in places at Lowland and Central, Cavite for comparative analysis.
In addition, safety protocols are constantly changing. Therefore, the
questionnaire should be improved and refined for the enhancement of further
studies.
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APPENDICES
49
Appendix 1
Research Instrument (Survey Questionnaire)

50
51
52
53
54
Appendix 2
Certificate of Validation
55
CERTIFICATE OF VALIDATION
This certifies that the set of questionnaires to be used in the study entitled “ANALYSIS OF
HEALTH AND SAFETY PERCEPTIONS OF CONSTRUCTION WORKERS IN
UPLAND, CAVITE DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC” prepared by Apple S. Aterrado
and Danielli P. Gutierrez had been reviewed and validated. The components are appropriate
and accurate for the analysis. The questionnaire had passed careful examination and is
substantially useful for the said study.
Given this 16th day of February 2022.
Validated by:
. MARI S'A. MALABA AN

Safety Practitioner
Accreditation No. 1033-210317-D-007
Ahnex Builders & Ready- Mix Corp.
56
Appendix 3
Certification of Statistician
57
58
Appendix 4
Certification of English Critic

59
60
Appendix 5
Communication Letters
61
Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY
Don Severino de las Alas Campus
Indang, Cavite

Department of Civil Engineering
Hon. PERFECTO V. FIDEL

Municipality of Indang, Cavite
Indang Municipal Hall
Amadeo, Cavite
Thru:Engr. Manuel C. Marero

Building Official / Municipal Engineer
Indang, Cavite
Dear Sir,
We, Apple S. Aterrado and Danielli P. Gutierrez, Bachelor of Science in Civil
Engineering students from Cavite State University Indang, Cavite are shortly
conducting a study entitled “ Analysis of Health and Safety Perceptions of Construction
Workers in Upland, Cavite During COVID-19 Pandemic.”
In connection with the development of the study, we are cordially asking your good
office to allow us to collect the list and details of on-going construction projects located
in the Municipality. Our research strategy requires information about active
construction projects in order for us to determine the respondents.
If permitted, the data gathered will be used exclusively for academic purposes only.
Thank you very much.
We hope that this request will merit your most favorable response.
Respectfully yours,
Apple S. Aterrado
Researchers
Noted by:
Engr. Cene M. Bago
Thesis Adviser
62

Indang, Cavite

Hon. REDEL JOHN B. DIONISIO

Municipality of Amadeo, Cavite
Amadeo Municipal Hall
Amadeo, Cavite
Thru: Engr. Rodney A. Costelo

Amadeo, Cavite
Dear Sir,
Respectfully yours,
Apple S. Aterrado
Researchers
Noted by:
Engr. Cene M. Bago

Thesis Adviser
63

Indang, Cavite

Hon. AGNES D. TOLENTINO, DMD

City of Tagaytay
Tagaytay City Hall
Tagaytay City, Cavite
Thru: CITY ENGINEERING OFFICE
Dear Ma’am/Sir,
in the City. Our research strategy requires information about active construction
projects in order for us to determine the respondents.
Respectfully yours,
Apple S. Aterrado
Researchers
Noted by:
Engr. Cene M. Bago

Thesis Adviser
64

Indang, Cavite

Hon. Nelia B. Angeles

Municipality of General Emilio Aguinaldo, Cavite
General Emilio Aguinaldo Municipal Hall
General Emilio Aguinaldo, Cavite
Thru: MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING OFFICE
Dear Ma’am/Sir,
Respectfully yours,
Apple S. Aterrado
Researchers
Noted by:
Engr. Cene M. Bago

Thesis Adviser
65

Indang, Cavite

Hon. Jasmin Angelli Bautista-Maligaya

Municipality of Magallanes, Cavite
Magallanes Municipal Hall
Magallanes, Cavite
Thru: Engr. Nelson Villa

Magallanes, Cavite
Dear Sir,
Respectfully yours,
Apple S. Aterrado
Researchers
Noted by:
Engr. Cene M. Bago
Thesis Adviser
66

Indang, Cavite

Hon. Reynaldo A. Rillo

Municipality of Maragondon, Cavite
Maragondon Municipal Hall
Maragondon, Cavite
Thru: Engr. Precita A. Regino

Maragondon, Cavite
Dear Ma’am,
Respectfully yours,
Apple S. Aterrado
Researchers
Noted by:
Engr. Cene M. Bago
Thesis Adviser
67

Indang, Cavite

Hon. Socorro F. Poblete

Municipality of Silang, Cavite
Silang Municipal Hall
Silang, Cavite
Thru: MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING OFFICE
Dear Ma’am/Sir,
Respectfully yours,
Apple S. Aterrado
Researchers
Noted by:
Engr. Cene M. Bago

Thesis Adviser
68

Indang, Cavite

Hon. Lamberto D. Bambao

Municipality of Ternate, Cavite
Ternate Municipal Hall
Ternate, Cavite
Thru: Engr. Arturo T. Olano

Ternate, Cavite
Dear Sir,
Respectfully yours,
Apple S. Aterrado
Researchers
Noted by:
Engr. Cene M. Bago

Thesis Adviser
69
February 12, 2022
Dear Respondents,
Good Day!
We are conducting a research entitled “Analysis of Health and

Safety Perceptions of Construction Workers in Upland, Cavite during
COVID-19 Pandemic” as course requirements in the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering.
In connection with this, we would like to ask your help to provide

the necessary data for our study, please feel free to answer the
questionnaire. Rest assured that data gathered will be strictly confidential
and will be used exclusively for academic purposes only.
We would like to appreciate your assistance and support in the

particular research endeavor.
Thank you for your cooperation.

Respectfully yours,
APPLE S. ATERRADO
DANIELLI P. GUTIERREZ
RESEARCHERS
Noted by:
Engr. Cene M. Bago

Research Adviser
70
Appendix 6
Documentation
71
Appendix Figure 1. Data gathering and list of data gathered from

Amadeo, Cavite Engineering Office
Appendix Figure 2. Data gathering and list of data gathered in

General Emilio Aguinaldo, Cavite Engineering Office
72
Appendix Figure 3. List of data acquired from Indang, Cavite

Engineering Office
Appendix Figure 4. Data gathering in Magallanes, Cavite Engineering Office

73
Appendix Figure 5. Data gathering in Maragondon, Cavite Engineering Office
Appendix Figure 6. Data gathering and list of data gathered from

Silang, Cavite Bids and Awards Committee
74
Appendix Figure 7. List of data acquired from Tagaytay City Engineering

Office
Appendix Figure 8. Communication e-mail from Ternate, Cavite Engineering

Office for the data gathering
75
Appendix Figure 9. Data gathering on the on-going concreting of roads in

Brgy. Talon Amadeo, Cavite
Appendix Figure 10. Data gathering on the on-going rehabilitation of drainage

system canal in Brgy. Maitim Amadeo, Cavite
Appendix Figure 11. Data gathering on the on-going construction of perimeter

fence in the municipal hall of General Emilio Aguinaldo, Cavite
76
Appendix Figure 12. Data gathering on the on-going renovation of session hall
in the municipal hall of General Emilio Aguinaldo, Cavite
Appendix Figure 13. Data gathering on the on-going construction of two-

storey residential building in Calumpang Cerca Indang, Cavite

storey residential building in Brgy. Tambo Ilaya Indang, Cavite
77

storey residential building in Green Valley Subdivision Indang, Cavite

storey residential building in Brgy. Bancod Indang, Cavite

storey residential building in Brgy. Mahabang Kahoy Indang, Cavite
78
Appendix Figure 18. Data gathering on the on-going construction

in Brgy. Mahabang Kahoy Cerca Indang, Cavite
Appendix Figure 19. Data gathering on the on-going construction of two

storey residential building in Brgy. Pulo Indang, Cavite
Appendix Figure 20. Data gathering on the on-going construction of three

storey residential building in Brgy. Uno Indang, Cavite
79
Appendix Figure 21. Data gathering on the on-going construction

In PLDT Brgy. Kaytapos Indang, Cavite
Appendix Figure 22. Data gathering on the on-going construction of two

storey residential building in Brgy. Mahabang Kahoy Cerca Indang, Cavite
Appendix Figure 23. Data gathering on the on-going construction of

commercial building in Brgy. 3 Indang, Cavite
80

residential building in Magallanes, Cavite

residential building in Maragondon, Cavite
Appendix Figure 26. Data gathering on the on-going construction of three

store new RHU Building in Silang, Cavite
81
Appendix Figure 27. Data gathering on the on-going construction of Retaining

Wall near New Municipal Office in Silang, Cavite
Appendix Figure 28. Data gathering on the on-going construction of New

Philippine National Police Office in Silang, Cavite

storey building in Camella Homes Brgy. Buho Silang, Cavite Location 1
82

residential building in Camella Homes Brgy. Buho Silang, Cavite Location 2

storey residential building in Camella Homes Brgy. Buho Silang, Cavite
Location 3
83
Appendix Figure 32. Data gathering on the on-going construction of Tagaytay

Brewing Corp. Building in Tagaytay City, Cavite

storey building near Grandmaster Hotel in Calamba rd. Tolentino West
Tagaytay, Cavite
84
Appendix Figure 34. Data gathering on the on-going construction of Public

Market Extension in Ternate, Cavite
Appendix Figure 35. data gathering on the on-going construction of

Public Clinic near Municipal Hall of Ternate, Cavite
`
85
Appendix 7
Sample answered questionnaire

86
87
88
89
90
Appendix 8
IATF Guidelines For Construction Industry During The Data Collection

91
FEBRUARY 2022:
MARCH TO APRIL 2022:

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ANALYSIS OF HEALTH AND SAFETY PERCEPTIONS OFCONSTRUCTION

WORKERS IN UPLAND, CAVITE DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC

only child of Mr. and Mrs. Aterrado.

excellence awardee in Lumampong National High School-Calumpang Annex Senior

Danielli P. Gutierrez was born on November 6, 1999. She currently lives at

child among four children of Miguel and Estelita Gutierrez.

She obtained her elementary education at Indang Central Elementary School

Science in Civil Engineering program at Cavite State University.

support and direction in completing this study;

patience and assistance in helping to improve the study;

complete and improve the study;

precious time to the researchers;

To all the Municipal Engineers in Amadeo, Bailen, Indang, Maragondon,

needed for the study;

To all the construction workers of the on-going construction projects in

produce the needed hard copy documents in the study;

and interpret the results of the study;

ATERRADO, APPLE S., and GUTIERREZ, DANIELLI P. Analysis of Health and

perceptions of construction workers in Upland, Cavite during COVID-19 pandemic.

construction projects in the municipalities of Amadeo, General Emilio Aguinaldo,

Indang, Magallanes, Maragondon, Silang, Tagaytay, and Ternate, Cavite, a total of

385 construction workers were selected to participate in the survey.

interpreted as neutral. Meanwhile, the respondents’ perception in terms of “Presence

seminars and training.”. Lastly, the respondent's perception on the “Implementation of

This aspect must be given attention.

It was recommended that contractors must provide and encourage construction

once identified to prevent any accidents from occurring.

APPROVAL SHEET ……………………………………………………………... ii

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA ………………………………………………………… iii

ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………………. vii

LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………….. xi

LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………………………….... xii

LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES ……………………………………………….... xiii

LIST OF APPENDICES………………………………………………………...... xvi

Statement of the Problem ………………………………………………. 2

Objectives of the Study …………………………………………………. 3

Significance of the Study ……………………………………………….. 4

Scope and Limitations of the Study …………………………………… 5

Theoretical Framework of the Study ………………………………….. 5

Conceptual Framework of the Study ………………………………….. 7

Definition of Terms ………………………………………………………. 8

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ………………………………………... 9

Research Design ……………………………………………………….... 18

Research Locale ………………………………………………………..... 18

Sources of Data ………………………………………………………...... 19

Participants of the Study ………………………………………………… 19

Sampling Procedure ……………………………………………………... 19

Research Instrument …………………………………………………….. 21

Data Gathering Procedure ………………………………………………. 21

Statistical Treatment of Data ……………………………………………. 23

Demographic Profile of the Participants …...………………………......... 25

Location of current construction work……………........................ 28

Health and Safety Perceptions of the Participants …………………........ 29

Presence of Risks and Hazards In The Construction Site…....... 29

Presence of Health and Safety Procedures in

Implementation of Health And Safety Procedures

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION …………………….. 39