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BatchA MTE Merged
BatchA MTE Merged
Lecture-01; Introduction
Mahendra Singh
Department of Civil Engineering
IIT Roorkee, Roorkee- 247667, India
mahendra.singh@ce.iitr.ac.in; msingh.civil@gmail.com
A. Auger Boring
• Auger is held vertically on ground
• It is pressed and rotated
• Turning action cuts the soil.
• Hand operated augers may be
used upto 6m depth (soft soil)
• Casing pipe may be used if soil is
collapsible.
Shell and Auger Method
• Sand bailer - Heavy duty pipe Sinker Bar
with a cutting edge
Shell or
• Bailer is raised and let fall in bore
hole Bailer
• cuts the soil
• while going down soil opens
the flat valve
• while going up valve closes due to
weight of soil
• tube is emptied when full Flat
valve
Cutting edge
B. Wash boring
Tripod and pulley
• Casing pipe driven into soil
• Water is forced unto drill rod
• Water helps in cutting soil as
lower end
• Slurry comes up through annular
space between
Adjacent
Foundations:
Inteferance
Heavy hammer
Guide tube
Anvil (Impact block)
Drill rod
Bore hole Cutting shoe and
split barrel
Schematic diagram of SPT
SPT number vs Cohesionless soil
100
kPa
2000 300
𝐶𝑁 = 0.77 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝ҧ > 25 𝑘𝑃𝑎)
𝑝ҧ 400
If OB>25 kPa, Use chart.
• Dilatancy correction 500
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0
• Sand with fines (Low permeability) Correction factor, CN
Depth, m
• Ncd=2.0 N for depth > 9m.
2.5
3.5
4.5
5
Active, Passive and at rest pressure
• If the wall moves away from the backfill, portion of
backfill tends to move downwards and outwards relative
to the wall; shearing resistance is mobilized in direction
away from the wall leading to decrease in earth pressure
until the failure has occurred; at this stage the force
acting on the wall is active earth pressure
• If the wall pushed towards backfill, the shearing
resistance increases in direction towards the wall leading
to increase in earth pressure until the failure occurs; at
this stage the entire shearing resistance is mobilized and
the pressure is called passive earth pressure
• If the wall is rigid and unyielding, the soil mass is in the
state of rest and there are no deformations as well as
displacements; earth pressure corresponding to this state
is called earth pressure at rest A - Earth pressure at Rest
B - Active earth pressure
C - Passive earth pressure
3,’3,c’3
• Water table
M-C criterion
′
in terms of principal stresses: Relationship between 𝝈𝟏 ′
and 𝝈𝟑 at failure:
• For failure, circle will touch the M-C failure envelope,
′ σ′1 +σ′3 σ′1 −σ′3
𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑡 + 2 sin’= 2
′ 2c′ cos ′ 1+sin ′ ′
• σ1 = + σ OR
1−sin ′ 1− sin ′ 3
′ ′
• σ1′ ′
= 2c tan(45 + )+ σ′3 tan2 (45 + ).
2 2
Angle of failure plane (θ)
2θ = 90 + ′ ; θ = 45 + ′ /2.
• The condition of failure as per Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion,
may be represented in two ways i.e. τf = f(σn ) and 1 = f(σ3 )
For simplicity we consider only half circle. Failure conditions will also
satisfy for plane which in clock wise direction.
′ ′ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜑′ 𝜑′
𝜎𝑝 = 𝜎𝑣 45 + + 2𝑐 ′ tan 45 +
2 2
𝜎𝑎 ′ = 𝜎𝑣 ′ 𝐾𝑝 + 2𝑐 ′ 𝐾𝑝
𝜑′ൗ 1+sin 𝜑′
where 𝐾𝑝 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 45 + 2 = 1−sin 𝜑′
11
Earth Pressure distribution diagram
2
Coulomb’s Active Earth Pressure
Maximizing Pa
1
𝑃𝑎 = 𝐾𝑎 𝛾𝐻2
2
3
Coulomb’s Passive Earth Pressure
1 2
𝑃𝑝 = 𝛾𝐻 𝐾𝑝
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( − ′)
𝐾𝑝 = 2
sin ′ + sin(′ + )
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 sin( + ) 1 −
sin + sin( + )
4
Culmann Method
Graphical method to simplify computations
Can be used for any shape, surcharge
Steps:
1. Draw Weight line Line AE angle ’
2. Trail Rupture planes- AC1, AC2, ….. Can
3. Obtain weights, plot – AD1, AD2,… And
4. Draw Earth Pressure line @ β- from weight
line
5. From D1, D2… draw lines parallel to EP line
obtain intersection with rupture line
similar triangle (force polygon) angles are
same 1’-D1, 2’-D2….. Represent Pa values
6. Draw CULMANN CURVE-1’-2’-3’….
7. Get Maximum EP and also the angle of
rupture plane
2
1. Check for overturning
• Consider all the forces acting on the wall,
• Ph=Pa cosα
• Resisting Forces : Weight of the soil above
the heel, the weight of the concrete (or
masonry) and Vertical component of the
active force Pv as Pa sinα
• Calculate Righting moments (+ve)
• Calculate overturning moments (-ve) (Earth
pressure)
• Calculate resultant force and their line of
action
• Calculate factor of safety against overturning
about the toe, about point C;
• Min FOS = 1.5
3
2. Check for bearing capacity failure/ Tension
qtoe and qheel : maximum and the minimum pressures at toe and heel
4
Bearing Capacity 3. Check for Sliding
• FOS against bearing capacity,
5
1/31/2023 Mahendra Singh, IIT Roorkee 6
1/31/2023 Mahendra Singh, IIT Roorkee 7
Gravity Wall
H’= 6.5m
2. FSsliding 2 ′ 2
ΣV tan ϕ + 𝑐 ′ 2𝐵+𝑃𝑝
FSsliding = 3 2 3 Pp= 0.5𝐾𝑝 γ1 𝐷2 + 2𝑐 ′ 1 𝐾𝑝𝐷
𝑃ℎ
Kp= 3.25
FSsliding = 1.9 > 1.5 Pp= 67.64 kN/m
OK
ΣV 6𝑒 ΣV 6𝑒
𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑒 = 1+ = 188.5𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 & 𝑞ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 1− = 17.7𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝐵 𝐵 𝐵 𝐵
http://www.weatheralldockanddredge.com/retain.html
Moment about B =0
1 ′ 𝐿4
P 𝐿4 + 𝑧ҧ − 3 𝐿4
2 3
1 𝐿5
+ { 𝐿5 3′ + 4′ } =0
2 3
FH=0
MB=0