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Module 2 BC
Module 2 BC
MODULE 2
LIMIT OF EXPONENTIAL, LOGARITHMIC, AND TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION
1
Time Allotment: 12
Learning
Outcomes -compute the limits of exponential,
logarithmic, and trigonometric functions using
At the end of this tables of values and graphs of the functions
lesson, you are
expected to:
If you start with $1000 and put $200 in a jar every month to save for a vacation,
then every month the vacation savings grow by $200 and in x months you will
have: Amount = 1000 + 200x
If you start with a debt of $1000 and you are charged an annual interest rate of 24
percent (typical credit card interest rate) then how much will you owe after X
months?
- Catalyst of Change -
菲律宾郊亚鄢南星學校
Nan Sing School of Cauayan City, Incorporated
- Catalyst of Change -
Dalupang St., Cauayan City, Isabela, Philippines 3305
Telefax No. (078) 652-2040
School ID: 400424
24 percent per year = 2 percent per month (this is how they convert it to a
monthly interest rate)
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
For any real number 𝑥, an exponential function is a function with the form
𝑓(𝑥)=𝑏𝑥
where
An exponential function with the form 𝑓(𝑥)=𝑏𝑥, 𝑏>0, 𝑏≠1,has these characteristics:
• one-to-one function
• horizontal asymptote: 𝑦=0
• domain: (–∞,∞)
• range: (0,∞)
• x-intercept: none
• y-intercept: (0,1)
• increasing if 𝑏>1
• decreasing if 𝑏<1
LAWS OF EXPONENTS
1. 𝑏𝑥⋅𝑏𝑦=𝑏𝑥+𝑦
2. 𝑏𝑥𝑏𝑦=𝑏𝑥−𝑦
3. (𝑏𝑥)𝑦=𝑏𝑥𝑦
4. (𝑎𝑏)𝑥=𝑎𝑥𝑏𝑥
5. 𝑎𝑥𝑏𝑥=(𝑎𝑏)𝑥
EXAMPLE
a. (2𝑥2/3)3(4𝑥−1/3)2
b. (𝑥3𝑦−1)2(𝑥𝑦2)−2
Solution
(2𝑥2/3)3(4𝑥−1/3)2
=8𝑥216𝑥−2.
(𝑥3𝑦−1)2(𝑥𝑦2)−2=(𝑥3)2(𝑦−1)2𝑥−2(𝑦2)−2=𝑥6𝑦−2𝑥−2𝑦−4=𝑥6𝑥2𝑦−2𝑦4=𝑥8𝑦2.
THE NUMBER 𝒆
𝑒 ≈ 2.718282
The letter 𝑒 was first used to represent this number by the Swiss mathematician
Leonhard Euler during the 1720s. Although Euler did not discover the number, he
showed many important connections between 𝑒e and logarithmic functions. We still use
the notation 𝑒 today to honor Euler’s work because it appears in many areas of
mathematics and because we can use it in many practical applications.
Using our understanding of exponential functions, we can discuss their inverses, which
are the logarithmic functions. These come in handy when we need to consider any
phenomenon that varies over a wide range of values, such as pH in chemistry or
decibels in sound levels.
The exponential function 𝑓(𝑥)=𝑏𝑥 is one-to-one, with domain (−∞,∞) and range (0,∞)
Therefore, it has an inverse function, called the logarithmic function with base 𝑏. For
any 𝑏>0, 𝑏≠1, the logarithmic function with base b, denoted 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏, has
domain (0,∞) and range (−∞,∞),and satisfies
For example,
𝑙𝑜𝑔2(8)=3 since 23 = 8,
log𝑏(𝑏𝑥) = 𝑥
and
𝑏log𝑏(𝑥) = 𝑥.
The most commonly used logarithmic function is the function 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒. Since this function
uses natural e as its base, it is called the natural logarithm. Here we use the
notation ln(𝑥) or ln𝑥 to mean 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒(𝑥). For example,
- Catalyst of Change -
菲律宾郊亚鄢南星學校
Nan Sing School of Cauayan City, Incorporated
- Catalyst of Change -
Dalupang St., Cauayan City, Isabela, Philippines 3305
Telefax No. (078) 652-2040
School ID: 400424
The functions 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 and 𝑦 = ln(𝑥) are inverses of each other, so their graphs are symmetric
about the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.
In general, for any base 𝑏>0, 𝑏≠1, the function 𝑔(𝑥)=𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏(𝑥) is symmetric about the
line 𝑦=𝑥 with the function 𝑓(𝑥)=𝑏𝑥. Using this fact and the graphs of the exponential
functions, we graph functions 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 for several values of b>1 (Figure).
Before solving some equations involving exponential and logarithmic functions, let’s
review the basic properties of logarithms.
PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS
a. 5𝑥=25x=2
b. 𝑒𝑥+6𝑒−𝑥=5
Solution
a. Applying the natural logarithm function to both sides of the equation, we have
ln5𝑥=ln2.
𝑥ln5=ln2.
Therefore, 𝑥=ln2/ln5.x=ln2/ln5.
𝑒2𝑥+6=5𝑒𝑥.
𝑒2𝑥−5𝑒𝑥+6=0,
(𝑒𝑥)2−5(𝑒𝑥) + 6 = 0.
Now we can solve the quadratic equation. Factoring this equation, we obtain
(𝑒𝑥−3)(𝑒𝑥−2)=0.
Therefore, the solutions satisfy 𝑒𝑥=3 and 𝑒𝑥=2. Taking the natural logarithm of both
3 2
sides gives us the solutions 𝑥=ln ,ln .
1
a. Ln ( ) = 4
𝑥
b. ln(2𝑥) − 3ln(𝑥2)=0
Solution
1 1
ln (𝑋) = 4 if and only if 𝑒4=𝑥.
4
Therefore, the solution is 𝑥=1/𝑒 .
b. Using the power property of logarithmic functions, we can rewrite the equation
as ln(2𝑥)−ln(𝑥6)=0.
2
ln(𝑥 5)=0
5
Therefore, 2/𝑥5=1, which implies 𝑥 = √2. We should then check for any extraneous
solutions.
Solution
Basic Calculus | Page 10 of 11
菲律宾郊亚鄢南星學校
Nan Sing School of Cauayan City, Incorporated
- Catalyst of Change -
Dalupang St., Cauayan City, Isabela, Philippines 3305
Telefax No. (078) 652-2040
School ID: 400424
To find the limit as 𝑥→∞, divide the numerator and denominator by 𝑒𝑥:
2+3𝑒 𝑥
lim𝑥→∞𝑓(𝑥)= lim
𝑥→∞ 7−5𝑒 𝑥
𝑥
=lim𝑥→∞ (2/𝑒 )+3
(7/e𝑥)−5
2 7
lim𝑥→∞ 𝑒 𝑥 = 0 = lim𝑥→∞ 𝑒 𝑥 = 0
We conclude that lim𝑥→∞𝑓(𝑥) = -3/5 and the graph of 𝑓 approaches the horizontal
asymptote 𝑦=−3/5 as 𝑥→∞. To find the limit as 𝑥→−∞ use the fact
that 𝑒𝑥→0 as 𝑥→−∞ to conclude that lim𝑥→∞𝑓(𝑥)=27 and therefore the graph of
approaches the horizontal asymptote 𝑦=27 as 𝑥→−∞.
KEY CONCEPTS
𝑥
• The exponential function 𝑦=𝑏 is increasing if 𝑏>1 and decreasing
if 0<𝑏<1. Its domain is (−∞,∞) and its range is (0,∞).
• The logarithmic function 𝑦=𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏(𝑥) is the inverse of 𝑦=𝑏𝑥. Its domain
is (0,∞) and its range is (−∞,∞).
• The natural exponential function is 𝑦=𝑒x and the natural logarithmic
function is 𝑦=ln𝑥=𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑥.
• Given an exponential function or logarithmic function in base 𝑎a, we can
make a change of base to convert this function to any base 𝑏>0, 𝑏≠1. We
typically convert to base 𝑒.