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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CONCRETE WITH PARTIAL REPLACEMENT
USING MANUFACTURED COARSE AGGREGATES 2019-2020
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
The increase in production of steel due to rise in demand has led to the increase in production
of a supplementary product “slag” which is a waste by product. The environmental dreads from
these plants include air, water and land pollution. Slag in ground gets converted to granules
and is termed as Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS). It is widely used as
supplementary cementious material in manufacture of cement and also used in making concrete
blocks. Though the artificial aggregate production attained attention in research field, in India
it is not implemented widely. This may be due to the availability of naturalresources, relatively
higher initial cost for Extensive use of natural aggregates causes scarcity and also disposing of
slag which is a waste product produced while producing steel is a problem. Then there lies the
challenge of using this slag effectively. One of the options may be to convert it to artificial
aggregates and to use as an artificial aggregates in construction.The advantages of producing
artificial aggregate is that it does not deplete the natural resources and also prevents the
damages done by aggregate mining. In this investigation, GGBS aggregates are produced
through a process of artificial granulation. The properties of GGBS aggregates produced is
discussed and compared with natural aggregates for its feasibility in concrete.
1.2 Materials used for preparation of artificial aggregates using pozzolana
Pozzolonic material
They are siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material which in itself possesses little or no
cementitious value chemically reacts with Calcium Hydroxide (lime) in presence of water at
ordinary temperature forms soluble compound comprising of cementitious property similar to
cement.
Natural pozzolana –
A) Clay and Shale's

B) Volcanic ash
Artificial pozzolana –
A) Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag(GGBS)

B) Fly ash
C) Silica fume
D) Rice husk ash
E) Surkhi
School of Civil Engineering, REVA UNIVERSITY, Bengaluru. 1|Page

1.3 GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag)
 It is a by-product obtained by rapid quenching of blast furnace slag in the production

of pig iron. It has reactive silica in the range of 35.84% (artificial pozzolana).
 Millions of tons of GGBS are produced as a by-product annually in India alone.
 The by-product generated is disposed off in the vicinity of the steel plants as a waste
material covering several thousand hectares of cultivable land making it unusable.
 It is an amorphous material
 Sharp edged and irregular glassy material
 High CaO content 39.53%
 Reactivity is increased (activated) by lime, alkalis or sulphates (cement)
Fig1.GGBS

CHAPTER-2. LITERATURE REVIEW
1. AnjaTerzic, Latopezo et al “Artificial Fly ash based aggregate properties influence

on light weight concrete performances”, Ceramic international, Elsevier pub. 2014.
 The effect of application of fly ash based aggregates obtained through different
processing techniques on the behaviour of lightweight concretes was analysed
 The lightweight concrete behavior was compared to that of normal-weight

concrete through compressive strength, flexural strength, porosity, shrinkage,
and modulus of elasticity investigation.
 Finally, the ideal combinations of ash pellets production parameters and

properties that gave the lightweight concrete with behavior matching
to that of standard concrete were established.
.
2. ZhenHuaDuan, Chi Sun Poon.
“Properties of recycled aggregates concrete made with recycled aggregates with different
amounts of old adhered mortars” Journal on Materials and Design, Ceramic international,
Volume 58,June 2014.
 This paper presents the experimental results of a study on comparing the difference in
properties of recycled aggregates with varying amounts of old adhered mortar obtained
from different sources and evaluating influence of different recycled aggregates on the
mechanical and durability properties of recycled concrete.
 Four concrete mixes (one with natural aggregate and three others with recycled
aggregates) with 28 day target compressive strength varying from 30 MPa to 80 MPa are
designed by using each RA to fully replace NA.
 The experimental results shows that performance of recycled aggregates from

different sources varied greatly and recycled aggregates of good quality can be used
to produce high strength concrete.

3. V.Strokova,I. Zhernovsky,et. al “Artificial aggregates based on granulated

reactive silica powders” Journal on Advanced Powder Technology, Elsevier pub.Vol.
25, Issue 3,May 2014.
 They have conducted test on artificial aggregates from reactive silica

powder(AAGS).They have reported that optimum alkali content in aggregate core can
vary from 10 to 30%.
 The effect of RS (reactive silica) and AAGS (Artificial aggregate granulated

silica) composition on the structure of hardened cement composite was investigated.
4. R. Walker, S. Pavia, “Physical properties and reactivity of pozzolana, and

their influence on the properties of lime–pozzolana pastes”
 This paper studies how pozzolana properties including particle size, specific surface,
chemical and mineral composition, amorphousness and water demand, affect their
reactivityas well as the strength of lime–pozzolana pastes. Reactivity was evaluated
with chemical,mechanical and mineralogical methods.
 A number of artificial pozzolana were investigated including Ground Granulated

Blast furnace Slag (GGBS); Leca; Pulverized Fuel Ash (PFA); Calcined Clay
(Metastar); Micro silica (MS); Rice Husk Ash (RHA); Red Brick Dust (RBD); Tile
and Yellow Brick Dust (YBD).
 The paper concludes that the pozzolana specific surface has a much greater influence
on the water demand of the paste than its particle size or the lime: pozzolana ratio.
 There is a good correlation between the chemical and physical activity indices and the
rate of portlandite consumption. In contrast, the chemical composition of the
pozzolana is not instrumental as a variable affecting neither pozzolana reactivity nor
the strength of the paste

CHAPTER-3. SCOPE OF THE WORK
1. To Study the feasibility of artificially manufactured GGBS aggregate for use in concrete.
2. To make use of GGBS, this is a waste material from Iron ore plants.
3. To minimize the use of natural resources in construction practices to possible extent.
4. Prevention of environmental hazards due to the dumping of GGBS in and around steel
manufacturing plants, which otherwise reduces the fertility of soil meant for natural use.
5. Replacement of natural aggregates with artificial aggregates (20%, 30% and 40%) in
concrete and to study its effect on some physical and mechanical properties.
6. Compressive strength growth after curing in water with age: 1day, 7day and 28 day.
7. Use of super plasticizers as water reducing agent.
8. Physical properties - Pull out strength of reinforcement at 28 day curing (Slip modulus).

CHAPTER-4. PREPARATION OF MANUFACTURED COARSE

AGGREGATE
4.1 Granulation:
It is the process of compressing or moulding a material into the shape of an aggregate.
We are in the learning process to make coarse aggregates of GGBS for the project.
4.2 PREPARATION OF GGBS AGGREGATE
Materials required: Cement, GGBS, and water.
Equipments required: Mixer, trowel, sprayer, and sieves (12.5mm, 10mm and 4.75mm).
Procedure:
 First, the cement of 53 grade and GGBS is weighed accordingly to ratio

Cement: GGBS = 1:8.
 Here cement acts a binding agent.
 Total quantity of both about 10kg to 15kg is taken.
 It is mixed with trowel till we can see uniform color.
 Then the mixed powder is taken to the mixer and poured into it.
 The mixer rotates at 45rpm.
 Dry mix is mixed well in mixer for 2 minutes.
 Then water is sprayed through sprayer such that water spread to larger area so as to
avoid slurry muddy balls.
 During this process, small granules grow in girth gradually in about 6- 8 minutes.
 The aggregates are sieved with different sieves sizes to identify their gradation.
Aggregates of 12.5 mm to 4.75 mm are formed.
 After sieving the aggregates are kept in cool environment so that the moisture from it
is not lost.
Fig2. Typical drum mixer used for making GGBS aggregates

Fig 3. Sprayer
DIFFERNTIATION OF NATURL AGGGREGAE AND ARTIFICIAL

AGGREGATE
Fig4. Natural aggregate
Fig5. Artificial aggregate

4.3 Methods of strength gain
a)Normal curing in water

b)Hardening under the sun
Normal water curing: The prepared aggregates are kept in water for 3 days and 7 daysfor
hardening. The hardened aggregates are then removed from the chamber or tank and are ready
for use.
Normal curing under sun: The prepared aggregates are kept under the sun for 3 days and 7 days
for hardening. The hardened aggregates are then removed from sun and areready for use.
NORMAL CURING
Fig6.Artificial aggregate in normal hardening

Under sun for 3 days
Study on Properties of GGBS Aggregates
GGBS aggregates and natural Aggregates passing through 12.5 mm and retained in 10 mm
sieve were used for some Mechanical tests like aggregate crushing value, and aggregate impact
value. Some physical test ex: specific gravity and water absorption.

CHAPTER 5. TEST ON MATERIALS USED
5.1 TEST ON CEMENT
5.1.1 DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT

(IS-2720-PART-3):
Aim: To determine the specific gravity of cement using Le chatelier Flask or Specific
gravity bottle.
Apparatus: Le chateli iser Flask or Specific Gravity Bottle, weighing balance.
Procedure:
1. The Lechatlier flask should be free from moisture content, that mean flask is thoroughly
dried.
2. Now, weigh the empty flask and note it as W1.
3. Take 50gm of cement and add it in Flask. Now weight the Flask with the stopper as W2
4. Now pour kerosene in the sample up to the neck of the bottle. Mix thoroughly and see
that no air bubbles left in the flask. Note down the weight as W3
5. Empty the flask and fill the bottle with kerosene up to the tip of the bottle and record
the weight as W4.
RESULT-
Average specific gravity = 3.15 (permissible limit-3.1 to 3.18)
Specific gravity of GGBS=2.76 (allowable limit 2.7 to 2.9) IS1727 for pozzolanic materials.
Fig7. specific gravity bottle

5.2 TEST ON NATURAL AGGREGATES

5.2.1 AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALUE (IS: 2386-Part 4)
AIM: For determination of the aggregate crushing value of coarse aggregate, which passes
12.5mm. IS sieve and retained on 10 mm. IS sieve.
REFERENCE STANDARD: IS: 2386 (Part IV)-1963 Methods of test for aggregate for
concrete Part IV Mechanical Properties.
APPARATUS: Steel Cylinder, sieves (12.5mm, 10mm), cylindrical metal measure, tamping
Rod, balance, oven, and compression testing Machine.
PREPARATION OF SAMPLE: Test sample consist of aggregate passing a 12.5mm IS sieve

and retained on a 10mm IS sieve. The aggregate to be tested is dried in oven for a period of not
less than 4 hours.
PROCEDURE
1. The cylindrical steel cup is filled with 3 equal layers of aggregate and each layer is tamped
25 strokes by the rounded end of tamping rod and the surplus aggregate struck off, using
the tamping rod as a straight edge.
2. The net weight of aggregate in the cylindrical steel cup is determined to the nearest gram
and this weight of aggregate is used for the duplicate test on the same material.
3. The cup is fixed firmly in position on the base of the machine and the whole of the test
sample is added in thirds, each third being subjected to 25stokes from tamping rod.
4. The surface is leveled and the plunger is inserted so that it rests horizontally on the surface.
The whole assembly is then placed between the platens of testing machine and loaded at a
uniform rate so as to reach a load of 40 tons in 10 minutes.
5. The load is then released and all aggregate is removed from the cup and sieved on 2.36
mm. IS sieve until no further significant amount passes in one minute.
6. The fraction passing the sieve is weighed to an accuracy of 0.1 g
FORMULA-
Crushing strength=w2/w1*100
Crushing strength = 650/2920*100

= 22.26% (<30% safe)
RESULT – Aggregate Crushing strength value = 22.26%
School of Civil Engineering, REVA UNIVERSITY, Bengaluru. 10 | P a g e

Fig8.Crushing test arrangements
Fig9.Cylinder and plunger

5.2.2 DETERMINATION OF AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE
AIM: To determine the impact value of the aggregates.
APPARATUS: A testing machine weighing 45 to 60 kg and having a metal base with a painted
lower surface of not less than 30 cm in diameter. A cylindrical steel cup of internal diameter
102 mm, depth 50 mm and minimum thickness 6.3 mm. A metal hammer 13.5 to 14.0 kg the
lower end being cylindrical in shape, 50 mm long, 100.0 mm in diameter. Free fall of hammer
should be within 380±5 mm. A cylindrical metal measure having internal diameter 75 mm and depth
50 mm for measuring aggregates. Tamping rod 10 mm in diameter and 230 mm long, rounded at one
end and balance
THEORY: The property of a material to resist impact is known as toughness. Due to

movement of vehicles on the road the aggregates are subjected to impact resulting in their
breaking down into smaller pieces. The aggregates should therefore have sufficient toughness
to resist their disintegration due to impact. This characteristic is measured by impact value test.
The aggregate impact value is a measure of resistance to sudden impact or shock, which may
differ from its resistance to gradually applied compressive load.
PROCEDURE
The test sample consists of aggregates sized 10.0 mm 12.5 mm. Aggregates may be dried
by heating at 100-110° C for a period of 4 hours and cooled.
1. Sieve the material through 12.5 mm and 10.0mm IS sieves. The aggregates passing
through 12.5mm sieve and retained on 10.0mm sieve comprises the test material.
2. Pour the aggregates to fill about just 1/3 rd depth of measuring cylinder.
3. Compact the material by giving 25 gentle blows with the rounded end of the tamping rod.
4. Add two more layers in similar manner, so that cylinder is full.
5. Strike off the surplus aggregates.
6. Determine the net weight of the aggregates to the nearest gram (W).
7. Bring the impact machine to rest without wedging or packing up on the level plate, block
or floor, so that it is rigid and the hammer guide columns are vertical.
8. Fix the cup firmly in position on the base of machine and place whole of the test sample in
it and compact by giving 25 gentle strokes with tamping rod.
9. Raise the hammer until its lower face is 380 mm above the surface of aggregate sample in
the cup and allow it to fall freely on the aggregate sample. Give 15 such blows at an interval
of not less than one second between successive falls.
10. Remove the crushed aggregate from the cup and sieve it through 2.36 mm IS sieves until
no further significant amount passes in one minute. Weigh the fraction passing the sieve to
an accuracy of 1 gm. Also, weigh the fraction retained in the sieve. Compute the aggregate
impact value. The mean of two observations, rounded to nearest whole number is reported
as the Aggregate Impact Value.

FORMULA-
Aggregate impact value=w4/w3*100
Trial1 = I.V=66/346 *100=19.075%
Trail2 = I.V=79/344*100=22.965%
Trail3 = I.V=69/355*100=19.43%
Average Impact value =20.503%
(permissible limit =impact value should be <30)
RESULT - AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE = 20.503
Fig10.Impact test arrangements Fig11. water cured aggregate

after crushing and impact

5.2.3 DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WATER

ABSORPTION OF COARSE AGGREGATES
AIM-To determination of specific gravity & water absorption of aggregates.
APPARATUS USED -Wire basket,Oven (3000c),Container for filling water and suspending
the basket,An air tight container,Balance[0-10 kg], tray & absorbent clothes.
PROCEDURE
1. About 2 kg of aggregate sample is washed thoroughly to remove fines, drained and placed
in wire basket and immersed in water at a temperature between 22- 32º C and a cover of
at least 5cm of water above the top of basket.
2. Immediately after immersion the entrapped air is removed from the sample by lifting the
basket containing it 25 mm above the base of the tank and allowing it to drop at the rate of
about one drop per second. The basket and aggregate should remain completely immersed
in water for a period of 24 hour afterwards.
3. The basket and the sample are weighed while suspended in water at a temperature of 22° –
32°C. The weight while suspended in water is noted .
4. The basket and aggregates are removed from water and allowed to drain for a few minutes,
after which the aggregates are transferred to the dry absorbent clothes. The empty basket is
then returned to the tank of water jolted 25 times and weighed in water.
5. The aggregates placed on the absorbent clothes are surface dried till no further moisture
could be removed by this cloth. Then the aggregates are transferred to the second dry cloth
spread in single layer and allowed to dry for at least 10 minutes until the aggregates are
completely surface dry. The surface dried aggregate is then weighed
6. The aggregate is placed in a shallow tray and kept in an oven maintained at a temperature
of 110° C for 24 hrs. It is then removed from the oven, cooled in an air tight container and
weighted.
OBSERVATION –
Weight of saturated aggregate suspended in water with the basket W1 = 2085g

Weight of basket suspended in water W2 = 810g
Weight of saturated aggregate in water (W1-W2)=1275g
Weight of saturated surface dry aggregate in air W3=2022g
Weight of oven dried aggregates W4=2004g
FORMULA
♦Specific gravity= W4/(W3-(W1-W2))
= 2004/ (2022-1275) = 2.68

♦Apparent Specific gravity = W4 / W4-(W1-W2)

= 2004/(2004-1275)
= 2.75 ( lesser than 3)
♦Water absorption = W3-W4 /W4 *100
=2022-2004 /2004 *100
= 0.9%
5.3 TEST ON MANUFACTURED AGGREGATES
5.3.1 Crushing Test on Aggregates [1:8]

OBSERVATION-
Empty weight of mould =3764.5g
Empty weight of mould+aggregates=6444.5
Weight of aggregate passing through 2.36 mm IS Sieve = 650g
Weight of aggregate=6444.5-3764.5
=2680g
Formula -W2/W1* 100
Crushing Test = W2/W1* 100
= 650/2680*100
=24.25%
Result : Crushing value of aggregate=24.25%
5.3.2 IMPACT TEST
Weight of Empty cylinder W1 (Gram) =774g

Weight of cylinder+aggregate W2(Gram) =1054g
Weight of aggregate W3= W2-W1=1054-774 =280g
Weight of aggregate passing through 2.36mm IS Sieve(W4) = 79g
Formula- W4/W3*100
Aggregate impact value= W4/W3*100
=79/280*100
=28.21%
Result: Impact value of aggregate is 28.21%
5.3.3 Specific Gravity

Weight of saturated aggregate suspended in water with the basket W1=1997g
Weight of basket suspended in water W2=763g
FORMULA
= 2017/ (2299-1234)=1.9
♦Apparent Specific gravity= W4 / (W4-W3) = W4 / W4-(W1-W2)
= 2017/(2017-1234)
=2.57 lesser than 3
=2299-2017 /2017 *100
= 13.98%
Fig12. Aggregate in wire basket Fig13.artificial aggregates after

Suspended in water removing from water.

AGGREGATE MADE WITH DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS
Sl No Cement: Water Curing in water Curing in Sun

GGBS absorption
Crushing Impact Crushing Impact
1 1:6 18:8% 23.6% 28.42% 22.84% 33.45%
2 1:8 13.98% 24.25% 28.21% 23.82% 29.5%
3 1:10 17.5% 24.8% 21.6% 24.88% 27.66%
4 1:14 18.84% 24.81% 23.6% 23.76% 28.74%
Best suitable ratio of CEMENT:GGBS – 1:8
AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALUES FOR

DIFFRENT TYPES OF CURING
24.88%
24.80% 24.81%
25.00%
24.50% 24.25%
Crushing value
24.00% 23.82% 23.76%

23.60% CRUSHING STRENGTH(AFTER
CURING IN WATER)
23.50%
CRUSHING STRENGTH (AFTER
22.84% HARDENED UNDER THE SUN)
23.00%
22.50%
0 5 10 15
Percentage of cement
Graph 1: Aggregate crushing value for different cement content and different types of curing

AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE FOR

DIFFERENT TYPES OF CURING
40.00%
33.45%
35.00%
29.50% 28.74%
28.42% 28.21% 27.66%
30.00%
23.60%
25.00% 21.60%
IMPACT VALUE
20.00%
15.00%
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
PERCENTAGE OF CEMENT
IMPACT STRENGTH(AFTER CURING IN WATER) IMPACT STRENGTH (AFTER HARDENED UNDER THE SUN)
Graph 2: Aggregate impact value for different cement content and different types of curing
5.4 INFERENCE:
 Shape of the aggregates formed is round.

 Curing in water is the best type of curing for faster production.
 If there is no time consideration then we can go with normal curing in sun.
 The water absorption of GGBS aggregate is higher than that of natural aggregate
which is the major disadvantage.
 GGBS aggregate is round in nature that itself improves workability.

CHAPTER 6. CONCRETE MIX
6.1 THE CONCRETE MIX PROCEDURE:
Materials required: Cement (53) grade, sand, coarse aggregate, artificial aggregate, aura
mix 400 super plasticizer (Base chemical-Poly Carboxylic Ether) and water.
Equipments required: Trowel, concrete mixer, containers, weighing balance, measuring

cylinders, measuring jars, slump cone, tamping rod, glass plate, trays, oil or grease, brush,
cubes of 150mm, spanners, marker, and curing pond.
Procedure:
 First, the calculation of the mix design is done according to IS 10262 2009.
Then the volume of concrete required for casting 9 cubes is calculated, (9 cubes for 3
samples and 3 days (1, 7, and 28 days) of testing
 With this the mass of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, artificial aggregate, water
and super plasticizer is calculated.
 The materials are weighed accurately in balance.
 First dry powder mix is done with sand and cement for a duration of 1 minute till uniform
color is obtained.
 Then, Coarse aggregate with or without artificial aggregate is added and mixed for
another 1 minute till uniform color is achieved.
 Water with or without super plasticizer is added and mixed well.
 The mix is taken into a tray and slump cone test is conducted to check the workability.
Here, the fresh concrete is placed into the cone in 4 equal layers each layer is tamped
25times with the tamping rod in uniform manner over the cross section. Strike the top of
concrete flush with the cone mould with a trowel so that the mould is exactly filled and the
cone is removed carefully in vertical direction.
 The slump value is found according to our requirements.
 The value of the slump needs to be between 75mm to 100mm.
 Then, the cubes are casted in three layers with 25 blows with the tamping rod.
 The cubes are kept at a temperature of 27+/-2degreecentigrade in a atmosphere of at least
90% relative humidity for 24 hours.
 After 24 hours cubes are removed from the mould, immediately submerged in water and
kept there until taken out just prior to testing. Remaining cubes are kept in water for 7 days
and 28 days to find out the strength of the cube. During curing the water is maintained at
temperature of 27+/- 2 degree centigrade.

Fig.14 super plasticizer Fig.15 artificial aggregates
Fig.16 concrete moulds
Fig.17 slump cone apparatus

6.2 M20 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN OF NORMAL CONCRETE AND

WITHOUT SUPER PLASTICIZER
TARGET STRENGTH FOR MIX PROPORTIONING

f'ck = fck + 1.65 s
where,
f'ck = target average compressive strength at 28 days,
fck = characteristic compressive strength at 28 days, and
s = standard deviation.
From Table I, standard deviation, s =4 N/mm2
Therefore, target strength= 20 + 1.65 x 4 =26.6 N/mm2
SELECTION OF WATER-CEMENT RATIO

From Table 5 of IS 456

maximum water-cement ratio = 0.5
SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT
From Table 2, maximum water content litre (for 75 to 100 mm slump range)
for 20 mm aggregate
Estimated water content for 100 mm slump =186+6X186/100 =197.16litre.

CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT
Water-cement ratio= 0.5
Cement content=197.16/0.5=394.32 kg/m3
From Table 5 of IS 456, minimum cement
content for 'SEVERE' exposure condition = 250kg/m3
394.32 kg/m3 > 250 kg/m3 , hence, O.K.
PROPORTION OF VOLUME OF COARSE AGGREGATE AND FINE
AGGREGATE CONTENT
From Table 3.

Volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 20 mm size aggregate and fine aggregate (Zone
I) for water-cement ratio of 0.5 =0.6
(As the water-cement ratio is increased by 0.05. The proportion of volume of
coarse aggregate is decreased by 0.01 (at the rate of -/+ 0.01 for every ± 0.05 change in
watercement ratio).
volume of coarse aggregate =0.6
FOR pumpable concrete volume of coarse aggregate is reduced by 10%
Therefore, volume of coarse aggregate =0.54
Volume of fine aggregate content =0.46
MIX CALCULATIONS
The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows:
a) Volume of concrete = 1 m3
b) Volume of cement = Mass of cement/Specific gravity of cement x1/1000
= 394.32/3.15x1/1000 = 0.125 m3
c) Volume of water = Mass of water /Specific gravity of water x1/1000
= 197.16/1x1/1000 =0.19716 m3
d) Volume of all in aggregate = [a- (b +c )]
= [1-(0.125+0.197)] =0.678 m3
e) Mass of coarse aggregate =d x Volume of coarse aggregate x Specific gravity of coarse
aggregate x 1000
= 0.678x0.54x2.75x1000 = 1006.83 kg
f) Mass of fine aggregate = d x volume of fine aggregate x Specific gravity of fine aggregate
x 1000
= 0.678x0.46x2.7x1000 =842.076kg
MIX PROPORTIONS FOR NORMAL CONCRETE DENOTED AS NC

Cement = 394.32 kg/m3
Water = 197.16 litre
Fine aggregate = 842.076 kg
Coarse aggregate = 1006.83 kg
Water-cement ratio = 0.5

M20 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN OF NORMAL CONCRETE AND WITH

SUPER PLASTICIZER OF 2%
f'ck =fck + 1.65 s
where
SELECTION OF WATER-CEMENT RATIO:

Maximum water-cement ratio = 0.5


for 20 mm aggregate

As super plasticizer is used, the water content can be reduced up 6to 8 percent (based on
trials).
Hence, the arrived water content = 197.16 x 0.92 = 181.387 litre

Cement content=181.387/0.5= 362.774 kg/m3
content for 'severe' exposure condition = 250 kg/m3
365.324 kg/m3 > 250 kg/m3, hence, O.K.

AGGREGATE CONTENT
From Table 3.
Volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 20mm size aggregate and fine aggregate (Zone
I)

for water-cement ratio of 0.5 =0.6.

Therefore, volume of coarse aggregate =0.54.
Volume of fine aggregate content =0.46.
MIX CALCULATIONS
= 362.774 /3.15x1/1000 = 0.115m3
= 181.387/1x1/1000 =0.181 m3
d) Volume of chemical admixture (super plasticizer) (@ 2 percent by mass of cementitious

material) = Mass of chemical admixture /Specific gravity of admixture x 1/I 000
= 7.25/1.1x1/1000=0.006 m3
d) Volume of all in aggregate = [a- (b +c +d)]
= [1-(0.115+0.181+0.006)] =0.698 m3
aggregate x 1000
= 0.698x0.54x2.75x1000 = 1036.53kg
x 1000
= 0.698 x0.46x2.7x1000 =866.916 kg
MIX PROPORTIONS FOR NORMAL CONCRETE DENOTED AS N20

Water = 181.387kg/m3
Fine aggregate = 866.916 kg/m3
Coarse aggregate =1036.53 kg/m3
Chemical admixture = 7.25kg/m3


f'ck =fck + 1.65 s
where



for 20 mm aggregate

trials).

365.324 kg/m3 > 250 kg/m3, hence, O.K.

AGGREGATE CONTENT
From Table 3.
I)

MIX CALCULATIONS
= 362.774 /3.15x1/1000 = 0.115m3
= 181.387/1x1/1000 =0.181 m3

= 10.88/1.1x1/1000=0.0098m3
= [1-(0.115+0.181+0.009)] =0.695 m3
aggregate x 1000
= 0.695x0.54x2.75x1000 = 1032.075kg
x 1000
= 0.695 x0.46x2.7x1000 =863.19kg

Coarse aggregate =1032.075kg/m3


f'ck =fck + 1.65 s
where



for 20 mm aggregate

trials).

365.324 kg/m3 > 250 kg/m3, hence, O.K.

AGGREGATE CONTENT
From Table 3.
I)

MIX CALCULATIONS
= 362.774 /3.15x1/1000 = 0.115m3
= 181.387/1x1/1000 =0.181 m3

= 14.51/1.1x1/1000=0.0131m3
= [1-(0.115+0.181+0.0131)] =0.690 m3
aggregate x 1000
= 0.690x0.54x2.75x1000 = 1024.65kg
x 1000
= 0.690x0.46x2.7x1000 =856.98kg

Fine aggregate = 856.98kg/m3
Chemical admixture = 14.51/m3

M20 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN OF CONCRETE WITH REPLACEMENT OF

NATURAL AGGREGATE BY ARTFICIALAGGREGATE BY 20% AND WITHOUT
SUPER PLASTICIZER
f'ck =fck + 1.65 s
where



for 20 mm aggregate

394.32 kg/m3 > 250 kg/m3 , hence, O.K.

AGGREGATE CONTENT.
From Table 3.
watercement ratio).


MIX CALCULATIONS
a)Volume of concrete = 1 m3
= 394.32/3.15x1/1000 = 0.125 m3
= 197.16/1x1/1000 =0.19716 m3
= [1-(0.125+0.197)] =0.678 m3
Specific gravity of coarse aggregate = 0.2X Specific gravity of artificial aggregate+ 0.8x
Specific gravity of coarse aggregate
= 0.2x2.57 +0.8x2.75 = 2.714
aggregate x 1000
= 0.678x0.54x2.714x1000 = 993.649 kg
 Mass of artificial aggregate = 198.7298 kg,
 Mass of natural coarse aggregate =794.9192 kg
x 1000
= 0.678x0.46x2.7x1000 =842.076kg
MIX PROPORTIONS FOR CONCRETE DENOTED AS A02

Water = 197.16 kg/m3
Coarse aggregate = 993.649 kg/m3
Artificial aggregate =198.7298 kg/m3
Natural coarse aggregate =794.9192 kg/m3


NATURAL AGGREGATE BY ARTFICIALAGGREGATE BY 20% AND WITH
f'ck =fck + 1.65 s
where



for 20 mm aggregate
trials).

362.774 kg/m3 > 250 kg/m3, hence, O.K.

AGGREGATE CONTENT
From Table 3.
I) for water-cement ratio of 0.5 =0.6.
MIX CALCULATIONS
= 362.774 /3.15x1/1000 = 0.115m3
= 181.387/1x1/1000 =0.181 m3
= 7.25/1.1x1/1000=0.006 m3

= [1-(0.115+0.181+0.006)] =0.698 m3
= 0.2x2.57 +0.8x2.75 = 2.714

aggregate x 1000
= 0.698x0.54x2.714x1000 = 1022.96kg
x 1000
= 0.698 x0.46x2.7x1000 =866.916 kg

Natural aggregates=818.368kg/ m3
Artificial aggregates=204.592kg/m3


f'ck =fck + 1.65 s
where



for 20 mm aggregate
As super plasticizer is used, the water content can be reduced up 10 percent (based on trials).

354.888 kg/m3 > 250 kg/m3, hence, O.K.

AGGREGATE CONTENT
From Table 3.
MIX CALCULATIONS
= 354.88 /3.15x1/1000 = 0.112m3
= 177.444/1x1/1000 =0.177 m3
= 10.646/1.1x1/1000=0.0096 m3
= [1-(0.112+0.177+0.0096)] =0.7014 m3

= 0.2x2.57 +0.8x2.75 = 2.714

aggregate x 1000
= 0.7014x0.54x2.714x1000 = 1027.943 kg
x 1000
= 0.7014 x0.46x2.7x1000 =871.1388 kg

Water = 177.444 kg/m3
Natural aggregates=822.3544 kg/ m3
Artificial aggregates=205.5886 kg/m3
Chemical admixture = 10.646 kg/m3


f'ck =fck + 1.65 s
where



for 20 mm aggregate

354.888 kg/m3 > 250 kg/m3, hence, O.K.

AGGREGATE CONTENT
From Table 3.
MIX CALCULATIONS
= 354.88 /3.15x1/1000 = 0.112m3
= 177.444/1x1/1000 =0.177 m3
= 14.1952/1.1x1/1000=0.0129 m3
= [1-(0.112+0.177+0.0129)] =0.698 m3

= 0.2x2.57 +0.8x2.75 = 2.714

aggregate x 1000
= 0.698x0.54x2.714x1000 = 1022.96kg
x 1000
= 0.698 x0.46x2.7x1000 =866.916 kg

Water = 177.444 kg/m3


SUPER PLASTICIZER
f'ck =fck + 1.65 s
where



for 20 mm aggregate

394.32 kg/m3 > 250 kg/m3 , hence, O.K.

AGGREGATE CONTENT.
From Table 3.

watercement ratio).
MIX CALCULATIONS
= 394.32/3.15x1/1000 = 0.125 m3
= 197.16/1x1/1000 =0.19716 m3
= [1-(0.125+0.197)] =0.678 m3
= 0.3x2.57 +0.7x2.75 = 2.696
aggregate x 1000
= 0.678x0.54x2.696x1000 = 987.059 kg
x 1000
= 0.678x0.46x2.7x1000 =842.076kg



f'ck =fck + 1.65 s
where



for 20 mm aggregate
trials).

362.774 kg/m3 > 250 kg/m3, hence, O.K.

AGGREGATE CONTENT
From Table 3.
MIX CALCULATIONS
= 362.774 /3.15x1/1000 = 0.115m3
= 181.387/1x1/1000 =0.181 m3
= 7.25/1.1x1/1000=0.006 m3
= [1-(0.115+0.181+0.006)] =0.698 m3

= 0.3x2.57 +0.7x2.75 = 2.696

aggregate x 1000
= 0.698x0.54x2.696x1000 = 1016.176kg
x 1000
= 0.698 x0.46x2.7x1000 =866.916 kg



f'ck =fck + 1.65 s
where



for 20 mm aggregate

354.888 kg/m3 > 250 kg/m3, hence, O.K.

AGGREGATE CONTENT
From Table 3.
MIX CALCULATIONS
= 354.88 /3.15x1/1000 = 0.112m3
= 177.444/1x1/1000 =0.177 m3
= 10.646/1.1x1/1000=0.0096 m3
= [1-(0.112+0.177+0.0096)] =0.7014 m3

= 0.3x2.57 +0.7x2.75 = 2.696

aggregate x 1000
= 0.7014x0.54x2.696x1000 = 1021.126 kg
x 1000
= 0.7014 x0.46x2.7x1000 =871.1388 kg

Water = 177.444 kg/m3


f'ck =fck + 1.65 s
where



for 20 mm aggregate

354.888 kg/m3 > 250 kg/m3, hence, O.K.

AGGREGATE CONTENT
From Table 3.
MIX CALCULATIONS
= 354.88 /3.15x1/1000 = 0.112m3
= 177.444/1x1/1000 =0.177 m3
= 14.1952/1.1x1/1000=0.0129 m3
= [1-(0.112+0.177+0.0129)] =0.698 m3

= 0.3x2.57 +0.7x2.75 = 2.696

aggregate x 1000
= 0.698x0.54x2.696x1000 = 1016.176kg
x 1000
= 0.698 x0.46x2.7x1000 =866.916 kg

Water = 177.444 kg/m3


SUPER PLASTICIZER
f'ck =fck + 1.65 s
where



for 20 mm aggregate

394.32 kg/m3 > 250 kg/m3 , hence, O.K.

AGGREGATE CONTENT.
From Table 3.

watercement ratio).
MIX CALCULATIONS
= 394.32/3.15x1/1000 = 0.125 m3
= 197.16/1x1/1000 =0.19716 m3
= [1-(0.125+0.197)] =0.678 m3
= 0.4x2.57 +0.6x2.75 = 2.678
aggregate x 1000
= 0.678x0.54x2.678x1000 = 980.469 kg
x 1000
= 0.678x0.46x2.7x1000 =842.076kg



f'ck =fck + 1.65 s
where



for 20 mm aggregate
trials).

362.774 kg/m3 > 250 kg/m3, hence, O.K.

AGGREGATE CONTENT
From Table 3.
MIX CALCULATIONS
= 362.774 /3.15x1/1000 = 0.115m3
= 181.387/1x1/1000 =0.181 m3
= 7.25/1.1x1/1000=0.006 m3
= [1-(0.115+0.181+0.006)] =0.698 m3

= 0.4x2.57 +0.6x2.75 = 2.678

aggregate x 1000
= 0.698x0.54x2.678x1000 = 1009.3917kg
x 1000
= 0.698 x0.46x2.7x1000 =866.916 kg



f'ck =fck + 1.65 s
where



for 20 mm aggregate

354.888 kg/m3 > 250 kg/m3, hence, O.K.

AGGREGATE CONTENT
From Table 3.
MIX CALCULATIONS
= 354.88 /3.15x1/1000 = 0.112m3
= 177.444/1x1/1000 =0.177 m3
= 10.646/1.1x1/1000=0.0096 m3
= [1-(0.112+0.177+0.0096)] =0.7014 m3

= 0.4x2.57 +0.6x2.75 = 2.678

aggregate x 1000
= 0.7014x0.54x2.678x1000 = 1014.308 kg
x 1000
= 0.7014 x0.46x2.7x1000 =871.1388 kg

Water = 177.444 kg/m3
Natural aggregates=608.584kg/ m3


f'ck =fck + 1.65 s
where



for 20 mm aggregate

354.888 kg/m3 > 250 kg/m3, hence, O.K.

AGGREGATE CONTENT
From Table 3.
MIX CALCULATIONS
= 354.88 /3.15x1/1000 = 0.112m3
= 177.444/1x1/1000 =0.177 m3
= 14.1952/1.1x1/1000=0.0129 m3
= [1-(0.112+0.177+0.0129)] =0.698 m3

= 0.4x2.57 +0.6x2.75 = 2.678

aggregate x 1000
= 0.698x0.54x2.678x1000 = 1009.391kg
x 1000
= 0.698 x0.46x2.7x1000 =866.916 kg

Water = 177.444 kg/m3

Fig.18-casting of slump cone
Fig.19-slump cone results
Fig.20-Tamping of concrete in slump cone

ccc
Fig.21- batching of aggregates Fig.22-filling of moulds with concrete
Fig.23-filling of moulds with concrete
Fig.24 cubes casted

CHAPTER 7.TESTING OF SPECIMENS

7.1 RESULTS-
CUBES WITH NO REPACEMENT OF NATURAL AGGREGATE WITH
ARTIFICIAL AGGREGATE:
Table 1: Cubes casted with no super plasticizer and no replacement with artificial aggregate denoted as
N.
DAYS SAMPLE 1 SAMPLE 2 SAMPLE 3 AVERAGE
in N/mm2
in N/mm2
in N/mm2
in N/mm2
3 DAY 18.93 16.89 17.76 17.86
7 DAY 22.44 17.99 26.93 22.45
28 DAY 28.38 35.67 27.81 30.62
Table 2: Cubes casted with 2% super plasticizer and no replacement with artificial aggregate denoted
as N20.

in N/mm2 in N/mm2 in N/mm2 in N/mm2
3 DAY 15.59 17.82 17.43 16.95
7 DAY 21.93 20.74 26.2 22.96
28 DAY 27.35 32.55 34.73 31.54
as N30.

3 DAY 16.53 17.46 17.28 17.09
7 DAY 19.97 21.54 24.78 22.1
28 DAY 25.39 26.52 30.2 27.37
as N40.

in N/mm2
in N/mm2
in N/mm2
in N/mm2
3 DAY 16.1 15.18 15.19 15.49
7 DAY 19.32 21.22 22.16 20.9
28 DAY 31.11 31.16 28.86 30.37667

CUBES WITH REPACEMENT OF ARTIFICIAL AGGREGATE:
Table 5: Cubes casted with no super plasticizer and 20% replacement of natural aggregate with artificial
aggregate denoted as A02.

3 DAY 16.77 15.96 13.82 15.52
7 DAY 23.81 25.56 23.73 24.37
28 DAY 34.59 31.86 34.13 33.53
Table 6: Cubes casted with 2% super plasticizer and 20% replacement of natural aggregate with
artificial aggregate denoted as A22.

3 DAY 12.72 13.11 12.07 12.6
7 DAY 21.51 21.27 21.09 21.29
28 DAY 28.18 30.35 32.51 30.35
Table7: Cubes casted with 3% super plasticizer and 20% replacement of natural aggregate with

3 DAY 13.82 12.49 11 12.44
7 DAY 18.92 18.63 19.11 18.9
28 DAY 23.6 22.95 26.37 24.3
Table8: Cubes casted with 4% super plasticizer and 20% replacement of natural aggregate with

3 DAY 13.53 13.75 13.75 13.67
7 DAY 25.83 25.66 24.69 25.4
28 DAY 30.58 32.7 31.99 31.76
Table 9: Cubes casted with no super plasticizer and 30% replacement of natural aggregate with

in N/mm2
in N/mm2
in N/mm2
in N/mm2
3 DAY 15.24 14.87 14.84 14.98
7 DAY 23.2 21.41 24.56 23.1
28 DAY 34.51 31.58 34.37 33.5


3 DAY 12.06 12.13 11.72 11.97
7 DAY 22.12 21.86 21.62 21.87
28 DAY 30.17 31.14 30.6 30.64

3 DAY 15.53 11.96 11.48 13
7 DAY 18.86 17.82 17.73 18.14
28 DAY 24.1 23.1 22.34 23.18

3 DAY 10.42 10.17 10.46 10.35
7 DAY 14.15 17.18 18.43 16.59
28 DAY 25.26 25.08 22.74 24.36
Table 13: Cubes casted with no super plasticizer and 40% replacement of natural aggregate with

3 DAY 13.14 12.76 11.63 13.67
7 DAY 21.88 21.17 20.1 21.05
28 DAY 32.13 32.65 31.31 32.03

in N/mm2
in N/mm2
in N/mm2
in N/mm2
3 DAY 11.78 12.04 12.04 11.95
7 DAY 22.28 25.02 24.53 23.94
28 DAY 30 29.11 31.84 30.32

3 DAY 11.29 13.95 14.9 13.38
7 DAY 19.47 16.1 17.1 17.56
28 DAY 23.53 24.26 25.33 24.37


3 DAY 9.54 9.43 9.24 9.4
7 DAY 22.77 24 23.16 23.31
28 DAY 29.35 31.85 29.51 30.24
Fig.25-cubes casted in different proportion

ccc
Artificial
aggregates
Natural
aggregates
Fig.26- cube made with artificial aggregates
Fig.27- Testing of cube in compressive testing machine

7.2 GRAPHS
Graph3 : Variation of the strength of cubes with days for normal aggregates with varying sp
dosages(0%,2%, 3% and 4%)
Graph4 : Variation of the strength of cubes with days for normal aggregates replacement of
20% and with varying sp dosages (0%,2%, 3% and 4%)

Graph 5: Variation of the strength of cubes with days for normal aggregates replacement of
Graph 6: Variation of the strength of cubes with days for normal aggregates replacement of

Graph 7: Variation of the strength of cubes of 28days with normal aggregates and with
varying sp dosages (0%,2%, 3% and 4%)
Graph 8: Variation of the strength of cubes for 28 days with normal aggregates replacement
by 20% with artificial aggregate and with varying sp dosages (0%,2%, 3% and 4%)


Graph 11: Variation of the strength of cubes for 28 days with normal aggregates and
replacement of natural aggregates by20%, 30%, and 40% with artificial aggregate and with
varying spdosages

7.2 CONCLUSION
(INFERENCE OF MANUFACTURED AGGREGATES PRODUCTION)

 Shape of the artificial aggregates formed is round.
 Curing in water is the best type of curing for faster production.
 If there is no time consideration then we can go with normal curing in sun.
 The water absorption of GGBS aggregate is higher than that of natural aggregate
which is the major disadvantage.
 GGBS aggregate is round in nature that itself improves workability.
After casting 144 cubes from 16 mixes and the resulting test results we can make the
following conclusions
 Feasibility of artificial aggregate; Yes

 The best mix normal concrete is N20 with the compressive strength of
31.543N/mm2
 Compressive strength when compared with normal concrete;

Best mix giving best results in replacement of natural aggregate by artificial aggregate in
compression strength is A02 with value of 33.5KN/mm2.
 Best mix you recommend:

A42- Concrete with 4% SP and 20% artificial aggregates.
A43- Concrete with 4% SP and 30% artificial aggregates.
A44- Concrete with 4% SP and 40% artificial aggregates
 Further studies required: Yes

Future studies are required to test the Physical properties like Pull out strength of
reinforcement casted in concrete at 28 day curing (Slip modulus).
Future studies must be carried out to test the concrete made with full replacement of
natural aggregates with artificial aggregates.

RECOMMENDED MIX
MIX PROPORTIONS FOR NORMAL CONCRETE N20

Water = 177.444 kg/m3
Water = 177.444 kg/m3
Water = 177.444 kg/m3

REFERENCES
1. Is 456:2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice
2. IS: 2386-Aggregate testing code
3. IS 2720-Code for Cement
4. Is 10262:2009 Guidelines for Concrete mix design proportioning
5. Is 1727:1967 Methods of test for Pozzolanic Materials
6. Concrete Technology by A M Neville and MS SHETTY
7. V.strokova, i. Zhernovsky, et. Al “artificial aggregates based on granulated reactive silica

powders” journal on advanced powder technology, Elsevier pub.vol. 25, issue 3, may
2014
8. Anjaterzic, Latopezo et al “artificial fly ash based aggregate properties influence on light
weight concrete performances”, ceramic international, Elsevier pub. 2014.
9. Zhenhuaduan, Chi sun poon. “properties of recycled aggregates concrete made with
recycled aggregates with different amounts of old adhered mortars” journal on materials
and design, ceramic international, volume 58,june 2014.
10.R. Walker, S. Pavia, “Physical properties and reactivity of pozzolana, and their
influence on the properties of lime–pozzolana pastes”

ANNEXURE
 DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT

(IS-2720-PART-3):
OBSERVATION
S.NO PARTICULARS TRIAL1 TRIAL2
1 Weight of empty specific gravity 49g 51g
bottle(W1)
2 Weight of specific gravity 99g 101g

bottle+cement(W2)

bottle+cement+kerosene(W3)
4 Weight of specific gravity 126g 126.5g

bottle+kerosene(W4)

bottle+water(W5)
FORMULA
W2-W1/(W2-W1)-(W3-W4)0.79
TRAIL1
Specific gravity of cement=W2-W1/(W2-W1)-(W3-W4)0.79
=99-49/(99-49)-(169-126)0.79
=3.11
TRAIL2
Specific gravity of cement=W2-W1/(W2-W1)-(W3-W4)0.79
=101-51/(101-51)-(170-126.5)0.79
=3.19
RESULT- Average specific gravity = 3.15 (permissible limit-3.1 to 3.18)
Specific gravity of GGBS=2.76 (allowable limit 2.7 to 2.9) IS1727 for pozzolanic materials

TEST ON NATURAL AGGREGATES
 AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALUE (IS: 2386-Part 4)
OBSERVATION:
 Empty weight of mould = 3764.5 gm

 Empty weight of mould+aggregates = 6684.5gm
 Total weight of the dry aggregates sample(w1) = 2920gm
 Weight of the aggregates passing through 2.36mm IS sieve (w2) = 650.5gm
FORMULA-
Crushing strength=w2/w1*100
Crushing strength = 650/2920*100
= 22.26% (<30% safe)
RESULT – Aggregate Crushing strength value = 22.26%
 DETERMINATION OF AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE
OBSERVATION:
S.NO PARTICULARS TRIAL1 TRIAL2 TRIAL3
1 wt of empty cylinder 774 774 774
W1(gm)
2 wt of agg+cylinder 1120 1118 1129

W2(gm)
3 wt of aggregates 346 344 355
W3=w2-w1
4 wt of agg passing through 66 79 69
2.36mm IS sieve(w4)
FORMULA-
Aggregate impact value=w4/w3*100

Trial1 = I.V=66/346 *100=19.075%

Trail2 = I.V=79/344*100=22.965%
Trail3 = I.V=69/355*100=19.43%
Average Impact value =20.503%
(permissible limit =impact value should be <30)
RESULT - AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE = 20.503
 DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WATER

ABSORPTION OF COARSE AGGREGATES
OBSERVATION –
Weight of saturated aggregate suspended in water with the basket W1 = 2085g

Weight of basket suspended in water W2 = 810g
FORMULA
= 2004/ (2022-1275) = 2.68

♦Apparent Specific gravity = W4 / W4-(W1-W2)
= 2004/(2004-1275)
= 2.75 ( lesser than 3)
=2022-2004 /2004 *100
= 0.9%

TEST ON MANUFACTURED AGGREGATES
1. Crushing Test on Aggregates [1:8]

OBSERVATION-
Empty weight of mould =3764.5g
Empty weight of mould+aggregates=6444.5
Weight of aggregate passing through 2.36 mm IS Sieve = 650g
Weight of aggregate=6444.5-3764.5
=2680g
Formula -W2/W1* 100
Crushing Test = W2/W1* 100
= 650/2680*100
=24.25%
Result : Crushing value of aggregate=24.25%
2. IMPACT TEST
Weight of Empty cylinder W1 (Gram) =774g

Weight of cylinder+aggregate W2(Gram) =1054g
Weight of aggregate W3= W2-W1=1054-774 =280g
Weight of aggregate passing through 2.36mm IS Sieve(W4) = 79g
Formula- W4/W3*100
Aggregate impact value= W4/W3*100
=79/280*100
=28.21%
Result: Impact value of aggregate is 28.21%

3-Specific Gravity
Weight of saturated aggregate suspended in water with the basket W1=1997g
Weight of basket suspended in water W2=763g
FORMULA
= 2017/ (2299-1234)=1.9
♦Apparent Specific gravity= W4 / (W4-W3) = W4 / W4-(W1-W2)
= 2017/(2017-1234)
=2.57 lesser than 3
=2299-2017 /2017 *100
= 13.98%
 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF SPECIMENS
FAILURE LOAD =688 KN
AREA OF SPECIMEN = 150*150 = 22500mm2
Compressive strength = failure load / area of specimen
= 688 /22500
= 30.6 N/mm2

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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CONCRETE WITH PARTIAL REPLACEMENT

USING MANUFACTURED COARSE AGGREGATES 2019-2020

1.2 Materials used for preparation of artificial aggregates using pozzolana

A) Clay and Shale's

A) Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag(GGBS)

School of Civil Engineering, REVA UNIVERSITY, Bengaluru. 1|Page

1.3 GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag)

 It is a by-product obtained by rapid quenching of blast furnace slag in the production

 Millions of tons of GGBS are produced as a by-product annually in India alone.

 Sharp edged and irregular glassy material

 High CaO content 39.53%

 Reactivity is increased (activated) by lime, alkalis or sulphates (cement)

School of Civil Engineering, REVA UNIVERSITY, Bengaluru. 2|Page

CHAPTER-2. LITERATURE REVIEW

1. AnjaTerzic, Latopezo et al “Artificial Fly ash based aggregate properties influence

 The lightweight concrete behavior was compared to that of normal-weight

 Finally, the ideal combinations of ash pellets production parameters and

 The experimental results shows that performance of recycled aggregates from

School of Civil Engineering, REVA UNIVERSITY, Bengaluru. 3|Page

3. V.Strokova,I. Zhernovsky,et. al “Artificial aggregates based on granulated

 They have conducted test on artificial aggregates from reactive silica

 The effect of RS (reactive silica) and AAGS (Artificial aggregate granulated

4. R. Walker, S. Pavia, “Physical properties and reactivity of pozzolana, and

 A number of artificial pozzolana were investigated including Ground Granulated

School of Civil Engineering, REVA UNIVERSITY, Bengaluru. 4|Page

CHAPTER-3. SCOPE OF THE WORK

3. To minimize the use of natural resources in construction practices to possible extent.

7. Use of super plasticizers as water reducing agent.

School of Civil Engineering, REVA UNIVERSITY, Bengaluru. 5|Page

CHAPTER-4. PREPARATION OF MANUFACTURED COARSE

4.2 PREPARATION OF GGBS AGGREGATE

Materials required: Cement, GGBS, and water.

 First, the cement of 53 grade and GGBS is weighed accordingly to ratio

Fig2. Typical drum mixer used for making GGBS aggregates

School of Civil Engineering, REVA UNIVERSITY, Bengaluru. 6|Page

DIFFERNTIATION OF NATURL AGGGREGAE AND ARTIFICIAL

Fig4. Natural aggregate

Fig5. Artificial aggregate

School of Civil Engineering, REVA UNIVERSITY, Bengaluru. 7|Page

4.3 Methods of strength gain

a)Normal curing in water

Fig6.Artificial aggregate in normal hardening

Study on Properties of GGBS Aggregates

School of Civil Engineering, REVA UNIVERSITY, Bengaluru. 8|Page

CHAPTER 5. TEST ON MATERIALS USED

5.1 TEST ON CEMENT

5.1.1 DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT

Apparatus: Le chateli iser Flask or Specific Gravity Bottle, weighing balance.

Fig7. specific gravity bottle

School of Civil Engineering, REVA UNIVERSITY, Bengaluru. 9|Page

5.2 TEST ON NATURAL AGGREGATES

PREPARATION OF SAMPLE: Test sample consist of aggregate passing a 12.5mm IS sieve

Crushing strength = 650/2920*100

School of Civil Engineering, REVA UNIVERSITY, Bengaluru. 10 | P a g e

Fig8.Crushing test arrangements

Fig9.Cylinder and plunger

School of Civil Engineering, REVA UNIVERSITY, Bengaluru. 11 | P a g e

5.2.2 DETERMINATION OF AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE