3081/205 3082/205 3083/205 HYDRAULICS, GEOLOGY AND SOIL MECHANICS Oct. / Noy. 2022 Time: 3 hours ‘THE KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL HIGHER DIPLOMA IN CONSTRUCTION (STRUCTURES OPTION) (BUILDING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING OPTION) (HIGHWAY ENGINEERING OPTION) HYDRAULICS, GEOLOGY AND SOIL MECHANICS 3 hours INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES You should have the following for this examination: Answer booklet; Scientific calculator. This paper consists of EIGHT questions in TWO sections; A and B. Answer FIVE questions choosing at least TWO questions from each section. ALL questions carry equal marks. Maximum marks for each part of a question are as indicated. Candidates should answer the questions in English. ‘This paper consists of 5 printed pages Candidates should check the questions paper to ascertain that all the pages are printed as indicated and that no questions are missing (© 2022 The Kenya National Examinations Councit ‘Turn overSECTION A: HYDRAULICS Answer at least TWO questions from this section. 1. (@)__ With the aid of a diagram, describe the hydrologic cycle and state four of its ‘components (8 marks) (&) _Imorder to compute the flood discharge in a stream by the slope - area method, the data in table 1 was obtained. Table 1 ‘Upstream section | Mid-section ‘Downstream sec- tion Area (m?) 109.7 104.2 100.9 ‘Wetted perimeter [66.4 618 605 (m) Gauge reading (m) [+3169 - + 31656 Determine the flood discharge applying two trials. Take Manning’s n = 0.028 and length between upstream and downstream sections as 260 m. (12 marks) 2. (a) __ From basic principles, derive the Bernoulli's equation. (12: marks) (>) A150 mm penstock terminates with a 50 mm nozzle as shown in figure 2. The nozzle is 16m below the wate surface. Determine: (pressure and-velocity at A in the pipe; (ii) __ pressure and velocity at A without the nozzle. (8 marks) 3081/205 3082/205 2 3083/205 Oct. Nov. 2022(b) oe @ 4. (@) (b) © 3081/205 3082/205 3083/205 ct. Nov. 2022 Outline five objectives of water purification, (6 marks) With the aid of a diagram, outline four zones in a rectangular sedimentation basin. (6 marks) ‘Sketch and label a flow diagram showing the sequence of surface water purification. (4 marks) With the aid of a diagram, describe breakpoint chlorination, (marks) Accity has a population of 130,000 persons. It has a sewer with a flow of 180 Vh/d, which is located next to a stream with a discharge of 0.85 m*/s. The scwage has a BOD of 220 mg/l, while the dissolved oxygen (D.0) and the BOD content of the stream above the outfall are 8.0 and 1.2 mg/l respectively. Determine: (the amount of oxygen available per day above the sewer outfall. i) the total BOD per day in the stream below the outfall. Assume no oxidation takes place. (10 marks) With the aid of a sketch, explain the procedure of fixing alignments and gradients in sewers, (6 marks) Explain screening of sewage and state four of its objectives. (4:marks) 3) © @ (b) © 3081/205, 3082/205 3083/205 Oct. Nov. 2022 SECTION B: GEOLOGY AND SOIL MECHANICS Answer at least TWO questions from this section. With the aid of a diagram, describe geophysical site investigation using the Wenner array configuration of electrical resistivity method. (6 marks) Describe the following weathering processes: @ chemical weathering; (i) iological weathering. (6 marks) Explain the process of denudation and state four denudation processes. (6 marks) Explain the use of geological maps... (marks) Define the following types of soils: (valved clay; Gi) boulder clay; (ii) hard pans. @ marks) Derive a relationship between void ratio and porosity of a soil sample. (6 marks) A saturated soil sample has a water content of 30% and a saturated unit weight of 19.63 kN/m?. Determine: @ dry unit weight, dry density and Gi) specific gravity of the soil particles; (iii) bulk unit weight of the soil when the degree of saturation is 92%. Assume no change in void ratio. (11 marks)(b) (b) 3081/205 3082/2058 3083/205 ct. Nov, 2022 Derive an expression for determining the permeability of a fine-grained soil using falling head method. (13 marks) A layer of sand 6 m thick underlies a 5 m thick clay stratum and overlays a bed of shale. A pumping well was sunk in this formation to the base of the sand yielding 12.5 x 10° m%/s of water under steady state flow. Observation wells were placed 20 m and 40 m from the pumped well indicated ground water levels of 4 m and 3.5 m below ground surface respectively. Deteruniue the permeability of the soil. (7 marks) (Define the allowable bearing capacity of a soil. (i) With the aid of sketches, describe three modes of foundation failures. (13 marks) A footing 20 m? carries a total load including its own weight of 12000 KN. ‘The base of the footing is at a depth of 3.3 m below ground level, The layer of the soil at site Consists of a stif, fully saturated clay 28 m thick overlaying dense sand. If the average bulk density of clay is 1.96 Mg/m? and its average shear strength is determined from the undrained triaxial tests as 140 kN/m?, determine: @ gross foundation pressure; Gi) net foundation pressure; Take 6 =0,Ne=5.8,Nq=1.0,Ny =0 and C= 135 kN/m?, (7 marks) THIS IS THE LAST PRINTED PAGE.