Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

The National Engineering University
Pablo Borbon Campus
Rizal Avenue Ext., Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 980-0385; 980-0387; 980-0392 to 94; 425-7158 to 62 loc. 1128
Email Address: cte.pb@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: https://batstate-u.edu.ph/

WRITTEN OUTPUT 1
MED 324 – ABSTRACT ALGEBRA

Name: Mary Anne A. Malibiran__________________________ Score:

Joyce P. Tumambing____________________________
Section: ____________________________________________ Date: ___________

Part 1: Show the proof for each statement.

Criteria Point #1 #2 #3 #4 #5
s
Correctness of concepts used 3
Flow of explanation or proof 1
Grammar and typographical 1
correctness
Total 5

1. Let x , y ∈ R . The relation ≡ is given by x ≡ y if and only if x− y ∈ Z , that is x− y is

an integer. Prove that ≡ is an equivalence relation.

Proof.
i. For all x ∈ R. Then, x−x=0 , 0 ∈ Z . Thus, ≡ is reflexive.

ii. Suppose x , y ∈ R and xRy . Then, x− y ∈ Z . Since

y−x =−(x− y), y−x ∈ Z . Thus, ≡ is symmetric.

iii. If x , y ∈ R , xRy and yRz , then, x− y and y−z ∈ Z . Hence,

(x− y )+( y−z)=x – z which implies that yRz since x – z ∈ Z . Thus, ≡ is transitive.

Therefore, ≡ is an equivalence relation. ∎

2. Let f : R → R such that f ( x )=x 3. Prove that f is a bijection.

Proof.
Let x 1 , x 2 ∈ R . Suppose f ( x 1 ) =f ( x 2 ) . By definition of f , x 1 =x 2 .
3 3

√3 x 13 =√3 x 23
x 1=x 2
Thus, f is one-to-one.
3
Let y ∈ R . Take x=√3 y ∈ R . Then, f ( x )=( √3 y ) = y .
Thus, f is onto.∎

3. Let g :Z → N such that g ( x )=|x|. Show that g is not one-to-one but onto.

Proof.
Consider g (−1 )=1 and g ( 1 )=1 but −1 ≠1 . Thus, g is not one-to-one.

Let y ∈ Z . Take x= y and x=− y ∈ Z . Then,

g ( x )=| y|= y

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Pablo Borbon Campus
Rizal Avenue Ext., Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 980-0385; 980-0387; 980-0392 to 94; 425-7158 to 62 loc. 1128
Email Address: cte.pb@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: https://batstate-u.edu.ph/

g ( x )=|− y|= y .
Thus, g is onto. ∎
4. Suppose that m and n are relatively prime and r is an integer. Prove that there
are integers x and y such that mx+ ny=r .

Proof.
Suppose m and n are relatively prime, their greatest common divisor (gcd)
is 1. By Theorem 12, for any nonzero integers m and n , there exists integers x
and y such that gcd (m , n)=mx+ny . Since gcd ( m, n )=1 , mx+ ny=1. For any integer
r , multiply both sides byr to get mxr +nyr =r where x and y ∈ Z . Therefore, there
are integers x and y such that mx+ ny=r . ∎

5. Let S be the set of integers. If a , b ∈ S , define aRb if a+ b is even. Prove that R is

an equivalence relation and determine the equivalence classes of S.

Proof.
i. For all a ∈ S , a+a is even. By definition of even number, a+ a=2k , where
k is integer. Since k ∈ S , we have aRa for all a ∈ S . Thus R is reflexive.

ii. Suppose aRb ,where a , b ∈ S . By definition of R , a+b is even. Then by

definition of even number, a+ b=2 k where k is an even number. By commutative
property of addition, b+ a=2 k . Since k ∈ S , we get aRb .Thus, R is symmetric.

iii. If aRb and bRx where a , b , x ∈ S . By definition of R , a+b is even and b+ x

is even. Then by definition of even number, a+ b=2 k and b+ x =2 q. Thus,
a+ x=2 ( k +q ) , which implies that aRx since k + q ∈ S . Hence, R is transitive.

Therefore, R is equivalence relation. ∎

Equivalence Classes of R
[ −1 ] R :=¿ integers R – related to −1 : { … ,−7−5 ,−3 ,−1 ,1 , 3 , 5 ,7 , … }
[ 0 ] R :=¿ integers R – related to 0 : { … ,−6 ,−4 ,−2 ,0 , 2 , 4 , 6 , … }
[ 1 ] R :=¿ integers R – related to 1 : { … ,−7−5 ,−3 ,−1 ,1 , 3 , 5 ,7 , … }
[ 2 ] R :=¿ integers R – related to 2 : { … ,−6 ,−4 ,−2 , 0 , 2 , 4 , 6 , … }

Part 2: Determine the answer for each part. No need for a proof for this part.
Points are indicated for each item.
1. For n=25, find all positive integers less than n and relatively prime to n. (2
points).

1 , 2, 3 , 4 ,6 ,7 , 8 , 9 , 11,12 , 13 , 14 , 16 ,17 ,18 , 19 , 21, 22 , 23 ,24 are all the positive

integers less than 25 and relatively prime to 25.

2. Determine the gcd gcd (50 , 21). What is the value of s and t such that
gcd ( 50 , 21 )=50 s+21 t ? (2 points)

50=21 ( 2 ) +8
21=8 (2 )+5

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Pablo Borbon Campus
Rizal Avenue Ext., Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 980-0385; 980-0387; 980-0392 to 94; 425-7158 to 62 loc. 1128
Email Address: cte.pb@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: https://batstate-u.edu.ph/

8=5 ( 1 )+ 3
5=3 (1 )+2
3=2 ( 1 ) +1
2=2 ( 1 ) +0

The gcd ⁡(50 , 21) is 1.

1=3−2 ( 1 )
¿ 3− [ 5−3 ( 1 ) ] (1 )
¿ 3−5 ( 1 ) −3 ( 1 )
¿ 3 ( 2 )−5 ( 1 )
¿ [ 8−5 (1 ) ] ( 2 )−5 ( 1 )
¿ 8 ( 2 )−5 ( 2 ) −5 (1 )
¿ 8 ( 2 )−5 ( 3 )
¿ 8 ( 2 )− [ 21−8 ( 2 ) ] (3 )
¿ 8 ( 2 )−21 ( 3 ) −8 ( 6 )
¿ 8 ( 8 ) −21 ( 3 )
¿ [ 50−21 ( 2 ) ] ( 8 )−21 ( 3 )
¿ 50 ( 8 )−21 ( 16 )−21 ( 3 )
¿ 50 ( 8 )−21 ( 19 )
¿ 50 ( 8 ) +21 (−19 )

Hence, s=8 and t=−19.

3. Determine the lcm(21 , 50).

|a ∙ b|
lcm ( a , b )=
gcd ⁡( a , b)

|21 ∙50|
lcm ( 21 ,50 )=
gcd ⁡(21 ,50)
1050
¿
1
¿ 1050

The lcm ( 21 ,50 ) is 1050 .

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation