Introduction

So we have seen the Growth of Nationalism in Europe

and also the formation of Nation states and a
setting
Example ofCollective
Belonging
In india the Growth of
modern nationalism is mainly
connected with the

Anti-Colonial movement people began Discovering their the process of

unity
·
in
their struggle
the sense of shared bond that
·
being
oppressed under colonialism provided a

ted different Groups together

many
·
Congress Under the leadership under Mahatma Gandhi tried to forge these Groups
together within one movement

The first world war Khilafat and non-cooperation movement ⑯

In the
years After
1919

The 1st world War had created a New Economical

& Political situation like.

It led to defense expenditure which

huge increase in
-

financed
was
by was loans and
increasing taxes:

Custom Duties were raised and income tax introduced

-
The villages of india were called upon to
supply soldiers

and force recruitment CA process by which colonial state

force people to
join the
army in mural areas caused

widespread angers

->
And at the same time in 1920-21 crops failed in
many parts of india
resulting in acute
shortage
of food accompanied Influenza Epidemic)
this was
by an

According to the census of 1921-13 million people died as a result of epidemic and because

of food at this
of the shortage stage of extreme handship for peoples a new leader appeared
for them.
and suggested a new mode of
struggle

The idea of Satyagraha

Mahatma GandhiReturned to india in Jan-1415 From South Africa where
he had
Fought the Racist Regime with the method of
successfully
called
mass
Agitation Satyagraha
 Let's see the idea of
Satyagraha: -

·
The Idea of SatyaGraha Emphasised the power of truth and
the need to search for truth

·
It suggested that if the cause was true and the struggle
force
was
against injustice, then
physical was not
necessary
to fight the oppression

Without could
being aggressive a
satyagraha win the battle
violence
through non

This done by Appealing to the consciences of the

0
is
Oppressor
·
Mahatma Gandhibelived that this "Pharma"of non violence -

could Unite all Indians

·
After
Arriving to india Mahatma Gandhi successfully organised Satyagraha in various

Places

Champaran in Bihar to inspire Peasents to

struggle Against the "Plantation System"
~
1917-
↳ Kheda district of
Gujrat to support "Peasents"who is Affected by the crop
failure? Plague Epidemic could not the and
pay revenue
demanding Revenue
Collection be Relaxed

1918 Ahmedabad to Satayagraha movement

Among cotton will
->
organise
-
a

workers

The Rowlatt Act -are Mazza

Seeing his success Gandhiji in 1919 decided to launch a nationwide

Satyagraha against the

Proposed Rowlatt Act (lala)

~
Rowlatt Act - Passed by the imperial legislative council.
· ~
Give Government (Enormous powers to Repress political Activities
detain the prisoners
can For 24 without
any trial
-

O PS Mahatma Gandhiwanted non-Violent Guil disobedience against such unjust laws which
which would start with the hartal on 6 April

Rallies organised in various cities, workers went strike shops Closed Down
-
were on

~
Alarmed by the popular upsorge British deaded to clampdown the nationalist

Mahatma Gandhiwas banned from

Entering Delhi
~

~
On 10th April Police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession let to widespred
Attacks on Gout buildings

Seeing the situation "Martial Law" was imposed and General Dyer took command.
The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
-

~
On 13th April the infamous Jallianwala Bagh
incident tookplace.
~
20,000 people
About 20,000 People
A crowd gathered in the Enclosed Ground
large
~

of Jallianwala Divided into two Groups

Bagh
40 soldiers

①
Some of the crowd came to protest against A
the Government and Arnest of Dikitchlew &

Satyapal
② Other came to Attain the annual BalsathiFair.
- OU
T

IM E
E AT
TA K

Being Outside the

City many Villagers were unware ofthe
Martial law
being imposed
General Jalanwala with his whole
Dyer Come to
Bagh
~

and a Machine Guns But the Entrance was

Regement the
too small that machine Guns could not Enter

Bagh
~
With the Force of 90 soldiers and two Armoured cars

Equipped with all

Dyer Ordered For Open Fire

->
Firing continued for about 10 minutes and was not

Stopped until the ammunition was not Exhausted

-
Thousands

Byen
were

declared thatit
killed &

was to
Injured
produce a moral I
care.Dunnee
the minds of Satyagrins
~

They were force to rub their noses on the Ground Crawl on the
streets and do Salaam to (Schibs)

People were
Angred C
Villages. Around Gujranwala in
Punjab
~

now in Pakistan]

Seeing Violence Spread Mahatma Gandhicalled off the movement [Called it "Himalayan Blunder's
-
Mahatma Gandhinow felt the need to launch a more proud-based movement in India
and he know that no movement could be
organised without
bringing the Hindus 2
muslims together
~
One is to take up the Khilafat issue-First world was with defect
had Ended
way
of ottoman
turkey Harsh peace
treaty was
Going to imposed

~
The spiritual head of the islamic world Khalifa to defend his temporal power thilafut
Committee was formed in march 1919
 Muhammad Ali & Shankat
Young Generation of muslim leaders like the brothers Ali
-

At the Calcutta Session of in September he started

cooperation
Congress 1920
-

non
movement in support of Khilafal & Swarcy
Differing stands within the movement
-
In January 1921 Non-cooperation Khilafat movement started.

-Various social groups participated in the movement with their

own spacetic aspirations

-
This movement started with middle class participation in the

city's student teacher left

government school
lawyer left count

~
The effect ofn on
cooperation movement on the economic front were

dramatic people rejected foreign clothes and

goods as a result the

production of Indian textile mills and handlooms wind up

Non
🤓 cooperation Movement SlowDown

C)
The

Khadi
movement

Clothes
Gradually

were not
slow Down

suitable for poor

for a
rarity

people
of

because
Reasons

they are
expensive
-are Mazza

22) No Alternative insitutions were set up

2) Themefore, teachers and student

finally had to resume their studies and jobs in Gout. Schools.

(4)
Lawyers join
backin
gout counts

Rebellion in the countryside

~
From the cities the non-cooperation movement spread to the
countryside

~
In Arach the peasent movement developed under the leadership of Baba Ramchandra

~
Peasent movement demanded reduction of revenue abolition of Beggan (Workwithout payment
and social
boycott of oppressive landlords.

In Jun 1920 Jawaharal Nehru began Going in Villages in Awadh in out the Oudh
Kisan Sabha was set
up and headed
by him
over 300 branches were set
up and movement
spread out
Interpretation of Swaraj by tribal peasants
-
Tribal peasents interrupted the
message
of Mahatma Gandhiand the idea of swamay in another

way
-

They thought that Gandhi had declared that no tax is paid land was to Redistributed Among the

poor
-
In the Godemn hills of Andra-Pradesh Gorilla movement spread under the leadership of Allure

Sitaram Rajh inspired by the non-cooperation movement

~
Raju talked about the
greatness of Mahatma Gandhi and pencive people to wear Khadiand

give up drinking according to Gandhan ideas they attack police sation attempt to Will

for
British officials and carried on warfarc
achieving swaral)

Raju was captured and executed in 1924 and gradually he become folkhero.

Swaraj in the plantations

· For plantation workens in Assam freedom means

right to move
freely in and out the areas

-are
confined by inland
emigration act

When heard of the non-cooperation

·
they
movement, they left the
plantation and heated

home but they never reached their destination

and were
caught by the police and
brutally
beaten

After this the time to towards Gull Disobedience has het's

study
this
all come

Towards Civil Disobedience

~
Mahatma Gandhiin February 1922 decided to roll backthe Now cooperation movement

~
The Charni-chauriincident occurred at Chauri-Chaura in Gorakhpur district of united.
Provision on 4th Feb 1922

~
A peaceful demonstration in the Bazaar turns into violent
a clash with the police
led to the death of three cullians and 22-23
policemen

Different view’s Within the Congress

-
Government of india act 1919:-Gives an
opportunity to indian members to participate in elections

Due to this the

congress party
is divided in two stands
(1) There are some who wanted to participate in elections like CR Das, Motilal Nehru

-are
2) And some wanted full Independence, like Subash Chandra Bose
Mazza
Formation of Simon Commission
Simon Commission is formed and constituted under John

Simon

O PS It main objective was to review the constitutional system

functioning in india and
suggest changes

When this commission arrived in India in 1928 it was

greated with
go backall parties
the Simon
slogan
participated in the demonstrations

Demand of Purna Swaraj

~
In October 1929 Lord in win accounce a certain offer of
Dominion status for india

Dominion Status that British left India and India be

will ruled
by Indian
~
means

people, but British administration will make all

policies and all the important Decisions

for India, like and trade

army expansions

o
Mahatma Gandhiaccepted this proposal and
gone for second roundtable conference and

When proposed that Dec 1929 leaders don't and demanded

Nehru in
many congress agree
purna Swarajand it
for is decided that India will not accept Dominion Status and

fight for purna Swaraj

· And this is also decided in Lahome session that whenever India will Get Freedom 26 Jan

will becelebrated as independence day

The Salt March And The Civil Disobedience Movement

0
Slowly and slowly mahatma Gandhiunderstands

that salt is a
very powerful weapon that can unite

all Indians together

· Gandhiwrite letter to lord twin

a on 31
January 1930

of demands demands
and
purposed some their if their
↑

is not completed 11th March start Guil

by So Gandhi will

Disobediance movement. Erwin Rejected Demands

Gandhi with his followers started salt march

·
along
from Sabarimati ashram on 12th March to Dandiwhich

is a coastal area in
Gyrat with his 78 followers and
over 240 miles 24
Days talen - 10 miles
(Day
 U!
Gandhi reached April and
disobey salt Markthe of Civil
Dandion 6 1930 the law and
begging
G YO
MISSIN

Disobediance movement

As the movement spread

adhaimk
Mazza
·sus
(1)
Fonign clothes were
boycott

2) Peasents refuse to and charkidami taxes For

pay revenue

MORE
C3) Village officials resign

(4) In places people violated Forest laws

many

the
woored
by the
ongoing
movement the Colonial Govt. began arresting Congress leaders

Calling off the movement

The of leaders leads to violent clashes in
🫠 arresting Congress many places

☠
When Abdul Gaffan Khan a devoted disciple of Mahatma Gandhiwas arrested in April 1930
Dugry
Crowd demonstrated in the street of Peshwar

🤠
Month later Mahatma Gandhihimself was arrested

The industrial workers attaked police post muncipal counts stations

buildings law and railway

Frightened gout, responded with the

policy of brutal repression peaceful Satyagrahis were

Attacked woman and children were beaten about 100k people were arrested

In Gandhicall of the movement and enter into with

such situation a
pact Erwin on Smarch

1931 by the pact Gandhi get ready to pancipate in the second round table conference

Gandhiwent to London for the round table conference in Dec 1931 but the discussion was

of mouse.

he find congress had declared Khan

Returning to india that been Illegal Gaffan and

Nchnu both one

fall
Gandhidecided to relaunch the movement was continued for a fear and lost momentum

by year 1934

The limits of civil disobedience

~
Not all Social Group were moved by the abstract concept ofSwaray

One Such the nation's untouchables from 1930's started call themselves
Group was
they
Dalit OR Oppressed One

in Fear of the Sanatanis the

For
long congress ignored them
offending High Class
O

Hindus
·
Mahatma Gandhi declared that swarcy would not come for 100 years until
untouchably
was not Eliminated

·
He called them
Maryan (Children of God] Organised Satyagraha secured them Entry
into temples and other public places

·
But Dalit leaders were keen on a Different political solution to the problems of the
many
themselves
Community they began organising rescue seats
Demanding
Dr B.R Ambedkar who
organised the Dalits into the Depressed Classes association in 1430
clased with Mahatma GandhiDemanding septate Electronates For dalits

Gandhibegan fast unto death he belive that this will slow down the process of
~
a

their integration into society

Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhi's Demand and Sign POORNAPACT of Sept 1932
·

It Give Reserve Seats to

-

Depressed classes

Sense of collective belonging

·
Nationalism spreads when people thinkthat
they
are part of same nation

·
This sense of Collective belonging to Different Communities
the
came through Experience of United
struggles
It the 20th with the Growth of nationalism
century
·
was

the
identity of Bharat meta came as an
image
·
The was Ist created by Bankin Chandra Chatto-
image
wrote "Vanda Matram' hymn
padhaya and as

-
Conclusion
⑧
A growing anger against the colonial government was thus bringing
together various groups and classes of Indians into a common
struggle for freedom in the first half of the twentieth

⑧ Through such movements the nationalists tried to forge a national unity.

0 As their grievances were wide-ranging,

0 The Congress continuously attempted to resolve differences, and ensur

⑧ This is precisely why the unity within the movement often broke down.

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