Quarter 1

The Cell
Learning Outcomes:

•Week 1
✓ Explain the postulates of the cell theory
✓Distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
according to their distinguishing features
✓ Describe the structure and the function of
major and sub-cellular organelles
Activity

Encircle the parts of the cell.

Mitochondria Nucleus Electron

Golgi Body Proton Ribosome

Aorta Lysosome Nephron

Endoplasmic Reticulum Femur Chloroplast

The Cell Theory
What is Cell?

Cell is the simplest unit of matter that is

alive. From unicellular bacteria to
multicellular animals, the cell is one of the
basic organizational principles of biology.
Cell Theory
Cell Theory
From these conclusions about plants and
animals, two of the three tenets of cell theory
were postulated:
1) All living organisms are composed of one
or more cells
2) The cell is the most basic unit of life.
3) All cells arise only from pre-existing cells.
Cell Theory

In addition to the cell theory, the gene

theory, evolution, homeostasis, and the laws
of thermodynamics form the basic principles
that are the foundations for the study of life.
Cell Theory

The generally accepted parts of modern

version of cell theory include:
1. All known living things are made up of
one or more cells.
2. All living cells arise from pre-existing
cells by division.
Cell Theory

3. The cell is the fundamental unit of

structure and function in all living
organisms.
4. The activity of an organism depends on
the total activity of independent cells.
Cell Theory

5. Energy flow (metabolism and

biochemistry) occurs within cells.
6. Cells contain DNA which is found
specifically in the chromosome and the
RNA found in the cell nucleus and
cytoplasm.
Cell Theory

7. All cells are basically the same in

chemical composition in organisms of
similar species.
8. Heredity information (DNA) is passed on
from cell to cell.
Cell Theory

9. All cells have the same basic chemical

composition.
10.All living organisms are composed of and
depend on cells to function normally.
ACTIVITY 1
A. Fill in the boxes with required information.
CONTRIBUTION TO CELL
SCIENTIST THEORY
1. Robert Hooke

2. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

3. Matthias Schleiden

4. Theodore Schwann

5. Rudolf Virchow
ACTIVITY 1
B. Fill in the blanks with word/s that will make
the elements of cell theories correct.
1. All known living things are made up of one or
more ________.
2. All living cell arise from pre-existing cells by
________.
3. The fundamental unit of structure and function
in all living organisms is the _________.
ACTIVITY 1
4. The activity of an organism depends on the
total activity of _________.
5. Energy ________ (metabolism and
biochemistry) occurs within cells.
6. Cells contain ______ which is found
specifically in the chromosome and RNA
found in the cell nucleus and cytoplasm.
ACTIVITY 1
7. All cells are basically the same in ______
composition in organisms of similar species.
8. Information (DNA) is passed on from cell to
cell through _________.
9. The basic chemical composition of all cells is
the ________.
Two Primary Types of
Cells
Cell Theory

9. All cells have the same basic chemical

composition.
10.All living organisms are composed of and
depend on cells to function normally.
Prokaryotic Cell
vs.
Eukaryotic Cell
Introduction

There are different kinds of living things

and thus, there are also different kinds of
cells. One major classification is based on the
presence and absence of nucleus.
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Cells without nucleus are classified as

prokaryotic cells while those that contain
nucleus are referred as eukaryotic cells
 Prokaryotic Cells
✓prokaryote comes from Greek
words meaning "before nucleus“
✓lacks a membrane-bound nucleus
✓do not have any mitochondria or
any other membrane-bound
organelles
✓ make up 2 or the 3 domains of
life; Archaea and Bacteria.
 Eukaryotic Cells
✓eukaryote comes from Greek
words meaning "after nucleus“
✓have their DNA enclosed in a
membrane-bound nucleus
✓contain mitochondria and many
other membrane-bound organelles
✓Make up 1 of the 3 domains of
life; Eukarya.
Cell Parts and their
Functions
Cell Parts and their Functions

The cell although microscopic is a dynamic

system composed of several important parts
performing specific individual functions that are
well-orchestrated to ensure the proper functioning
of the cell. These structures are called organelles.
Prokaryotic Cell
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Cell Wall

➢Helps in protecting the plasma membrane

and plays a vital role in supporting and
protecting the cells.
➢It is a thick outer layer made of cellulose
that gives the cell its shape.
Cell Membrane

➢Is a double layered, thin barrier,

surrounding the cell to control the entry and
exit of certain substances.
Cytoplasm

➢Is a membrane, which protects the cell by

keeping the cell organelles separate from
each other.
➢Contains semi-fluid translucent substance
known as cytosol
Nucleus

➢Is the largest organelle in a cell.

➢Contains a dense structure called the
nucleolus and is surrounded by the nuclear
envelope, a structure composed of two
membranes, separated by fluid, which
contain a number of nuclear pored that can
allow relatively large molecules through.
Nucleus

➢Contains nearly all of the cell’s genetic

material.
➢Nucleolus creates ribonucleic acid and
ribosomes, which then travel out of the
nucleus, through the nuclear pores, to the
cytoplasm where they are involved in
protein synthesis.
Nuclear Membrane

➢Is a bilayer membrane, which protects the

nucleus by surrounding and acts as a barrier
between the cell nucleus and other organs of
a cell.
Nucleolus

➢Is an important membrane found inside the

nucleus. It plays a vital role in the
production of cell’s ribosome.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

➢Found near the nucleus and is made up of a

number of flattened sacs called cisternae,
which are continuous with the nuclear
envelope.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

➢Rough ER – is named such because it has

a lot of ribosomes on its outer surface.
➢Smooth ER – does not have ribosomes.
Golgi Apparatus

➢ is a stack of membrane-bound flattened

sacs and are responsible for the modification
of proteins received from the ER.
Lysosomes

➢Are membrane-bound spherical sacs which

contain digestive enzymes used to break
down materials, such as non-self-
microorganisms engulfed by phagocytes, to
recycle food particles and to capture
bacteria.
Mitochondria

➢ are round double-membrane-bound

organelles responsible for Aerobic
Respiration. Their inner membrane is folded
inside to form cristae, which are folded in
the matrix – the central part of a
mitochondrion.
Chromosomes

➢ is made up of DNA and stored in the

nucleus, which contains the instructions for
traits and characteristics.
Chloroplast

➢ found only in plants and are responsible

for photosynthesis. Contains two fluid
separated membranes and the inner
membrane is folded into a network of
flattened sacs called thylakoids that are
stacked into grana (1 granum, 2 grana)
Vesicles

➢Are membrane bound sacs that are used to

store or transport substances around the cell.
Lysosomes are actually vesicles.
Vacuoles

➢ are essentially larger vesicles, and they are

formed by the joining together of many
vesicles. They are membrane bound
organelles that have no specific shape and
contain water with a number of different
compounds within it.
Ribosomes

➢ are small spherical organelles, composed

of two subunits, which can be found on the
RER. Ribosomes translate genetic
information in the form of mRNA into
proteins.
Centrioles

➢ are microtubules found next to the nucleus

of animal cells and some protists. They
move chromosomes around by forming
fibers called spindle, during cell division.
Activity 2
A. Compare the animal and the plant cell using the
following parts/areas:
Areas Animal Cell Plant Cell
1 Size
2 Presence/absence of plastids
3 Size of vacuoles
4 Position of nucleus
Presence/absence of
5
centrioles
Activity 2
A. Compare the animal and the plant cell using the
following parts/areas:
Areas Animal Cell Plant Cell
6 Presence of lysosomes
7 Form of reserved food
8 Amino acid synthesis
9 Nature of spindle fibers
10 Presence of Glyoxysomes
 Difference between
Animal and Plant Cell
 Animal Cell Plant Cell
• Comparatively smaller • Usually larger in size
in size
 Animal Cell Plant Cell
• Enclosed by thin plasma • Enclosed by a rigid cell
membrane wall in addition to
plasma membrane.
 Animal Cell Plant Cell
• Often changes its shape • Cannot change its
shape
 Animal Cell Plant Cell

• Plastids are usually • Plastids are present

absent
• Often contains small • Mature plant cell
vacuoles contains large central
vacuole
• Nucleus usually lies in • Nucleus lies on one
the center side of the cytoplasm
 Animal Cell Plant Cell
• Centrioles are normally
• Centrioles are
absent except for lower
practically absent
plant forms

• Lysosomes are always

• Lysosomes are rare
present

• Glyoxysomes are
• Glyoxysomes are absent
present
 Animal Cell Plant Cell
• Reserved food in form • Reserved food in the
of glycogen form of starch
• Cannot synthesize all • Synthesize all am
the amino acids, co- amino acids, co-
enzymes and vitamins enzymes and vitamins
required by them required by them
• Spindle formed during • Spindles formed during
cell division is cell division in anastral
aphiastral
Summary

TuklaSiyensya Season 2: Episode 11 - Cells

Assignment 1
B. Answer the following.

1. Which has more golgi bodies, animal cell or

plant cell? Why is there a difference in the
number of these structures in each cell type?
2. Why do plant cells have bigger vacuoles than
animal cells?